1.23 科学的再生
章节大纲
-
Did a math teacher ever tell you to check your work? If you’re adding numbers, that means repeating the calculation to see if you get the same answer the second time. If you get the same result twice, then the answer is probably correct. But if you get a different answer the second time, at least one of the results must be incorrect. Then you have to add the numbers a third time and hope that the third answer will agree with one of the other two.
::数学老师有没有告诉你检查自己的工作?如果您正在添加数字,这意味着重复计算来查看第二次是否得到相同的答案。如果你得到同样的答案两次,那么答案可能是对的。但如果第二次得到不同的答案,至少一个结果必须是错的。然后,您必须第三次添加数字,并希望第三个答案与其他两个答案之一一致。Replication
::复制复制Scientists also have to “check their work.” The results of an investigation are not likely to be well accepted unless the investigation is repeated—usually many times—and the same result is always obtained. Getting the same result when an is repeated is called replication . If research results can be replicated, it means they are more likely to be correct. Repeated replication of investigations may turn a into a theory. On the other hand, if results cannot be replicated they are likely to be incorrect.
::科学家还必须 " 检查他们的工作 " 。 除非重复调查 -- -- 通常重复多次调查 -- -- 调查结果不可能被人们接受,而且总是取得同样的结果。在重复调查时取得同样的结果被称为复制。如果研究结果可以复制,则意味着它们更有可能正确。重复重复调查可能变成一种理论。另一方面,如果无法复制结果,结果很可能是不正确的。Why Replication is Important in Science: An Example
::为何重复在科学中很重要:一个实例The following example shows why replication is important in science . In 1998, a British researcher published an article in a medical journal reporting that he had found a link between a common childhood vaccine and autism (see Figure ). According to the article, children in his study developed autism soon after receiving the vaccine. Following publication of the article, many parents refused to have their children vaccinated. Several epidemics occurred as a result, and some children died of the diseases.
::以下的例子说明了为什么复制在科学中很重要。1998年,一位英国研究人员在一份医学杂志上发表了一篇文章,报道他发现共同的童年疫苗与自闭症之间有联系(见图 ) 。根据文章,他的研究中的儿童在获得疫苗后不久就发展了自闭症。文章发表后,许多父母拒绝让其子女接种疫苗。结果,发生了几起流行病,一些儿童死于这些疾病。This child is receiving a vaccine. Soon after the original study was published, other researchers tried to replicate the research. However, it could not be replicated. No other studies could find a link between the vaccine and autism. As a result, scientists became convinced that the original results were incorrect. Eventually, investigators determined that the original study was a fraud. They learned that its author had received a large amount of money to find evidence that the vaccine causes autism, so he faked his research results. If other scientists had not tried to replicate the research, the truth might never have come out.
::原始研究发表后不久,其他研究人员试图复制研究,但无法复制。其他研究无法找到疫苗和自闭症之间的联系。结果,科学家们确信原始结果不正确。最终,调查人员认定原研究是欺诈行为。他们了解到原研究作者收到了大量钱,以寻找疫苗导致自闭症的证据,因此他伪造了他的研究成果。如果其他科学家们没有尝试复制研究,真相可能永远也不会显现出来。Summary
::摘要-
Getting the same result when an experiment is repeated is called replication. If research results can be replicated, it means they are more likely to be correct.
::在重复实验时取得相同的结果被称为复制。 如果研究结果可以复制,这意味着它们更有可能正确。 -
Replication is important in science so scientists can “check their work.” The result of an investigation is not likely to be well accepted unless the investigation is repeated many times and the same result is always obtained.
::复制在科学中很重要,因此科学家们可以“检查他们的工作 ” 。 除非多次重复调查,而且总是获得同样的结果,否则调查的结果不太可能被人们接受。
Review
::回顾-
What is replication?
::什么是复制? -
Why is replication important in science?
::为什么复制在科学中很重要? -
Scientists do not try to replicate every investigation, but some are repeated many times. For example, many researchers tried to replicate the vaccine-autism study described above. Why do you think so much effort was made to replicate this particular study? What was the outcome of the additional research?
::科学家们并不试图复制每一项调查,但有些重复了多次。例如,许多研究人员试图复制上文描述的疫苗-麻醉研究。你为什么认为为复制这一特定研究付出了如此巨大的努力? 补充研究的结果是什么?
Resources
::资源 -
Getting the same result when an experiment is repeated is called replication. If research results can be replicated, it means they are more likely to be correct.
