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  • 中央中央Do狗

    What you will learn 
    ::你会学到什么

    • The central dogma of molecular biology : to to
      ::分子生物学的中心教条:

    Visual representation of DNA double helix structures, emphasizing the central dogma of molecular biology.

    Is it always DNA to RNA to proteins?
    ::它总是DNA到RNA到蛋白质?

    An idea now known as the central dogma of molecular biology was coined by Francis Crick sometime around 1965. In his own words, "I called this idea the central dogma, for two reasons, I suspect. I had already used the obvious word hypothesis in the sequence hypothesis, and in addition, I wanted to suggest that this new assumption was more central and more powerful."
    ::现在被称为分子生物学核心教条的概念是弗朗西斯·克里克在1965年前后发明的。 用他自己的话说 : “ 我将这个概念称为中心教条,原因有二:我怀疑。 我已经在序列假设中使用了明显的假说词,此外,我还想暗示这一新假设更加重要和有力。 ”

    Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
    ::分子生物学中心犬目

    Your DNA , or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains the genes that determine who you are. How can this organic molecule control your characteristics? DNA contains instructions for all the proteins your body makes. Proteins, in turn, determine the structure and function of all your . What determines a protein’s structure? It begins with the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein. Instructions for making proteins with the correct sequence of amino acids are encoded in DNA.
    ::您的DNA,或脱氧核糖核糖核酸,包含决定您身份的基因。这个有机分子如何控制您的特性?DNA包含您身体所产所有蛋白质的指令。而蛋白质则决定您所有蛋白质的结构和功能。什么决定了蛋白质的结构?它从构成蛋白质的氨基酸序列开始。用正确序列氨基酸制作蛋白质的指令在DNA中编码。

    DNA is found in . In eukaryotic cells , chromosomes always remain in the , but proteins are made at in the cytoplasm . How do the instructions in DNA get to the site of outside the nucleus? Another type of is responsible. This nucleic acid is RNA  or ribonucleic acid. RNA is a small molecule that can squeeze through pores in the nuclear membrane. It carries the information from DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm and then helps assemble the protein. In short:
    ::在 eukaryatic 细胞中发现DNA。 在 eukaryatic 细胞中, 染色体总是留在体内, 但蛋白质是在细胞托盘中生成的。 DNA中的指令如何到达核外的点? 另一种是负责任的。 这种核酸是RNA 或 肋骨核酸。 RNA 是一个小分子, 可以通过核膜中的毛孔挤压。 它将DNA在核核核中的信息传送到细胞托盘中的血清, 然后帮助组装蛋白质。 简而言之 :

    DNA → RNA → Protein
    ::DNA RNA 蛋白质

    Discovering this sequence of events was a major milestone in molecular biology . It is called the central dogma of molecular biology . The two processes involved in the central dogma are  and . In eukaryotic cells, transcription takes place in the nucleus. It uses DNA as a template to make an RNA molecule known as messenger RNA (mRNA). The RNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. Translation reads the in mRNA and makes a protein.
    ::发现这一系列事件是分子生物学中的一个重要里程碑。 它被称为分子生物学的中心教条。 在中央教条中涉及的两个过程是和。 在表层细胞中,转录在核中。 它使用DNA作为模板,使RNA分子被称为送信RNA(mRNA) 。 RNA分子然后离开核,然后在细胞图谱中进行血清学,在那里进行翻译。 翻译在分子图解中读到 mRNA 并制作蛋白质。

    DID YOU KNOW?
    Retroviruses are RNA viruses that do not obey the central dogma. When they infect a host cell, their genetic material , RNA, is transcribed into DNA by a process known as "reverse transcription.” The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which causes AIDS ( A cquired I mmuno d eficiency S yndrome), is an example of a retrovirus.
     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA contains instructions for making proteins, which are copied into RNA.
      ::分子生物学的中心教条指出,DNA含有制造蛋白质的指示,这些指示被复制到RNA。
    • RNA then uses the instructions to make a protein.
      ::RNA然后使用指示制作蛋白质。
    • In short: DNA → RNA → Protein, or DNA to RNA to Protein.
      ::简而言之:DNA DNA DNA RNA 蛋白质 DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. State the central dogma of molecular biology.
      ::说明分子生物学的中心教条。
    2. What are transcription and translation?
      ::什么是抄录和翻译?
    3. Explain the central dogma of molecular biology.
      ::解释分子生物学的中心教条