章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 生命的相互依存

    What you will learn
    ::你会学到什么

    • How living things are interdependent on each other
      ::生命是如何相互依存的
    • Important interactions between organisms : symbiotic relationships and
      ::生物体之间重要的相互作用:共生关系和

    A bee interacting with flowers, illustrating the symbiotic relationship between pollinators and plants.

    What other species do you need to survive?
    ::你还需要其他什么物种来生存?

    cannot live alone. All life needs other life to survive. Plants have evolved flowers with traits that promote pollination by particular species. Pollinator species, in turn, have evolved traits that help them obtain pollen or nectar from certain species of flowers. The flowering plants and the pollinators, such as a or insect, both benefit from the relationship. This is an example of a symbiotic relationship.
    ::所有生命都需要其他生命才能生存下去。植物已经进化了花朵,其特性促进了特定物种的授粉。反过来,花类物种也演变了有助于它们从某些花种中获取花粉或花蜜的特性。花卉植物和授粉者,如昆虫或昆虫,都从这种关系中受益。这是共生关系的一个例子。

    Interdependence of Living Things
    ::生命的相互依存

    All living things depend on their environment to supply them with what they need, including food , , and shelter. Their environment consists of physical factors—such as soil , air, and temperature—and also of other organisms. An organism is an individual living thing. Many living things interact with other organisms in their environment. In fact, they may need other organisms in order to survive. This is known as interdependence , as depicted in the Figure . For example, living things that cannot make their own food must eat other organisms for food. Other interactions between living things include symbiotic relationships and competition for resources.
    ::所有生物都依赖其环境来提供它们所需要的食物和住所,它们的环境由物理因素组成——如土壤、空气和温度——以及其它生物体。生物体是一种个体生物。许多生物体在环境中与其他生物体相互作用。事实上,它们可能需要其他生物体才能生存。如图所示,这被称为相互依存。例如,不能自己生产食物的生物体必须吃其他生物体作为食物。其他生物体之间的相互作用包括共生关系和资源的竞争。

    Cycle of interdependence in ecosystems: photosynthesis and respiration among living things.

    Symbiosis
    ::共生共生

    is a close relationship between organisms of different species in which at least one of the organisms benefits. The other organism may also benefit, it may be unaffected by the relationship, or it may be harmed by the relationship. The Figure  shows an example of symbiosis. The bird in the picture is able to pick out food from the fur of the antelope. The antelope won't eat the bird. In fact, the antelope knowingly lets the bird rest on it. What, if anything, do you think the antelope gets out of the relationship? 
    ::是一种不同物种生物之间的密切关系, 其中至少有一种生物受益。 另一种生物也可能受益, 它可能不受这种关系的影响, 或者可能受到这种关系的伤害。 图中展示了一个共生关系的例子。 图片中的鸟可以从蚂蚁毛中提取食物。 蚂蚁不会吃鸟。 事实上, 蚂蚁会故意让鸟休息。 你觉得蚂蚁能脱离这种关系吗?

    An oxpecker bird perches on the back of an antelope, illustrating symbiosis.
    An oxpecker looks out, before searching for parasites on an antelope.

    Competition
    ::竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争

    Competition is a relationship between living things that depend on the same resources. The resources may be food, water, or anything else they both need. Competition occurs whenever the two species try to get the same resources in the same place and at the same time. The two organisms are likely to come into conflict, and the organism better able to obtain that resource will "win" out over the other organism. What makes an organism better able to obtain a resource? They may be any of countless reasons, but each is considered an adaptation that makes an organism more fit to live in its environment.
    ::竞争是取决于同一资源的生物之间的一种关系。 资源可能是食物、水或其他它们都需要的东西。 当两种物种试图在同一地点同时获得同样的资源时,竞争就会发生。 两种生物可能会发生冲突,而生物体更能够获得这种资源,就能“战胜”另一生物体。 是什么使生物体更有能力获得资源? 它们可能是无数的原因之一,但每种生物都被认为是使生物体更适合生活在其环境中的一种适应性。

    Two bears appear to be fighting over food or a mate in a natural setting.
    Bears fighting in competition for food or a possible mate.
    DID YOU KNOW?
    The antibiotics   that are used to treat many serious bacterial infections are actually chemicals produced by other or . They produce these chemicals to kill other microbes which "compete" for nutrients in their natural environment.
     

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • All living things depend on their environment to supply them with what they need, including food, water, and shelter.
      ::所有生物都依赖其环境来提供他们所需要的食物、水和住所。
    • Symbiosis is a close relationship between organisms of different species in which at least one of the organisms benefits.
      ::共生关系是不同物种生物之间的一种密切关系,其中至少有一种生物从中获益。
    • Competition is a relationship between living things that depend on the same resources.
      ::竞争是依赖同一资源的生物之间的关系。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is meant by interdependence?
      ::相互依存意味着什么?
    2. Describe an example of a way that you depend on other living things.
      ::描述一个例子,说明你依赖其他生物的方式。
    3. Compare and contrast symbiosis and competition.
      ::比较和对比共生关系和竞争。
    4. Give three examples of resources organisms may compete for.
      ::举三个例子说明生物体可能竞争的资源。