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  • General

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  • 社会行为行为

    Three young women sitting on a log at the beach, engaged with their phones.

    How are you social?
    ::你社交状况如何?

    When you think about being social, do you think about hanging out and chatting with friends? Sending a text or posting to Facebook? Humans socialize in many ways. Social behavior is not limited to humans, however. Many animals are social.
    ::当你想成为社交人士时,你是否考虑与朋友一起玩玩和聊天?发送短信或张贴到Facebook上?人类以多种方式社交。但社会行为并不局限于人类。许多动物都是社交的。

    Social Behavior
    ::社会行为行为

    Why is animal important? Without it, animals would not be able to live together in groups. Animals that live in groups with other members of their species are called social animals . Social animals include many species of , , and mammals . Specific examples of social animals are ants, bees, crows, wolves, lions, and humans. To live together with one another, these animals must be able to share information.
    ::为何动物很重要?没有动物,动物就无法以群体形式生活在一起。与其他物种群体生活在一起的动物被称为社会动物。社会动物包括许多种类的动物、动物和哺乳动物。社会动物的具体例子有蚂蚁、蜜蜂、乌鸦、狼、狮子和人类。为了相互生活在一起,这些动物必须能够共享信息。

    Highly Social Animals
    ::高社会动物

    Some species of animals are very social. In these species, members of the group depend completely on one another. Different animals within the group have different jobs. Therefore, group members must work together for the good of all. Most species of ants and bees are highly social animals.
    ::某些动物种类是非常社会性的,在这些物种中,该群体的成员完全依赖彼此。该群体中不同的动物有不同的工作。因此,该群体的成员必须共同为全人类的利益服务。大多数蚂蚁和蜜蜂是高度社会性的动物。

    Ants live together in large groups called colonies ( Figure ). A colony may have millions of ants, making communication among the ants very important. All of the ants in the colony work together as a single unit. Each ant has a specific job, and most of the ants are workers. Their job is to build and repair the colony’s nest. Worker ants also leave the nest to find food for themselves and other colony members. The workers care for the young as well. Other ants in the colony are soldiers. They defend the colony against predators . Each colony also has a queen. Her only job is to lay eggs . She may lay millions of eggs each month. A few ants in the colony are called drones. They are the only male ants in the colony. Their job is to mate with the queen.
    ::蚂蚁生活在称为殖民地(Figure)的大型群落中。一个蚁群可能拥有数百万蚂蚁,使蚂蚁之间的沟通变得非常重要。所有蚁群的蚂蚁作为一个单一单位一起工作。每个蚂蚁都有一份具体的工作,大多数蚂蚁都是工人。他们的工作是建造和修复殖民地的巢穴。工人的蚂蚁也离开巢为自己和其他殖民地成员寻找食物。工人也为幼蚁提供食物。工蚁也为幼蚁提供照料。其他蚁群是士兵。他们保护蚁群免受掠食者侵害。每个蚁群都有一个女王。她唯一的工作是产卵。她每个月可能产上几百万个鸡蛋。在蚁群中有几个蚂蚁被称为无人驾驶飞机,他们是唯一在殖民地的雄性蚂蚁。他们的工作是和女王交配。

    A large colony of ants moving amongst pine needles, showcasing their social behavior.

    The ants in this picture belong to the same colony. They have left the colony’s nest to search for food.
    ::照片中的蚂蚁属于同一个殖民地。 他们离开殖民地的巢穴去寻找食物。

    Honeybees and bumblebees also live in colonies ( Figure ). Each bee in the colony has a particular job. Most of the bees are workers. Young worker bees clean the colony’s hive and feed the young. Older worker bees build the waxy honeycomb or guard the hive. The oldest workers leave the hive to find food. Each colony usually has one queen that lays eggs. The colony also has a small number of male drones. They mate with the queen.
    ::蜜蜂和大黄蜂也生活在聚居地(图 ) 。 聚居地的每只蜜蜂都有一份特殊的工作。 多数蜜蜂都是工人。 年轻的蜜蜂清洗了聚居地的蜂巢并喂养了年轻人。 年长的蜜蜂建造了蜡状蜂窝或保护了蜂巢。 最老的工人离开蜂巢寻找食物。 每个聚居地通常有一个蜂后产卵。 聚居地还有少量的男性无人驾驶飞机。 他们与女王交配。

    A colony of honeybees with a visible queen among worker bees on honeycomb.

    All the honeybees in this colony work together. Each bee has a certain job to perform. Notice the queen to the left. She is the largest bee in the colony.
    ::每个蜜蜂都有一定的工作要完成。注意左边的女王。她是这个殖民地中最大的蜜蜂。

    Cooperation
    ::合作合作

    Ants, bees, and other social animals must cooperate. Cooperation means working together with others. Members of the group may cooperate by sharing food. They may also cooperate by defending each other. Look at the ants pictured below ( Figure ). They show very clearly why cooperation is important. A single ant would not be able to carry this large  insect back to the nest to feed the other ants. With cooperation, the job is easy.
    ::蚂蚁、蜜蜂和其他社会动物必须合作。 合作意味着与他人合作。 团体成员可以合作分享食物。 他们也可以合作互相保护。 看看下面的蚂蚁(图 ) 。 它们非常清楚地表明了合作的重要性。 一只蚂蚁不能将这种大昆虫带回巢里喂养其他蚂蚁。 如果合作,工作很容易。

    Ants collaborating to transport a large insect prey back to their nest.

    These ants are cooperating. By working together, they are able to move this much larger insect prey back to their nest. At the nest, they will share the insect with other ants that do not leave the nest.
    ::这些蚂蚁正在合作。通过共同努力,它们能够把这个更大的昆虫猎物搬回他们的巢。在巢中,它们将与那些不离开巢穴的其他蚂蚁分享昆虫。

    Animals in many other species cooperate. For example, lions live in groups called prides ( Figure ). All the lions in the pride cooperate, though there is still serious among the males. Male lions work together to defend the other lions in the pride. Female lions work together to hunt. Then, they share the meat with other pride members.
    ::在许多其他物种中,动物与许多其他物种合作。例如,狮子生活在称为自豪的群落中(图 ) 。 所有自豪的狮子都与它们合作,尽管雄性之间仍然很严重。雄性狮子共同捍卫其他骄傲的狮子;雌性狮子一起捕猎。然后,它们与其他自豪的成员分享肉类。

    Another example of cooperation is seen with meerkats. Meerkats are small mammals that live in Africa. They also live in groups and cooperate with one another. For example, young female meerkats act as babysitters. They take care of the baby meerkats while their parents are away looking for food.
    ::另一个合作的例子就是与哺乳动物的合作。 哺乳动物是在非洲生活的小型哺乳动物,它们也生活在群体中,相互合作。例如,年轻的雌性哺乳动物充当保姆,照顾婴儿哺乳动物,而父母则在外寻找食物。

    A pride of lions in the grass, showcasing their social cooperation in hunting and defense.

    Members of this lion pride work together. Males cooperate by defending the pride. Females cooperate by hunting and sharing the food.
    ::男性通过捍卫自豪而合作,女性通过狩猎和分享食物而合作。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Social animals, or animals that live in groups with other members of their species, include ants, bees, crows, wolves, and humans.
      ::社会动物,或与其物种其他成员一起生活的群体中的动物,包括蚂蚁、蜜蜂、乌鸦、狼和人类。
    • Social animals must cooperate (work together) with others.
      ::社会动物必须与他人合作(共同努力)。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    • Wolf Hunting Tactics at (2:54)
      ::猎狼战术(2:54)
    1. Observe the wolves ( Canis lupus ) in this video:
      1. Do you think they are displaying learned behavior, innate behavior, or both? Explain your reasoning fully.
        ::你认为他们展示的是学习行为, 天生行为,还是两者兼而有之?充分解释你的推理。
      2. As social animals, which behavior do you think is most important to them? Explain your reasoning.
        ::作为社会动物,你认为哪一种行为对他们最重要的?
      3. Does your answer apply to all situations?
        ::你的答复是否适用于所有情况?

      ::观看这段影片中的野狼(Canis lupus) : 你认为它们展示的是学习的行为, 天生的行为, 还是两者兼而有之? 请充分解释你的推理。 作为社会动物,你认为哪些行为对他们最为重要? 解释一下你的推理。 您的回答是否适用于所有情况?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What makes social animals unique?
      ::是什么使社会动物具有独特性?
    2. Give three examples of social animals.
      ::举三个社会动物的例子。
    3. What is one example of how social animals cooperate?
      ::社会动物如何合作的一个例子是什么?