Section outline

  • General

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  • 人类基因组e

    What you will learn
    ::你会学到什么

    • How many genes are present in the human genome
      ::人类基因组中有多少基因存在于人类基因组中
    • What are the various components of the human genome
      ::人类基因组的各个组成部分是什么?
    • The goals and findings of ENCODE: Encyclopedia of elements
      ::ENCODE的目的和结果:元素百科全书

    A large wall displaying sequences of ACGT representing the human genome.

    All these ACGTs. What are they?
    ::这些ACGT是什么?

    Over three billion of them from a human form the human genome - the human genetic material - all the information needed to encode a human being. It would take about 9.5 years to read out loud - without stopping - the more than three billion pairs of bases in one person's genome .
    ::人类基因组 人类基因组 人类基因组 人类基因组 所需的全部信息 需要大约9.5年的时间 才能在不停止的情况下 大声地读出 30亿对 人体基因组中的30亿对基底

    The Human Genome
    ::人类基因组

    What makes each one of us unique? You could argue that the environment plays a role, and it does to some extent. But most would agree that your parents have something to do with your uniqueness. In fact, it is our genes that make each one of us unique – or at least genetically unique. We all have the genes that make us human: the genes for skin and , and ears, fingers and toes, and so on. However, we all have different skin colors, different bone sizes, different eye colors and different ear shapes. In fact, even though we have the same genes, the products of these genes work a little differently in most of us. And that is what makes us unique.
    ::是什么使我们每个人都具有独特性?你可以争辩说环境是一个角色,它在某种程度上也具有某种作用。但大多数人会同意,你的父母与你的独特性有关。事实上,正是我们的基因使我们每个人都具有独特性 — — 或至少是基因上的独特性。我们都拥有使我们成为人类的基因:皮肤和耳朵的基因、耳朵、手指和脚趾等等。然而,我们都有不同的皮肤颜色、不同的骨头大小、不同的眼睛颜色和不同的耳朵形状。事实上,尽管我们拥有相同的基因,但这些基因的产物对我们大多数人来说却有一点点不同。这就是我们的独特之处。

    The human genome is the genome - all the DNA - of Homo sapiens . Humans have about 3 billion bases of information, divided into roughly 20,000 to 22,000 genes, which are spread among non-coding sequences and distributed among 24 distinct (22 autosomes plus the X and Y sex chromosomes ). The genome is all of the hereditary information encoded in the DNA, including the genes and non-coding sequences.
    ::人类基因组是智人基因组(所有DNA)的基因组。人类有大约30亿个信息库,分为大约20,000至22,000个基因,分布在非编码序列中,分布在24个不同的基因组(22个有机体加上X和Y性染色体 ) 。 基因组是DNA中编码的所有遗传信息,包括基因和非编码序列。

    Human Genome, Chromosomes, and Genes. Each chromosome of the human genome contains many genes as well as noncoding intergenic (between genes) regions. Each pair of chromosomes is shown here in a different color.
    ::人类基因组、染色体和基因。人类基因组的每一种染色体都含有许多基因以及非编码(基因区域之间)的互成基因。每种染色体以不同颜色显示。

    Thanks to the , scientists now know the DNA sequence of the entire human genome. The Human Genome Project is an international project that includes scientists from around the world. It began in 1990, and by 2003, scientists had sequenced all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA. Now they are trying to identify all the genes in the sequence. The Human Genome Project has produced a reference sequence of the human genome. The human genome consists of protein-coding exons , associated introns and regulatory sequences, genes that encode other molecules, and other DNA sequences (sometimes referred to as "junk" DNA), which are regions in which no function has yet been identified.
    ::多亏了这些科学家,科学家们现在才知道整个人类基因组的DNA序列。人类基因组项目是一个国际项目,包括来自世界各地的科学家。它始于1990年,到2003年,科学家们对全部30亿个人类DNA基对进行了排序。现在,科学家们正在试图辨别序列中的所有基因。人类基因组项目产生了人类基因组的参照序列。人类基因组包括蛋白解码解码、相关质子和监管序列、将其他分子编码的基因,以及其他DNA序列(有时称为“junk”DNA),而这些区域还没有确定任何功能。

     

     

    ENCODE: The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements
    ::ENCODE: DNA元素百科全书

    In September 2012, ENCODE, The Enc yclopedia o f D NA E lements, was announced. ENCODE was a colossal project, involving over 440 scientists in 32 labs the world-over, whose goal was to understand the human genome. It had been thought that about 80% of the human genome was "junk" DNA. ENCODE has established that this is not true. Now it is thought that about 80% of the genome is active. In fact, much of the human genome is regulatory sequences, on/off switches that tell our genes what to do and when to do it. Dr. Eric Green, director of the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health which organized this project, states, "It's this incredible choreography going on, of a modest number of genes and an immense number of ... switches that are choreographing how those genes are used."
    ::2012年9月,宣布了ENCODE,即DNA元素百科全书。ENCODE是一个巨大的项目,涉及全世界32个实验室的440多名科学家,目的是了解人类基因组。人们认为,人类基因组的80%是“垃圾”DNA。ENCODE已经证明这不是真的。现在,人们认为大约80%的基因组是活跃的。事实上,许多人类基因组是调控序列,开关/开关告诉我们的基因要做什么和何时做什么。组织这个项目的国家卫生研究所国家人类基因组研究所所长Eric Green博士说,“这是为数不多的基因和大量的...开关的令人难以置信的舞蹈,这些基因是如何使用的。”

    It is now thought that at least three-quarters of the genome is involved in making RNA, and most of this RNA appears to help regulate gene activity. Scientists have also identified about 4 million sites where bind to DNA and act in a regulatory capacity. These new findings demonstrate that the human genome has remarkable and precise, and complex, controls over the expression of genetic information within a .
    ::现在人们认为,至少有四分之三的基因组参与了RNA的形成,而大部分RNA似乎有助于规范基因活动。 科学家们还确定了大约400万个与DNA结合并具有监管能力的场所。 这些新的研究结果表明,人类基因组对基因信息在某个国家内的表达方式有着显著、精确和复杂的控制。

     

     

     

    DID YOU KNOW?
    A proteome is the set of proteins expressed by an organism's genome. A Proteome does not remain constant for an organism , varies from cell to cell, and can change over time.
     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The human genome consists of about 3 billion base pairs of DNA.
      ::人类基因组由大约30亿对基底DNA组成。
    • In 2003, the Human Genome Project finished sequencing all 3 billion base pairs.
      ::2003年,人类基因组项目完成了所有30亿对基对的排序。
    • In September 2012, ENCODE, The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements, was announced, whose goal was to understand the human genome.
      ::2012年9月,宣布了ENCODE,即DNA元素百科全书,其目标是了解人类基因组。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Describe the human genome.
      ::描述人类基因组。
    2. What has the Human Genome Project achieved?
      ::人类基因组项目取得了哪些成果?
    3. Describe the makeup of the human genome.
      ::描述人类基因组的构成。