章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 光合合成材料摘要

    What you will learn
    ::你会学到什么

    • An overview of the light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions
      ::光依赖性反应和光依赖性反应概览
    • Comparison between and
      ::比较和比较

    Green leaves with sunlight filtering through, illustrating the concept of photosynthesis.

    What is photosynthesis?
    ::什么是光合作用?

    The process of using the energy in sunlight to make food (glucose). Is it really as simple as that? Of course not. As you have seen, photosynthesis includes many steps all conveniently condensed into one simple equation. In the five concepts describing photosynthesis, this process has been presented in an introductory fashion. Obviously, much more details could have been included, though those are beyond the scope of these concepts.
    ::利用阳光中的能量制造食物(葡萄糖)的过程。 它真的和那样简单吗? 当然不是。 正如你所看到的,光合作用包含许多步骤,它们都方便地被压缩成一个简单的方程式。 在描述光合作用五个概念中,这一过程是以介绍性的方式呈现的。 显然,本来可以包括更多的细节,尽管这些细节超出了这些概念的范围。

    Photosynthesis 
    ::光合作用

    The following 10 points summarize photosynthesis.
    ::以下10点总结了光合作用。

    1. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Light Energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2
      ::6CO2 + 6H2O + 轻型能源 + C6H12O6 + 6O2
    2. Autotrophs store chemical energy in food molecules they build themselves. Most autotrophs make their "food" through photosynthesis using the energy of the sun.
      ::自发性将化学能量储存在它们自己制造的食品分子中。 大多数自发性通过光合作用太阳的能量来制造“食物 ” 。
    3. Photosynthesis occurs in the , an specific to plant .
      ::光合作用发生于该厂中,该厂是专用的。
    4. The of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
      ::光合作用发生在叶绿板的胸膜上。
    5. Electron carrier molecules are arranged in chains that produce ATP and NADPH , which temporarily store chemical energy.
      ::电子载体分子被安排在生产ATP和NADPH的链条中,后者临时储存化学能源。
    6. The light reactions capture energy from sunlight, which they change to chemical energy that is stored in molecules of NADPH and ATP.
      ::光反应从阳光中捕捉到能量,它们转变为化学能量,储存在NADPH和ATP的分子中。
    7. The light reactions also release oxygen gas as a waste product.
      ::光反应还释放氧气作为废物。
    8. The reactions of the add carbon (from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) to a simple five-carbon molecule called RuBP.
      ::将碳(来自大气中的二氧化碳)添加到一个名为RuBP的简单五碳分子中。
    9. The Calvin cycle reactions use chemical energy from NADPH and ATP that were produced in the light reactions.
      ::卡尔文循环反应使用NADPH和ATP的化学能量,这些化学能量是在光反应中产生的。
    10. The final product of the Calvin cycle is glucose .
      ::卡尔文周期的最终产品是葡萄糖。

    What is photosynthesis?
    ::什么是光合作用?

    The process of using the energy in sunlight to make food (glucose). But of course it is much more complex than that simple statement. Photosynthesis is a multistep biochemical pathway that uses the energy in sunlight to fix carbon dioxide, transferring the energy into carbohydrates, and releasing oxygen in the process.
    ::利用阳光中的能量制造食物(葡萄糖)的过程。 当然,它比简单的说明复杂得多。 光合作用是一种多步骤的生化途径,利用阳光中的能量来修复二氧化碳,将能量转移到碳水化合物中,并在过程中释放氧气。

    What is NADPH?
    ::什么是NADPH? (NADPH: NADPH: NADPH: NADPH: NADPH: NADPH: NADPH: NADPH: NADPH)什么是NADPH? NADPH: NADPH: NADPH: NADPH: NADPH:

    Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an energy carrier molecule produced in the light reactions of photosynthesis. NADPH is the reduced form of the electron acceptor NADP + . At the end of the light reactions, the energy from sunlight is transferred to NADP + , producing NADPH. This energy in NADPH is then used in the Calvin cycle.
    ::Nicotinimide adenine dinucleotide 磷酸二核酸,一种通过光合作用产生的能量载体分子。NADPH是电子接收器NADP+的减缩形式。在光反应结束时,阳光的能量被转移到NADP+,产生NADPH。NADPH的这种能量被用于卡尔文循环。

    Where do the protons used in the light reactions come from?
    ::光反应中使用的质子来自何处?

    The protons used in the light reactions come from photolysis , the splitting of , in which H 2 O molecules are broken into hydrogen ions , electrons, and oxygen atoms. In addition, the energy from sunlight is used to pump protons into the thylakoid lumen during the first electron transport chain , forming a chemiosmotic gradient .
    ::光反应中使用的质子来自光解和分解,其中H2O分子被分解成氢离子、电子和氧原子。 此外,阳光的能量被用于在第一个电子运输链中将质子泵入胸腔润滑剂中,形成化学梯度。

    How do you distinguish between the Calvin cycle and the Krebs cycle?
    ::你如何区分卡尔文周期和克雷布斯周期?

    The Calvin cycle is part of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH. The is part of cellular respiration. This cycle makes ATP and NADH .
    ::卡尔文周期是光合作用光独立反应的一部分。 卡尔文周期使用 ATP 和 NADPH 。 这是细胞呼吸的一部分。 这个周期使 ATP 和 NADH 成为 ATP 和 NADH 。

    Do photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur at the same time in a plant?
    ::光合作用和细胞呼吸是否同时在植物中发生?

    Yes. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts, whereas cellular respiration occurs in the . Photosynthesis makes glucose and oxygen, which are then used as the starting products for cellular respiration. Cellular respiration makes carbon dioxide and water (and ATP), which are the starting products (together with sunlight) for photosynthesis.
    ::是。光合作用在叶片中发生,而细胞呼吸则在...光合作用中发生。光合作用产生葡萄糖和氧,然后用作细胞呼吸的起始产品。细胞呼吸产生二氧化碳和水(和ATP),这是光合作用初级产品(加上阳光)。

     

     

     

    Common Misconceptions
    ::常见误解

    • A common student misconception is that plants photosynthesize only during daylight and conduct cellular respiration only at night. Some teaching literature even states this. Though it is true the light reactions can only occur when the sun is out, cellular respiration occurs continuously in plants, not just at night.
      ::学生通常的误解是植物光合作只在白天进行,只有在晚上才进行细胞呼吸。 一些教学文献甚至对此做了说明。 尽管光反应只有在太阳出来时才发生,但细胞呼吸在植物中持续发生,而不仅仅是在夜间。
    • The “dark reactions” of photosynthesis are a misnomer that often leads students to believe that photosynthetic carbon fixation occurs at night. This is not true. It is preferable to use the term Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions instead of dark reactions.
      ::光合作用词的“黑暗反应”是一个错误的代名词,常常导致学生相信光合作用碳固化发生在夜间。 这不是真的。 最好使用“卡尔文循环”或“光独立反应”一词,而不是暗反应。
    • Though the final product of photosynthesis is glucose, the glucose is conveniently stored as starch . Starch is approximated as (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n , where n is in the thousands. Starch is formed by the condensation of thousands of glucose molecules.
      ::虽然光合作用的最后产物是葡萄糖,但葡萄糖很容易作为淀粉储存。Starch大约为(C6H10O50n,其中n为千人)。Starch是由数千个葡萄糖分子的凝聚形成的。