The process of
in
eukaryotic cells
through mitosis
::通过心肺硬化在表情细胞中的过程
The four phases of mitosis
::四个阶段的分裂症
How
cytokinesis
occurs differently in plant and
::在工厂和工厂中,细胞外皮是如何发生不同情况的。
What is meant by the "division of the nucleus"?
::"核心的划分"是什么意思?
What do you think this colorful picture shows? If you guessed that it’s a picture of a cell undergoing cell division, you are right. But more specifically, the image is a
lung
cell stained with fluorescent dyes undergoing mitosis, during early
anaphase
.
::你认为这幅多彩的图片能显示什么?如果你猜想这是一张细胞分裂中细胞的图片,你说得对。但更具体地说,图像是一张肺部细胞,上面沾满了在早期阶段,即脑膜分裂中的荧光染色。
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
::疾病和子宫内环球病
During
mitosis
, the
division of the
in a eukaryotic cell
occurs in four phases. The phases are called
prophase
,
metaphase
, anaphase, and
telophase
. These phases, along with the main cellular structures observed during mitosis, are shown below and are described in greater detail in the following sections.
::在分裂期间,将细胞分为四个阶段,称为前期、后期、前期、后期、后期、后期阶段,后期阶段,连同在分裂期间观察到的主要细胞结构,如下文所示,并在以下各节中更详细地叙述。
Prophase
::预 期
The first and longest phase of mitosis is
prophase
(
Figure
). During prophase,
chromatin
condenses into
, and the
nuclear envelope
, or membrane, breaks down. In animal cells, the
centrioles
near the nucleus begin to separate and move to opposite poles (sides) of the cell. As the centrioles move, a
spindle
starts to form between them. The spindle consists of fibers made of
microtubules
that pull chromosomes apart during cell division.
::分裂症的第一个和最长的阶段是预期阶段( Figure ) 。 在预期阶段, 染色素会凝结为 , 核包或膜会破裂。 在动物细胞中, 核心附近的中子开始分离, 并移动到细胞的对面极( 边缘 ) 。 当中子移动时, 它们之间开始形成一个脊椎。 脊椎是由细胞分裂期间将染色体分离的微细胞组成的纤维组成。
Prophase: chromosomes are visible, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers begin to form.
Metaphase
::相相相 相 相 相 相 相 相 相 相 相 相 相
During
metaphase
, spindle fibers attach to the
centromere
of each pair of sister chromatids (
Figure
). The sister chromatids line up at the equator, or center, of the cell. This is also known as the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers ensure that sister chromatids will separate and go to different
daughter cells
when the cell divides.
::在元阶段, 刺线纤维附于每对姐妹染色体的丙红纤维( 图 ) 。 姐妹染色体排在细胞的赤道或中心。 这也被称为元阶段板 。 刺线纤维确保姐妹染色体在细胞分隔时分离并进入不同的子细胞 。
Metaphase: sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell.
Anaphase
::相 相 相 相 相 相 相
During
anaphase
(
Figure
), sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide. The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the spindle fibers. This is like reeling in a
by shortening the fishing line. One sister
chromatid
moves to one pole of the cell, and the other sister chromatid moves to the opposite pole. At the end of anaphase, each pole of the cell has a complete set of chromosomes.
::在亚相线段( Figure ) , 姐妹染色体分离, 中子分隔。 姊妹染色体因脊椎纤维缩短而分离。 这就像在一条钓鱼线中转接一样。 一个姊妹染色体移动到细胞的一根柱子上, 另一个姊妹染色体移动到对面的柱子上。 在亚相线段的末尾, 细胞的两极都有一整套染色体。
Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase
::电闪电
During
telophase
(
Figure
), the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the
genetic material
for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes (nuclear envelope) form.
::在调频阶段(图 ) , 染色体开始分解和形成染色体, 从而准备指导新细胞代谢活动的遗传材料。 脊椎也破裂, 新的核膜( 核包) 形式 。
Telophase: spindle fibers break down, nuclear membrane forms, and chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin.
Cytokinesis
::阴道
Cytokinesis
is the final stage of cell division in
eukaryotes
as well as
. During cytokinesis, the
cytoplasm
splits in two and the cell divides. Cytokinesis occurs somewhat differently in plant and animal cells, as shown in the
Figure
. In animal cells, the
of the
parent cell
pinches inward along the cell’s equator until two daughter cells form. In plant cells, a cell plate forms along the equator of the parent cell. Then, a new cell membrane and
cell wall
form along each side of the cell plate.
::Cytokinesis 是 eukaryotes 和 。 在 cytokinesis 的细胞分裂的最后阶段 。 在 cytokinesis 中, cytomatlasm 分裂成两个 和 细胞分割 。 如图所示, 植物和动物细胞的细胞出现不同 。 在动物细胞中, 母细胞在细胞赤道上向内刺, 直到两个女儿细胞形成。 在植物细胞中, 细胞板在母细胞赤道上形成一个细胞板状。 然后, 细胞膜和细胞墙在细胞板的两侧形成一个新的细胞膜和细胞墙。
Cytokinesis occurs differently in animal cells and plant cells.
A summary of how a cell undergoes mitosis to produce two identical daughter cells is shown below.
::下文概述了一个细胞如何产生两个完全相同的女儿细胞,从而发生分裂。
Summary
::摘要
Cell division in eukaryotic cells includes mitosis, in which the nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm divides and daughter cells form.
::eukaryatic细胞的细胞分裂包括细胞分裂,其中核分裂为分裂,细胞细胞分裂为细胞细胞,其中细胞分裂为细胞细胞和女儿细胞。
Mitosis occurs in four phases, called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
::疾病分四个阶段发生,称为前期、后期、前期和后期。
Review
::回顾
List the phases of mitosis.
::列出分裂症的各个阶段。
What happens during the prophase of mitosis?
::在分裂症的预发阶段会发生什么?
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?
::姐妹染色体在什么阶段分解?
Describe what happens during cytokinesis in animal cells.
::描述动物细胞细胞细胞化期间发生的情况。
If a cell skipped metaphase during mitosis, how might this affect the two daughter cells?
::如果细胞在分裂期间跳过元阶段,这将如何影响两个女儿的细胞?
Explain the significance of the spindle fibers in mitosis.
::解释脊椎纤维在分裂症中的意义
