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  • 非传染性疾病

    Interior of a tanning bed showing ultraviolet light tubes used for tanning.

    How can you reduce your risk of developing ?
    ::如何降低发展的风险?

    You can reduce your risk of developing cancer by staying away from certain hazards. For example, the use of tanning beds can lead to skin cancer .
    ::通过远离某些危害,你可以降低癌症发作的风险。 比如,使用日光浴床可能导致皮肤癌。

    Preventing Noninfectious Diseases
    ::预防非传染性疾病

    Noninfectious diseases can't be passed from one person to another. Instead, these types of diseases are caused by factors such as the environment, genetics , and lifestyle. Examples of inherited noninfectious conditions include cystic fibrosis and Down syndrome . If you're born with these conditions, you must learn how to manage the symptoms. Examples of conditions caused by environmental or lifestyle factors include heart disease and skin cancer. We can't change our genetic codes, but there are plenty of ways to prevent other noninfectious diseases. For example, cutting down on exposure to cigarette smoke and the sun's rays will prevent certain types of cancer.
    ::非传染性疾病不能从一个人传到另一个人。 相反, 这些类型的疾病是由环境、遗传学和生活方式等因素造成的。 遗传性非传染性疾病的例子包括囊性纤维化和唐氏综合征。 如果您出生在这种条件下, 您必须学会如何管理症状。 环境或生活方式因素造成的状况的例子包括心脏病和皮肤癌。 我们不能改变我们的遗传编码, 但是有很多方法可以预防其他非传染性疾病。 比如, 减少吸烟的接触, 太阳的射线可以预防某些类型的癌症 。

    It is a fact that most chronic noninfectious diseases can be prevented. The chronic noninfectious diseases that cause the most deaths in many developed countries are largely preventable. These diseases are heart disease, stroke , and cancer, and though they do have some genetic components, they also have many lifestyle components. For example, some cancers have genetic risks, but people at high risk for cancers can have screening examinations to catch them early or sometimes can take other steps to prevent the cancers. Heart disease, stroke and diabetes are mostly linked to lifestyle choices, even when family history puts a person at higher risk for the diseases.
    ::事实上,大多数慢性非传染性疾病是可以预防的,在许多发达国家,造成最多死亡的慢性非传染性疾病在很大程度上是可以预防的。 这些疾病是心脏病、中风和癌症,尽管它们确实含有一些遗传成分,但也有多种生活方式成分。 比如,有些癌症有遗传风险,但癌症高危人群可以进行筛查检查,以及早治愈这些疾病,有时还可以采取其他措施来预防癌症。 心脏病、中风和糖尿病大多与生活方式选择相关,即使家庭史使患者面临更高的疾病风险。

    Most can be prevented by avoiding the substances that cause them. For example, you can avoid pollens by staying indoors as much as possible. You can learn to recognize plants like poison ivy and not touch them. A good way to remember how to avoid poison ivy is "leaves of three, let it be." Some people receive allergy shots to help prevent allergic reactions. The shots contain tiny amounts of allergens , which are the substances that cause an allergic reaction. After many months or years of shots, the immune system gets used to the allergens and no longer responds to them.
    ::大部分可以通过避免导致它们的物质来预防。 比如, 您可以通过尽可能多地呆在室内, 来避免授粉。 您可以学习如何识别毒藤类植物, 而不是触摸这些植物。 记得如何避免毒藤类的好方法就是“ 3 叶子, 随它去吧 ” 。 有些人接受过敏针, 以防止过敏反应。 射击中含有少量的过敏素, 也就是引起过敏反应的物质。 经过数月或数年的射击后, 免疫系统习惯于过敏基因, 不再对它们做出反应 。

    Type 1 diabetes and other cannot be prevented. But choosing a healthy lifestyle can help prevent type 2 diabetes . Getting plenty of , avoiding high-fat foods, and staying at a healthy weight can reduce the risk of developing this type of diabetes. This is especially important for people who have family members with the disease.
    ::无法预防1型糖尿病和其他疾病。 但选择健康的生活方式可以帮助预防2型糖尿病。 获取大量高脂肪食品、避免高脂肪食品和保持健康体重可以降低这种糖尿病的发病风险。 这对有家庭成员患有这种疾病的人尤为重要。

    Making these healthy lifestyle choices can also help prevent some types of cancer. In addition, you can lower the risk of cancer by avoiding carcinogens , which are substances that cause cancer. For example, you can reduce your risk of lung cancer by not smoking. You can reduce your risk of skin cancer by using sunscreen. How to choose a sunscreen that offers the most protection is explained below ( Figure ). Some people think that tanning beds are a safe way to get a tan. This is a myth. Tanning beds expose the skin to UV radiation. Any exposure to UV radiation increases the risk of skin cancer. It doesn’t matter whether the radiation comes from tanning lamps or the sun.
    ::健康生活方式的选择也可以帮助预防某些类型的癌症。此外,通过避免致癌,可以降低癌症风险,这些致癌物质是致癌物质。例如,通过不吸烟,可以降低肺癌风险。你可以通过使用防晒霜降低皮肤癌风险。下文将解释如何选择提供最大保护的防晒霜(图 ) 。有些人认为晒黑床是晒黑安全的方法。这是一个神话。晒黑床将皮肤暴露在紫外线辐射之下。任何接触紫外线辐射都会增加皮肤癌的风险。不管辐射是来自晒黑灯还是太阳,都无关紧要。

    Overall, people in many developed countries are contributing to higher rates of noninfectious diseases (heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer) by taking advantage of technology and social environments that encourage a less active lifestyle, and also encourages faster and cheaper meals. For example, many children now spend more time on their computer or watching TV then playing outdoors. The "faster and cheaper" meals are usually less healthy than other meals. Even though many people are living longer, they can choose to live more healthily by adopting regular exercise routines and healthy eating habits.
    ::总的来说,许多发达国家的人利用技术和社会环境,鼓励不那么活跃的生活方式,并鼓励更快和更便宜的膳食。 比如,许多儿童现在花更多的时间在电脑上或看电视然后在户外玩耍。 “更快捷、更便宜”的膳食通常比其他膳食更不健康。 尽管许多人寿命更长,但是他们也可以选择通过常规锻炼和健康饮食习惯来选择更健康的生活。

    Sunscreen tube labeled with SPF 30, designed for UVB and UVA protection.

    When you choose a sunscreen, select one with an SPF (sun protection factor) of 30 or higher. Also, choose a sunscreen that protects against both UVB and UVA radiation.
    ::选择防晒霜时,请选择一个防晒霜(防晒系数)为30或30以上。另外,选择一个防紫外线和紫外线辐射的防晒霜。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • A healthy lifestyle can help reduce your risk of developing many noninfectious diseases.
      ::健康的生活方式可以帮助降低罹患多种非传染病的风险。
    • You can lower your risk of cancer by avoiding habits that expose you to carcinogens, such as smoking and tanning beds.
      ::避免产生致癌性习惯,例如吸烟和晒黑床位,可以降低癌症风险。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are the chronic noninfectious diseases that cause the most deaths in many developed countries?
      ::在许多发达国家造成最多死亡的慢性非传染病是什么?
    2. How can you reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
      ::如何降低患2型糖尿病的风险?
    3. How can you reduce your risk of developing skin cancer?
      ::如何降低皮肤癌发作的风险?