11.76 性传染感染
章节大纲
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What is safe sex?
::什么是安全性行为?Safe sex is sexual activity engaged in by people who have taken precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections. Abstaining from sexual activity, however, is the only way to be absolutely sure that you won't get a sexually transmitted infection .
::安全性行为是那些采取预防措施保护自己免受性传播感染的人从事的性活动,但是,禁止性活动是绝对确保你不会感染性传染病的唯一办法。Sexually Transmitted Infections
::性传播感染A sexually transmitted infection (STI) is an infection that spreads through sexual contact. STIs are caused by , a living thing or that causes infection. The pathogens enter the body through the reproductive organs . Many STIs also spread through body fluids, such as . For example, a shared tattoo needle is one way an STI could spread. Some STIs can also spread from a mother to her baby during childbirth .
::性传染感染是一种通过性接触传播的感染; 性传染感染是由性、生物或导致感染引起的; 病原体通过生殖器官进入身体; 许多性传染感染也通过体液传播,例如 。例如,共用刺青针是性传染疾病传播的一种方式; 一些性传染疾病也可能在分娩期间从母亲传染给婴儿。STIs are more common in teens and young adults than in older people. One reason is that young people are more likely to take risks. They also may not know how STIs spread. They are likely to believe myths about STIs ( Table ).
::性传播感染在青少年和年轻人中比在老年人中更为常见,其中一个原因是年轻人更有可能承担风险,他们也可能不知道性传播感染是如何传播的,他们很可能相信关于性传播感染的神话(表 )。Myth Fact If you are sexually active with just one person, you can’t get STIs. The only way to avoid the risk of STIs is to practice abstinence from sexual activity. If you don’t have any symptoms, then you don’t have an STI. Many STIs do not cause symptoms, especially in females. Getting STIs is no big deal, because STIs can be cured with medicine. Only some STIs can be cured with medicine; other STIs cannot be cured. Most STIs are caused by bacteria or viruses. STIs caused by bacteria usually can be cured with drugs called antibiotics . But antibiotics are not effective against viruses. Therefore, STIs caused by viruses are not treated with antibiotics. Other drugs may be used to help control the symptoms of viral STIs, but they cannot be cured. Once you have a viral STI, you are usually infected for life.
::大部分性传染感染都是由细菌或病毒引起的。细菌引起的性传染感染通常可以用称为抗生素的药物来治愈。但抗生素对病毒并不有效。因此,病毒引起的性传染感染没有用抗生素进行治疗。其他药物可以用来控制病毒性传染感染的症状,但无法治愈。一旦感染了病毒性传染感染,通常就会被终生感染。Bacterial STIs
::细菌性传染感染In the U.S., chlamydia is the most common STI caused by bacteria. Females are more likely than males to develop the infection. Rates of chlamydia among U.S. females in 2006 are shown below ( Figure ). Rates were much higher in teens and young women than in other age groups.
::在美国,衣原体是细菌引起的最常见的性传染感染,女性比男性更容易感染,下文显示2006年美国女性的衣原体感染率(图 ) , 青少年和年轻妇女的比率比其他年龄组要高得多。Chlamydia may cause a burning feeling during urination . It may also cause a discharge (leaking of fluids) from the vagina or penis . But in many cases it causes no symptoms. As a result, people do not know they are infected, so they don’t go to the doctor for help. If chlamydia goes untreated, it may cause more serious problems in females. It may cause infections of the uterus , fallopian tubes , or ovaries . These infections may leave a woman unable to have children.
::衣原体可能会在尿液过程中引起燃烧的感觉,还可能导致阴道或阴茎的排出(液体泄漏),但在许多情况下不会造成症状。结果,人们不知道自己被感染了,所以不会去医生那里求救。如果衣原体未经治疗,会给女性造成更严重的问题。这可能会导致子宫、阴道下垂管或卵巢的感染。这些感染可能会使妇女无法生育。This graph shows data on the number of cases of chlamydia in U.S. males and females in 2009. Which two age groups had the highest rates of chlamydia? Why do you think rates were highest in these age groups?
::本图显示了2009年美国男性和女性衣原体病例数量的数据,其中哪一个年龄组的衣原体发病率最高? 为什么你认为这些年龄组的衣原体发病率最高?Gonorrhea is another common STI. Gonorrhea may cause pain during urination. It may also cause a discharge from the vagina or penis. On the other hand, some people with gonorrhea have no symptoms. As a result, they don’t seek treatment. Without treatment, gonorrhea may lead to infection of other reproductive organs. This can happen in males as well as females.
::淋病是另一种常见的性传染疾病。淋病可能在尿尿期间造成疼痛,也可能导致阴道或阴茎的排出。 另一方面,有些淋病患者没有症状。 结果,他们不寻求治疗。 没有治疗,淋病可能导致其他生殖器官感染。 这可能发生在男性和女性身上。Syphilis is a very serious STI. Luckily, it is less common than chlamydia or gonorrhea. Syphilis usually begins with a small sore on the genitals. This is followed a few months later by a rash and flu-like symptoms. If syphilis is not treated, it may damage the heart, brain , and other organs. It can even cause death.
::梅毒是一种非常严重的性传染疾病。幸运的是,它比衣原体或淋病更不常见。梅毒通常从生殖器的小痛开始,几个月后又出现了发疹和类似流感的症状。如果不治疗梅毒,它可能会损害心脏、大脑和其他器官。它甚至可能导致死亡。Viral STIs
::病毒性性传播感染Genital warts are an STI caused by human papilloma virus, or HPV . They are one of the most common STIs in teenagers. HPV infections cannot be cured. But a new vaccine called Gardasil® can prevent most HPV infections in females. Many doctors recommend that females between the ages of 9 and 26 years receive the vaccine. Preventing HPV infections in females is important because HPV can also cause of the cervix .
::生殖器结节是人类乳头瘤病毒或HPV引起的性传播感染,是青少年最常见的性传播感染之一。HPV感染无法治愈。但是,一种名为Gardasil的新疫苗可以预防大多数女性的HPV感染。许多医生建议9至26岁的女性接受该疫苗。预防女性的HPV感染很重要,因为HPV也可以导致子宫颈癌。A related herpes virus causes cold sores on the lips ( Figure ). Both viruses cause painful blisters. In the case of genital herpes , the blisters are on the penis or around the vaginal opening. The blisters go away on their own, but the virus remains in the body. The blisters may come back repeatedly, especially when a person is under stress. There is no cure for genital herpes. But drugs can help prevent or shorten outbreaks. Researchers are trying to find a vaccine to prevent genital herpes.
::一种相关的类疹病毒在嘴唇上造成冷痛(图 ) 。两种病毒都会导致疼痛的发泡。对于生殖器型的类疹,泡泡在阴茎上或阴道开口周围。泡泡会自行消失,但病毒仍留在身体中。泡泡可能会反复出现,特别是当一个人处于压力下时。没有治疗生殖器型的治疗。但药物可以帮助防止或缩短爆发。研究者正在寻找预防生殖器型疹的疫苗。This lip blister, or cold sore, is caused by a herpes virus. The virus is closely related to the virus that causes genital herpes. The genital herpes virus causes similar blisters on the genitals. If you’ve ever had a cold sore, you know how painful they can be. Genital herpes blisters are also painful.
::这种口腔大肿或寒痛是由性病病毒引起的。 这种病毒与导致生殖器性疹的病毒密切相关。 生殖器性疹病毒在生殖器上也造成了类似的水泡。 如果你曾经有过感冒,你知道它们会有多痛苦。 生殖器性腮腺炎也是痛苦的。Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver . It is caused by a virus called hepatitis B, which can be passed through sexual activity. Hepatitis B causes vomiting. It also causes yellowing of the skin and . The disease goes away on its own in some people. Other people are sick for the rest of their lives. In these people, the virus usually damages the liver. It may also lead to liver cancer. Medicines can help prevent liver damage in these people. There is also a vaccine to protect against hepatitis B.
::B型肝炎是一种肝病,是由一种叫做B型肝炎的病毒引起的,这种病毒可以通过性活动传播,乙型肝炎会导致呕吐,还会导致皮肤黄化,并导致某些人自己发黄。其他人终生生病。在这些人中,病毒通常会损害肝脏,还可能导致肝癌。药物可以帮助防止这些人肝脏损伤。还有预防乙型肝炎的疫苗。HIV stands for " human immunodeficiency virus ." It is the virus that causes AIDS. HIV and AIDS are described in a previous concept. HIV can spread through sexual contact. It can also spread through body fluids such as blood. There is no cure for HIV infection, and AIDS can cause death, although AIDS can be delayed for several years with medication. Researchers are trying to find a vaccine to prevent HIV infection.
::艾滋病毒代表着“人体免疫机能丧失病毒 ” 。 艾滋病毒是导致艾滋病病毒的产物。 艾滋病毒和艾滋病在前一个概念中描述过。 艾滋病毒可以通过性接触传播。 艾滋病毒也可以通过血液等体液传播。 没有治疗艾滋病毒感染的方法,艾滋病可以导致死亡,尽管艾滋病通过药物可以延后几年。 研究人员正在寻找预防艾滋病毒感染的疫苗。Summary
::摘要-
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are caused by pathogens. They spread through sexual contact or other exchanges of body fluids.
::性传染感染是由病原体引起的,通过性接触或其他身体液交换传播。 -
Examples of STIs caused by bacteria include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
::细菌引起的性传播感染的例子包括衣原体、淋病和梅毒。 -
Examples of STIs caused by viruses include HPV, genital herpes, hepatitis B, and AIDS.
::病毒引起的性传播感染的例子包括:HPV、生殖器性疹、乙型肝炎和艾滋病。
Review
::回顾-
It is especially important for females to be protected from HPV infections. Why is this the case?
::保护女性免受HPV感染特别重要,为什么情况如此? -
Explain why bacterial STIs are treated differently than viral STIs.
::解释为何细菌性传染感染与病毒性传染感染的待遇不同。 -
How is a viral STI cured?
::病毒性传染感染是如何治愈的? -
What are the three common myths about STIs?
::关于性传染感染的三个常见的神话是什么?
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are caused by pathogens. They spread through sexual contact or other exchanges of body fluids.
