Section outline

  • General

    Collapse all Expand all

  • 萨拉曼人

    A black and yellow salamander on a wet surface, highlighting its moist skin.

    What has the head of a frog and the body of a lizard?
    ::青蛙的头和蜥蜴的尸体是什么?

    A salamander! You might have mistaken it for a lizard, but lizards are very different from salamanders. Salamanders have moist skin, while lizards have dry scales on their skin. Furthermore, lizards live their entire lives on land. Salamanders must reproduce in .
    ::一只蜥蜴!你可能把它误认为蜥蜴,但蜥蜴与蜥蜴大不相同。 萨拉曼人有潮湿的皮肤,蜥蜴皮肤上有干度。 此外,蜥蜴在陆地上生活。 萨拉曼人必须繁殖。

    Salamanders
    ::萨拉曼人

    Salamanders are characterized by slender bodies, short legs, and long tails. They are most closely related to the caecilians , little-known legless ( Figure  ). Most of the in the salamander order look like a cross between a lizard and a frog. They have moist, smooth skin like frogs and long tails like lizards.
    ::萨拉曼德人的特征是苗条、短腿和长尾巴。它们与大象、鲜为人知的无腿者(Figure ) 关系最密切。 在大蜥蜴秩序中的大部分看上去像蜥蜴和青蛙之间的十字架。 它们有湿润、光滑的皮肤,如青蛙和长尾巴,如蜥蜴。

    Salamanders are found in most moist or arid habitats in the Northern Hemisphere, but can also be found south of the equator. They live on all continents except Antarctica and Australia. Salamanders live in or near water or on moist ground, often in a swamp. Some live in water most of their life, some live their entire adult life on land, and some live in both habitats. Some salamanders live in caves. These salamanders have pale skin and reduced as they have adapted to living in complete darkness in underground pools of water. The reduced eyes are similar to other organisms that live in caves or underground.
    ::在北半球大多数潮湿或干旱的生境中都发现了萨拉曼人,但也可以在赤道以南找到。他们生活在南极洲和澳大利亚以外的所有大陆上。萨拉曼人生活在水中或水附近或潮湿的地面上,往往生活在沼泽中。有些生活在水中,有些生活在水中,有些生活在陆地上,有些生活在整个成年期,有些生活在两个生境中。有些山羊生活在洞穴中。这些山羊皮肤苍白,由于适应于生活在地下水池中完全黑暗中,因此减少。眼睛的下降类似于生活在洞穴或地下的其他生物。

    Salamanders are carnivorous , eating only other animals, not plants. They will eat almost any smaller animal, such as worms, centipedes, crickets, spiders, and slugs. Some will even eat small invertebrates . Finally, salamanders have the ability to grow back lost limbs, as well as other body parts. This process is known as regeneration .
    ::Salamander是食肉动物,只吃其他动物,而不是植物。它们几乎吃任何较小的动物,如蠕虫、小便虫、板球、蜘蛛和鼻涕虫。有些甚至吃小无脊椎动物。最后,大猩猩有能力长回失去的肢体以及其他身体部位。这个过程被称为再生过程。

    Salamanders have developed ways not to be eaten. Most salamanders have brightly colored, poisonous skin. The bold color tells predators not to eat the salamander. Many salamanders have glands on the back of the neck or on the tail that give off a poisonous or bad-tasting liquid. Some species can even shed their tail during an attack and grow a new one later. Some salamanders stand high on its legs and waves its tail to scare away danger. One particular salamander, the ribbed newt , has needle-like rib tips. It can squeeze its to make the rib tips pierce through its skin and into its enemy, telling the predator to stay away, a feature unique among the animal kingdom .
    ::萨拉曼德人已经发展出不吃的方法。 大部分大猩猩都有颜色明亮、有毒的皮肤。 大胆的颜色告诉捕食者不要吃大猩猩。 许多大猩猩在颈背上或尾巴上有腺脏, 释放出有毒或恶性液体。 有些物种甚至可以在攻击中甩掉尾巴, 以后再种植新的。 一些大猩猩站在腿上, 挥舞尾巴, 以吓跑危险。 一只特殊的大猩猩, 肋骨, 有针状的肋骨提示。 它可以挤压它, 让肋骨穿透它的皮肤和敌人, 告诉捕食者离它远点, 这是动物王国中一个独特的特征 。

    Marbled salamander on soil and a caecilian in water; both represent unique amphibian adaptations.
    The marbled salamander (left) shows the typical salamander body plan: slender body, short legs, long tail, and moist skin. Caecilian (right) are a type of legless amphibian most closely related to salamanders.

    How Do Salamanders Breathe?
    ::萨拉曼德人如何呼吸?

    Different salamanders breathe in different ways. In those that have gills , occurs through the gills as water passes over the gill slits. Sirens keep their gills all their lives, which allows them to breathe underwater.
    ::不同的蜥蜴以不同的方式呼吸。在有刺的人中,随着水流穿过刺断,刺通过刺子。Sirens将刺子保存在生命中,这样他们就可以在水下呼吸。

    Species that live on land lose their gills as they grow older. These salamanders develop lungs that are used in breathing, much like breathing in mammals . Other land-living salamanders do not have lungs or gills. These are called lungless salamanders. Instead, they "breathe," or exchange gases, through their skin. This requires that exchange gases to be spread throughout the skin.
    ::生活在陆地上的物种随着老化而失去刺状。 这些大猩猩培养呼吸用的肺, 类似于哺乳动物的呼吸。 其它陆地上生活的大猩猩没有肺和。 这些被称为无肺的大猩猩。 相反, 它们通过皮肤“ 呼吸 ” 或 交换气体。 这就要求交换气体在皮肤上传播。

    How Big Are Salamanders?
    ::萨拉曼德有多大?

    Salamanders are generally small. However, some can reach a foot or more, as in the mudpuppy of North America. In Japan and China, the giant salamander reaches 6 feet and weighs up to 66 pounds ( Figure  ).
    ::在日本和中国,巨型蜥蜴高度达6英尺,体重高达66磅(图 ) 。

    A Pacific giant salamander on the ground among leaves and grass.
    The Pacific giant salamander can reach up to 14 inches in length

    Classification of Salamanders
    ::萨拉曼德人分类

    Salamanders belong to a group of approximately 500 species of amphibians. The order Urodela, containing salamanders and newts, is divided into three suborders:
    ::萨拉曼德群岛属于大约500种两栖动物。

    1. Giant salamanders, including the hellbender and Asiatic salamanders.
      ::巨型山人 包括地狱山人和亚洲山人
    2. Advanced salamanders, including lungless salamanders, mudpuppies, and newts. Newts are salamanders that spend most of each year living on land.
      ::最先进的山头动物,包括无肺的山头动物、泥巴动物和乳头动物。 牛头动物是每年大部分时间生活在陆地上的山头动物。
    3. Sirens. Sirens are salamanders that have lungs as well as gills and never develop beyond the larval stage.
      ::Sirens是有肺和刺的山羊 从未超越幼虫阶段

    Sirens have only two legs, but the other salamander species develop four legs as adults, with fleshy toes at the end of each foot. The legs on four-legged salamanders are so short that the salamander belly drags on the ground as the animal walks. Sirens have long, strong tails that are flat to help sirens swim like a , with the tail swinging from side to side.
    ::乌龟只有两条腿,但其他的鱼种则像成年人一样长出四条腿,每条脚的尾端有脚趾肉。四条腿的鱼腿短到动物行走时,鱼腹部拖在地上。 乌鸦有长长的、坚固的尾巴,用来帮助警笛像一只一样游动,尾巴从侧向侧滚动。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Salamanders live in or near water or on moist ground, often in a swamp.
      ::萨拉曼人生活在水中或附近或潮湿的地面上,往往是沼泽地。
    • Salamanders can breathe with the help of gills, lungs, or their skin surface.
      ::、肺或皮肤表面的帮助下,萨拉曼人可以呼吸。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    Explore More I
    ::探索更多

    • Spotted Salamander at
      ::萨拉曼德
    1. Where does the spotted salamander live?
      ::发现山羊的住址在哪里?
    2. How does the spotted salamander discourage predators?
      ::浮标怎么阻止捕食者?
    3. Describe the diet of the spotted salamander.
      ::描述浮标的食谱

    Explore More II
    ::探索更多情况二

    • Giant Salamander as Big as a Dog at (3:40)
      ::巨型萨拉曼德大得像狗一样大 (3:40)

     

     

    1. What led to the giant salamanders ( Andrias japonicus ) being threatened with extinction?
      ::是什么导致巨型山羊(Andrias japonicus)濒临灭绝?
    2. What effect have dams had on giant salamanders?
      ::水坝对巨型山羊有什么影响?
    3. How does the habitat of the giant salamander differ from the habitat of the spotted salamander?
      ::巨型山的栖息地 与发现山的栖息地有何不同?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are the main characteristics of salamanders?
      ::的主要特征是什么?
    2. Where do salamanders live?
      ::{\fn华文楷体\fs20\bord1\shad1\1cHE0E0E0\2cH000000}山人住在哪裡?
    3. How do salamanders breathe?
      ::蜥蜴怎么呼吸?
    4. Describe the salamander known as the siren.
      ::描述那个叫警报器的 salamander