章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 鸟类多样性

    Collage of various birds: peacock, chicken, duck, parrot, grackle, and seagull.

    How are different?
    ::有何不同?

    Not all birds look the same. They are obviously different in many ways. They come in all colors and sizes. They live in a variety of habitats . They eat a variety of foods.
    ::并不是所有的鸟类都看起来都一样,它们在许多方面显然不同。 它们以各种颜色和大小出现, 生活在不同的栖息地, 食用各种各样的食物。

    Diversity of Birds
    ::鸟类多样性

    Turkey, hummingbird, penguin, parrot , owl and eagle. These are just some of the many different types of birds. If you just think about the birds in this list, the differences are striking. About 10,000 bird belong to 29 different orders within the class Aves. They live and breed on all seven continents. The tropics are home to the greatest of birds. The diversity among birds is striking. Birds can vary greatly in size and color. Some fly, some swim, some just walk or run. Some are savage carnivores , others are gentle herbivores . Some are low on the , others are at the top.
    ::土耳其、蜂鸟、企鹅、鹦鹉、猫头鹰和鹰。这些只是许多不同类型的鸟类中的一部分。如果你只考虑这个列表中的鸟类,这些差异是惊人的。大约一万只鸟类属于Aves类的29个不同顺序。它们在所有七大洲生活和繁殖。热带是鸟类中最伟大的栖息地。鸟类的多样性是惊人的。鸟类在大小和颜色上可以差异很大。一些苍蝇、一些游泳、一些步行或跑步。有些是野蛮的食肉动物,另一些是温和的食草动物。有些是低的,另一些是顶端的。

    Birds live in a variety of different habitats. Birds that live in different habitats will encounter different foods and different predators . Birds can be carnivores (feeding on other animals), herbivores (feeding on plants), or generalists (feeding on a variety of foods). The lifestyle of the bird can affect what it looks like. For example, can you think of some examples of beaks that are adapted to the type of food a bird eats? Carnivorous birds include hawks, falcons, eagles, osprey, vultures and owls. Herbivorous birds include the goose, cockatoo and parrot. The American Crow is an example of a generalist. In addition, a specialist is a bird (or other animal) that is specially adapted to eat a certain food. An example of a specialist is a hummingbird, whose long, thin beak is excellent for reaching into flowers for nectar, but not very good for eating other foods.
    ::鸟类生活在不同的栖息地。 生活在不同栖息地的鸟类将遇到不同的食物和不同的捕食者。 鸟类可以是食肉动物(食用其他动物)、食草动物(食用植物)、食草动物(食用植物),也可以是通类动物(食用各种食物)。 鸟类的生活方式可以影响鸟类的外观。 比如, 你能想象到一些适合鸟类食用食物种类的鸟吗? 食肉鸟类包括鹰、猎鹰、鹰、食肉动物、秃鹰和猫头鹰。 食草鸟类包括鹅、鹦鹉和鹦鹉。 美式乌鸦是通俗主义者的一个例子。 此外, 专家是鸟类( 或其他动物) , 专门用来食用某种食物的鸟类( 或者其他动物) 。 专家的一个例子是一只蜂鸟, 它长、 薄非常适合捕食花, 但对于食用其他食物不是很好。

    Waterfowl are birds that live on the . These include ducks, geese, swans, and pelicans, to name a few. Landfowl are ground-feeding birds such as chickens and turkeys. Penguins are a group of flightless birds adapted for life in the water with flippers. Diurnal raptors are birds of prey that hunt during the day. These include falcons, eagles and hawks. Nocturnal raptors hunt during the night. These include various types of owls. Parrots are brightly colored and very intelligent. They are found in the tropics and include cockatoos, parrots, and parakeets.
    ::包括鸭、鹅、天鹅和等。陆地禽是填土的鸟类,如鸡和火鸡。企鹅是一群适应水中生命的无飞行鸟类。是白天捕食的猎物鸟类,包括猎鹰、鹰和鹰。夜间捕食夜夜夜捕动物。其中包括各种猫头鹰。鹦鹉有亮亮色,非常聪明。它们存在于热带,包括鹦鹉、鹦鹉和鹦鹉。它们存在于热带地区。它们包括鹦鹉、鹦鹉和鹦鹉。

    Beaks
    ::鸟嘴

    The size and shape of the beak is related to the food the bird eats and can vary greatly among different birds. Parrots have down-curved, hooked bills, which are well-adapted for cracking seeds and nuts ( Figure ). Hummingbirds, on the other hand, have long, thin, pointed bills, which are adapted for getting the nectar out of flowers ( Figure ). Hawks, eagles, falcons and owls have a sharp, hooked beak.
    ::嘴的大小和形状与鸟食的食物有关,不同鸟类之间差别很大。 鹦鹉有弯曲的、上钩的帐单,这些帐单适合裂开的种子和坚果(图 )。 另一方面,蜂鸟有长的、薄的、尖尖的帐单,这些帐单经调整后可以把花蜜拿出来(图 ) 。 鹰、鹰、猎鹰、猎鹰和猫头鹰有一个尖锐的、上钩的嘴。

    Comparison of a scarlet macaw's hooked bill and a hummingbird's pointed bill.

    ( left ) The down-curved, hooked bill of a scarlet macaw, a large colorful parrot. ( right ) A long, thin and pointed bill of the hummingbird.
    :伤心左)下弯曲的 上钩的 红毛鹦鹉 彩色巨大的鹦鹉 (右)长细尖的蜂鸟

    Feet
    ::脚脚

    Bird feet can also vary greatly among different birds. Some birds, such as gulls and terns and other waterfowl, have webbed feet used for swimming or floating ( Figure ). Other birds, such as herons, gallinules, and rails, have four long spreading toes, which are adapted for walking delicately in the wetlands ( Figure ). You can predict how the beaks and feet of birds will look depending on where they live and what type of food they eat. Flightless birds also have long legs that are adapted for running. Flightless birds include the ostrich and kiwi.
    ::鸟类的脚在不同的鸟类之间也可以有很大差异。有些鸟类,如海鸥和海燕以及其他水禽,有用于游泳或漂浮的网床脚(图 )。其他鸟类,如海驼、胆囊和铁轨,有四个长长的扩张脚趾,适合在湿地内行走(图 ) 。你可以预测鸟的嘴和脚将如何看,取决于它们住在哪里和吃什么食物种类。没有飞行的鸟类也有长的腿可以跑动。没有飞行的鸟类包括鸟和鸟。

    Raptors have clawed feet. They also have strong legs. Hawks, eagles and falcons also have excellent and they hunt by sight . Owls, with excellent hearing , can hunt by that sense alone.
    ::猛禽已经抓了脚,它们也有强壮的腿。鹰、鹰和猎鹰也非常出色,它们目视猎捕猎。猫头鹰,听力很好,可以单凭这种感觉来捕猎。

    Comparison of bird feet: a webbed gull and long-toed American purple gallinule.

    ( left ) The webbed feet of a great black-backed gull. ( right ) The long spreading toes of an American purple gallinule.
    ::一只黑背大海鸥的网床脚。 (右)一个美国紫色的长伸脚趾。

    See Wild African Vulture Birds Scavage of Dead at and Ruby-Throated Hummingbird at for additional information.
    ::有关更多信息,请查阅《非洲野生秃鹫鸟在Ruby-hockated蜂鸟死亡和被摇摇欲坠的残骸》。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Birds have beaks adapted for what foods they eat.
      ::鸟的嘴已经适应了它们所吃的食物。
    • The feet of birds can be adapted for their specific habitat.
      ::鸟类的脚可以适应它们特定的栖息地

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    Explore More I
    ::探索更多

    • Diving with Penguins at (3:58)
      ::与企鹅在(3:58)潜水
    1. What are the penguins in the video feeding on?
      ::视频中的企鹅在喂什么?
    2. How do penguins store oxygen differently than other birds? How is this related to their lifestyle?
      ::企鹅的氧气储存方式与其他鸟类不同吗?这与它们的生活方式有何关联?
    3. Why do penguins control how much oxygen they carry in their lungs when they dive?
      ::为什么企鹅在潜水时会控制 肺里有多少氧气?

    Explore More II
    ::探索更多情况二

    • Flying with the Fastest Birds on the Planet: Peregrine Falcon & Gos Hawk (3:02)
      ::与《星球上最快的鸟类飞行:游鹰和高斯鹰(3:02)
    1. What is the fastest animal on the planet? How fast is this animal?
      ::地球上最快的动物是什么?
    2. How much g-force can a diving raptor experience? How would humans respond to these forces?
      ::潜水猛禽能经历多少G力?人类如何应对这些力量?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a generalist? Name one bird that is a generalist.
      ::什么是泛泛论者? 说一只鸟是泛泛论者。
    2. List three carnivorous birds.
      ::列出三只食肉鸟
    3. Give two examples of flightless birds.
      ::举两个无飞行鸟类的例子。
    4. Give two examples of how a bird's beak is adapted to a specific food source.
      ::举两个例子说明鸟嘴是如何适应特定食物来源的。
    5. Give two examples of how a bird's feet are adapted to a specific environment.
      ::举两个例子来说明一只鸟的脚是如何适应特定环境的。