1.31 图表
Section outline
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Tornadoes, like the one pictured here, are very powerful storms that can cause incredible destruction. Their winds may exceed 300 miles per hour, and they can completely level towns and neighborhoods in just minutes. Because tornadoes can be so serious, they are closely monitored, measured, and counted. As a result, there are a lot of data on tornadoes. One way to present these data is with graphs.
::龙卷风和这里所描绘的一样,是极强的暴风,可以造成令人难以置信的破坏。它们的风速可能超过每小时300英里,并且可以在几分钟内完全平整城镇和居民区。由于龙卷风可能如此严重,它们会受到严密监视、测量和计算。因此,关于龙卷风的数据很多。提供这些数据的方法之一是用图表。Using Graphs in Science
::科学使用图图Graphs are very useful tools in science . They can help you visualize a set of data. With a graph, you can actually see what all the numbers in a data table mean. Three commonly used types of graphs are bar graphs, circle graphs, and line graphs. Each type of graph is suitable for showing a different type of data.
::图表是科学中非常有用的工具。它们可以帮助您想象一组数据。用图表,您可以实际看到数据表格中所有数字的含义。三种常用的图表类型是条形图、圆形图和线形图。每一种图表都适合显示不同类型的数据。Bar Graphs
::条边图The data in Table shows the average number of tornadoes per year for the ten U.S. cities that have the most tornadoes. The data were averaged over the time period 1950–2007.
::表格中的数据显示了10个拥有最多龙卷风的美国城市每年的龙卷风平均数量,数据是1950-2007年期间的平均数。Average Number of Tornadoes per Year (1950–2007) in U.S. Cities with the Greatest Number of Tornadoes Rank City Average Number of Tornadoes(per 1000 Square Miles) 1 Clearwater, FL 7.4 2 Oklahoma City, OK 2.2 3 Tampa-St. Petersburg, FL 2.1 4 Houston, TX 2.1 5 Tulsa, OK 2.1 6 New Orleans, LA 2.0 7 Melbourne, FL 1.9 8 Indianapolis, IN 1.7 9 Fort Worth, TX 1.7 10 Lubbock, TX 1.6 Bar graphs are especially useful for comparing values for different things, such as the average numbers of tornadoes for different cities. Therefore, a bar graph is a good choice for displaying the data in the Table . The bar graph below shows one way that these data could be presented.
::条形图对比较不同事物的数值特别有用,例如不同城市的龙卷风平均数量。因此,条形图是显示表格中数据的一个很好的选择。下面的条形图显示了这些数据可以展示的一种方式。Q: What do the two axes of this bar graph represent?
::问题:这个条形图的两轴代表什么?A: The x-axis represents cities, and the y-axis represents average numbers of tornadoes.
::A:x轴代表城市,y轴代表龙卷风的平均数量。Q: Could you switch what the axes represent? If so, how would the bar graph look?
::问题: 您能否切换轴代表的颜色? 如果切换, 条形图会如何看 ?A: Yes; the x-axis could represent average numbers of tornadoes, and the y-axis could represent cities. The bars of the graph would be horizontal instead of vertical.
::A:是的; x 轴可以代表龙卷风的平均数量, Y 轴可以代表城市。 图形的条形是水平的, 而不是垂直的 。Circle Graphs
::圆形图The data in Table shows the percent of all U.S. tornadoes by tornado strength for the years 1986 to 1995. In this table, tornadoes are rated on a scale called the F scale. On this scale, F0 tornadoes are the weakest and F5 tornadoes are the strongest.
::表格中的数据显示了1986年至1995年按龙卷风强度分列的美国龙卷风占所有龙卷风的百分比。在本表中,龙卷风被评为F级,在这一级中,F0龙卷风是最弱的,F5龙卷风是最强的。Percent of Tornadoes by Strength in the U.S. (1986–1995) Tornado Scale(F-scale rating) Percent of all U.S. Tornadoes F0 55.0% F1 31.6% F2 10.0% F3 2.6% F4 0.7% F5 0.1% Circle graphs are used to show percents (or fractions) of a whole, such as the percents of F0 to F5 tornadoes out of all tornadoes. Therefore, a circle graph is a good choice for the data in the table. The circle graph below displays these data.
::圆形图用于显示整个圆形的百分数(或分数),例如所有龙卷风中的F0至F5龙卷风的百分比。因此,圆形图是表格中数据的良好选择。下面的圆形图显示这些数据。Q: What if the Table on tornado strength listed the numbers of tornadoes rather than the percents of tornadoes? Could a circle graph be used to display these data?
::问题:如果龙卷风强度表列出了龙卷风的数量,而不是龙卷风的百分率呢?能否用圆形图显示这些数据?A: No, a circle graph can only be used to show percents (or fractions) of a whole. However, the numbers could be used to calculate percents, which could then be displayed in a circle graph.
::A: 否, 圆形图只能用来显示整个的百分数(或分数)。 但是, 数字可以用来计算百分数, 然后可以在圆形图中显示 。Line Graphs
::直线图Consider the data in Table . It lists the number of tornadoes in the U.S. per month, averaged over the years 2009 to 2011.
::考虑表内的数据。 它列出了美国每月龙卷风的数量,2009年至2011年的平均数量。Average Number of Tornadoes in the U.S. per Month (2009–2011) Month Average Number of Tornadoes January 17 February 33 March 74 April 371 May 279 June 251 July 122 August 57 September 39 October 65 November 39 December 34 Line graphs are especially useful for showing changes over time, or time trends in data, such as how the average number of tornadoes varies throughout the year. Therefore, a line graph would be a good choice to display the data in the Table . The line graph below shows one way this could be done.
::线条图特别有助于显示随时间变化或数据时间趋势,例如龙卷风平均数量全年变化的情况。因此,线条图是显示表格中数据的一个很好的选择。下面的线条图说明了这样做的方法。Q: Based on the line graph above, describe the trend in tornado numbers by month throughout the course of a year.
::问题:根据上面的线形图,逐月说明一年中龙卷风数目的趋势。A: The number of tornadoes rises rapidly from a low in January to a peak in April. This is followed by a relatively slow decline throughout the rest of the year.
::A:龙卷风的数量从1月份的低点迅速上升至4月份的高峰,随后全年下降相对缓慢。Summary
::摘要-
Graphs are very useful tools in science because they display data visually. Three commonly used types of graphs are bar graphs, circle graphs, and line graphs. Each type of graph is suitable for a different type of data.
::图表是科学中非常有用的工具,因为它们能直观地显示数据。三种常用的图表类型是条形图、圆形图和线形图。每一种图表都适合不同类型的数据。 -
Bar graphs are suitable for comparing values for different things, such as the average numbers of tornadoes for different cities.
::条形图适合于比较不同事物的数值,例如不同城市的龙卷风平均数量。 -
Circle graphs are used to show percents of a whole, such as the percent of all U.S. tornadoes with different strengths.
::圆形图用于显示整体的百分率,例如所有具有不同强项的美国龙卷风的百分比。 -
Line graphs are especially useful for showing changes over time, such as variation in the number of tornadoes by month throughout the year.
::线条图特别有助于显示随时间推移而发生的变化,例如全年逐月龙卷风数目的变化。
Review
::回顾-
What is the advantage of displaying data in a graph rather than just listing data in a table?
::在图表中显示数据而不是仅仅在表格中列出数据有什么好处? -
Explain what a circle graph shows.
::解释圆形图显示什么。 -
Examine the data in
Table
. Which type of graph would you use to display the data? Why would you use this type of graph?
::检查表格中的数据。您要用哪类图表来显示数据?为什么使用这种图表?
Average Number of Tornadoes per Year in Selected States (1961-1990) State Average Number of Tornadoes California 4 Idaho 2 Kentucky 10 Michigan 18 Montana 5 North Carolina 14 North Dakota 20 Tennessee 12 -
Using a sheet of graph paper, create a graph of the data in question 3. Use the type of graph you identified in your answer to question 3.
::使用图表纸页,创建问题3中数据的图表。 使用您在对问题3的答复中标明的图表类型。
Resources
::资源 -
Graphs are very useful tools in science because they display data visually. Three commonly used types of graphs are bar graphs, circle graphs, and line graphs. Each type of graph is suitable for a different type of data.
