20.16 电子组件
Section outline
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You’ve probably heard of Silicon Valley. You may even know that it’s a region in northern California. But do you know how the region got its name? Silicon Valley is the birthplace of modern electronics and continues to be a hub of electronic innovation. The word silicon in the name refers to the silicon, which is the chief “ingredient” of electronic components.
::你可能听说过硅谷。 你甚至可能知道它是北加州的一个地区。但你知道该地区是如何获得其名称的吗?硅谷是现代电子学的诞生地,并且仍然是电子创新的中心。 名称中的硅一词指的是硅,而硅是电子组件的主要“支点 ” 。What Are Electronic Components?
::什么是电子部件?Electronic components are the parts used in such as computers. The components change electric current so it can carry information. Types of electronic components include diodes, transistors, and integrated , all of which you can read about below. However, to understand how these components work, you first need to know about semiconductors. That’s because electronic components consist of semiconductors—sometimes millions of them!
::电子部件是计算机等部件。这些部件改变电流,以便可以携带信息。电子部件的类型包括二极管、晶体管和集成,所有这些都可以在下面看到。然而,为了了解这些部件是如何运作的,你首先需要了解半导体。这是因为电子部件包括半导体,有时是数百万个!Semiconductors
::半导体A semiconductor is a crystal , consisting mainly of silicon. It gets its name from the fact that it can conduct current better than an electric insulator but not as well as an electric conductor . As you can see in the Figure , each silicon has four that it shares with other silicon atoms in the crystal. A semiconductor is formed by replacing a few silicon atoms with other atoms, such as phosphorus or boron, which have more or less valence electrons than silicon. This is called doping, and it’s what allows the semiconductor to conduct electric current.
::半导体是晶体,主要由硅组成。它的名字来自它能够比电绝缘器更好地运行电流,但不能比电导体更好。正如图中所示,每硅有4个可以与晶体中的其他硅原子共享。半导体的形成方式是用其他原子,如磷或取代几颗硅原子,这些原子的功率比硅高或低。这被称为剂量,它使半导体能够进行电流。Q: Why wouldn’t a pure silicon crystal be able to conduct electric current?
::问:为什么纯硅晶体不能进行电流?A: Electric current is a flow of electrons. All of the valence electrons of silicon atoms in a pure crystal are shared with other silicon atoms, so they are not free to move and carry current.
::A:电流是电子流。纯晶体中硅原子的所有价值电子都与其他硅原子共享,因此它们不能自由移动和携带水流。There are two different types of semiconductors: n-type and p-type.
::有两种不同类型的半导体:正型和p型。-
An n-type (negative-type) semiconductor consists of silicon and an element such as phosphorus that gives the silicon crystal extra electrons. You can see this in the
Figure
. An n-type semiconductor is like the negative terminal of a battery.
::n型(负型)半导体由硅和磷等元素组成,使硅晶体增加电子。图中可以看到这一点。N型半导体就像电池的负终端。 -
A p-type (positive-type) semiconductor consists of silicon and an element such as boron that gives the silicon positively charged “holes” where electrons are missing. This is also shown in the
Figure
. A p-type semiconductor is like the positive terminal of a battery.
::p型(正型)半导体由硅和硅等元素组成,使硅在缺少电子的地方具有正充电“孔”。图中也显示了这一点。p型半导体与电池的正终端类似。
Diode
::下线A diode is an electronic component that consists of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor placed side by side, as shown in the Figure . When a diode is connected by leads to a source of voltage , electrons flow from the n-type to the p-type semiconductor. This is the only direction that electrons can flow in a diode. This makes a diode useful for changing alternating current to direct current .
::二极是一种电子部件,由p型和n型半导体并排组成,如图所示。当二极体通过通电源连接到二极体时,电子从n型向p型半导体流动。这是电子可以在二极体中流动的唯一方向。这使得二极体可用于将交替电流改为直接电流。Transistor
::晶晶晶体管A transistor consists of three semiconductors, either p-n-p or n-p-n. Both arrangements are illustrated in the Figure .
::晶体管由三种半导体(p-n-p或n-p-n)组成。Current can’t flow through a transistor unless a small amount of current is applied to the center semiconductor (through the base). Then a much larger current can flow through the transistor from end to end (from collector to emitter). This means that a transmitter can be used as a switch, with pulses of a small current turning a larger current on and off. A transistor can also be used to increase the amount of current flowing through a .
::电流无法通过晶体管流动,除非对中半导体(通过基底)应用少量电流。 然后,一个大得多的电流可以从头到尾通过晶体管流动(从收集器到发射器 ) 。 这意味着一个发报机可以用作开关,小流的脉冲可以将更大的电流开关。 晶体管也可以用来增加流经一个电流的数量。Integrated Circuit
::集成电路An integrated circuit—also called a microchip—is a tiny, flat piece of silicon that consists of layers of many electronic components such as transistors. You can see an integrated circuit in the Figure . Look how small it is compared with the finger it’s resting on. Although the integrated circuit is tiny, it may contain millions of smaller electronic components. Current flows extremely rapidly in an integrated circuit because it doesn’t have far to travel. Integrated circuits are used in virtually all modern electronic devices to carry out specific tasks.
::集成电路 — — 也称为微晶片 — — 是一个很小的、平板的硅块,由诸如晶体管等许多电子部件组成。 你可以在图中看到集成电路。看看它与它所依靠的手指相比多么小。 虽然集成电路很小,但它可能包含数百万个较小的电子部件。 集成电路中的流流速度极快,因为它不远可行。 集成电路几乎在所有现代电子设备中都用于执行具体任务。Summary
::摘要-
Electronic components are the parts used in electronic devices such as computers. Types of electronic components include diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits.
::电子部件是计算机等电子设备所用的部件,电子部件的类型包括二极管、晶体管和集成电路。 -
Electronic components consist of semiconductors, which are solid crystals consisting mainly of silicon. There are two types of semiconductors, called n-type and p-type.
::电子部件由半导体组成,它们是主要由硅组成的固体晶体,有两种类型的半导体,称为n型和p型。 -
A diode is an electronic component consisting of two semiconductors. It is used to change alternating current to direct current.
::二极管是一种电子部件,由两个半导体组成,用于将电流交替改为直接电流。 -
A transistor is an electronic component consisting of three semiconductors. It can be used to turn current on or off or to increase current.
::晶体管是一种电子部件,由三个半导体组成,可用于开启或关闭电流或增加电流。 -
An integrated circuit (microchip) is an electronic component that consists of many other electronic components such as transistors. Integrated circuits are used in virtually all modern electronic devices to carry out specific tasks.
::集成电路(微芯片)是一种电子部件,由诸如晶体管等许多其他电子部件组成,在几乎所有现代电子设备中使用集成电路来执行具体任务。
Review
::回顾-
What are electronic components?
::什么是电子部件? -
Compare and contrast n-type and p-type semiconductors.
::比较和对比n型和p型半导体。 -
Describe the structure and function of a diode.
::描述二极管的结构和功能。 -
How does a transistor act as a switch?
::晶体管如何发挥开关的作用? -
Explain how the size of an integrated circuit helps it carry out tasks with incredible speed.
::解释一个集成电路的大小如何帮助它以惊人的速度执行任务。
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An n-type (negative-type) semiconductor consists of silicon and an element such as phosphorus that gives the silicon crystal extra electrons. You can see this in the
Figure
. An n-type semiconductor is like the negative terminal of a battery.
