章节大纲

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  • 细胞呼吸

    What will you learn
    ::你会学到什么

    • How the energy from glucose is released through cellular respiration to form ATP
      ::如何通过细胞呼吸释放葡萄糖的能量以形成ATP
    • What happens in the three stages of cellular respiration: , , and
      ::在细胞呼吸的三个阶段会发生什么:
    • The structure of the
      ::结构

    A child enjoying a slice of watermelon outdoors, symbolizing energy intake from food.

    Why eat?
    ::为什么吃?

    Because we're hungry? Not necessarily. But biologically speaking…we eat to get energy. The food we eat is broken down, the glucose extracted, and that energy is converted into ATP.
    ::因为我们饿了? 不一定。但从生物学上讲,我们吃东西是为了获得能量。我们吃的食物被分解,葡萄糖被提取, 能量被转化成ATP。

    Cellular Respiration
    ::细胞呼吸

    What happens to the energy stored in glucose during ? How do living things make use of this stored energy? The answer is cellular respiration . This process releases the energy in glucose to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers all the work of .
    ::葡萄糖中储存的能量会怎样呢?生命体如何使用这种储存的能量?答案是细胞呼吸。这个过程释放葡萄糖中的能量,使ATP(脱辛三磷酸)成为所有活物的动力分子。

     

     

     

    Stages of Cellular Respiration
    ::细胞呼吸阶段

    Cellular respiration involves many chemical reactions . The reactions can be summed up in this equation:
    ::细胞呼吸涉及许多化学反应。反应可以在此方程式中概括:

    C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Chemical Energy (in ATP)
    ::C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6O2 + 6CO2 + 6H2O+ 化学能源(在ATP中)

    CAN YOU Form the equation
     

    The reactions of cellular respiration can be grouped into three stages: glycolysis (stage 1), the Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle (stage 2), and electron transport (stage 3). The Figure gives an overview of these three stages, which are further discussed in the concepts that follow. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and does not require oxygen, whereas the Krebs cycle and electron transport occur in the mitochondria and do require oxygen.
    ::细胞呼吸反应可分为三个阶段:玻璃解析(第1阶段)、Krebs周期(也称为柠檬酸循环(第2阶段))和电子传输(第3阶段),图概述了这三个阶段,并在随后的概念中进一步讨论了这三个阶段。 玻璃解析发生在细胞细胞的细胞图层中,不需要氧,而Krebs循环和电子传输发生在微孔体中,确实需要氧。

    Overview of cellular respiration stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport.
    Cellular respiration takes place in the stages shown here. The process begins with a molecule of glucose, which has six carbon atoms. What happens to each of these atoms of carbon?
    DID YOU KNOW?
    Glucose is a quick source of energy in the body because it can be readily absorbed by the cells and used in cellular respiration. Other complex have to be first processed and converted into glucose by the to produce energy.
     

    Structure of the Mitochondrion: Key to Aerobic Respiration
    ::Mittochondrion结构:有氧呼吸关键

    The structure of the mitochondrion is key to the process of aerobic cellular respiration, especially the Krebs cycle and electron transport. A diagram of a mitochondrion is shown in the Figure .
    ::线粒体体结构是有氧细胞呼吸过程的关键,特别是Krebs循环和电子传输。图中显示了米托克体图。

    The structure of a mitochondrion, showing membranes, matrix, and cristae.
    The structure of a mitochondrion is defined by an inner and outer membrane. This structure plays an important role in aerobic respiration.

    As you can see from the Figure , a mitochondrion has an inner and outer membrane. The space between the inner and outer membrane is called the intermembrane space. The space enclosed by the inner membrane is called the matrix. The second stage of cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle, takes place in the matrix. The third stage, electron transport, takes place on the inner membrane.
    ::从图中可以看到,米托昆德里翁有内外膜。内外膜之间的空间称为间距空间。内膜所封闭的空间称为矩阵。细胞呼吸的第二阶段,即Krebs循环,在矩阵中进行。第三级,电子传输,在内膜上进行。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Cellular respiration takes the energy stored in glucose and transfers it to ATP.
      ::细胞呼吸将储存在葡萄糖中的能量转移到ATP。
    • Cellular respiration has three stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport.
      ::细胞呼吸有三个阶段:水解、克累布循环和电子传输。
    • The inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion play an important roles in aerobic respiration.
      ::米托贡德里的内外膜在有氧呼吸中起着重要作用。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Define cellular respiration.
      ::定义细胞呼吸。
    2. What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
      ::细胞呼吸的三个阶段是什么?
    3. Describe the structure of the mitochondrion and discuss the importance of this structure in cellular respiration.
      ::描述线粒体的结构,并讨论这种结构在细胞呼吸中的重要性。
    4. Assume that a new species of organism has been discovered. Scientists have observed its cells under a microscope and determined that they lack mitochondria. What type of cellular respiration would you predict that the new species uses? Explain your prediction.
      ::假设新生物物种已经被发现。 科学家在显微镜下观察了细胞细胞,确定它们缺乏微孔体。 你会预测新物种使用哪种细胞呼吸? 解释你的预测。
    5. When you exhale onto a cold window pane, water vapor in your breath condenses on the glass. Where does the water vapor come from?
      ::当你向冷窗窗外呼气时,呼吸中的水蒸气会凝结在玻璃上。水蒸气来自何处?