3.14 工商组织形式
Section outline
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Forms of Business Organizations
::企业组织形式There are three forms of business organizations that exist in the United States today: sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. Each business type has both advantages and disadvantages, and all three make a free market economy highly competitive and provide a vast array of products and services. Businesses can grow and merge, horizontally or vertically, and evolve into conglomerates or multinationals. As businesses expand they can provide additional jobs, introduce new technology, generate change, and produce tax revenues. Additional organizations such as non-profits, cooperatives, professional associations and the government play a role within the economy as well.
::如今,美国有三种形式的商业组织:独资企业、合伙企业和公司。 每一种企业都有利弊,所有三种企业都使自由市场经济具有高度竞争力,提供广泛的产品和服务。 企业可以横向或纵向增长和合并,并发展成为联合企业或跨国公司。 随着企业的扩张,它们可以提供更多的就业机会,引进新技术,产生变化,产生税收收入。 更多的组织,如非营利组织、合作社、专业协会和政府也在经济中发挥作用。Universal Generalizations
::普遍化-
The types of business ownership reflect the needs of the business owner.
::企业所有权的类型反映了企业所有人的需求。 -
There are advantages and disadvantages to each type of business ownership that can be created in the free enterprise system.
::在自由企业系统中可以创造的每一种企业所有权都有利弊。 -
Businesses may be organized as individual proprietorships, partnerships, or corporations.
::企业可以组织为个体业主、伙伴关系或公司。
Guiding Questions
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What are the differences between the different business ownerships?
::不同企业所有权之间的区别是什么? -
Why are sole proprietorship businesses the most numerous but the least profitable?
::为什么独资企业是数量最多但利润最少的企业? -
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of the different business ownerships?
::每个不同的企业所有权的利弊是什么? -
Analyze the amount of liability for each type of business. Which type of business has the least amount of liability for the owner?
::分析每一类企业的赔偿责任数额,哪些类型的企业对所有人的责任最小?
Video: Types of Business Organizations
::录像:商业组织类型Types of Business Organizations
::各类商业组织There are three forms of business organization in the United States:
::美国有三种形式的商业组织:sole proprietorship,
::独资企业,partnership,
::伙伴关系,corporation.
::公司。Each type of business has advantages and disadvantages.
::每种类型的企业都有利弊。The most common form of business organization is a sole proprietorship . This is a business owned and operated by one person. This type of business organization is not only the most profitable but also the most numerous. A sole proprietorship is extremely easy to start, and anyone can create a “sole proprietorship”. If you have an idea or an opportunity, you too could begin your own business simply by deciding to go into business. This type of business is easy to manage since you are the boss! The business owner also may keep all of the profits so long as he or she assumes all of the risk. In addition, proprietors do not have to pay any special taxes, simply pay the tax on the income brought in from the business. Wanting to take charge and make the important decisions are the main reasons people choose to start a sole proprietorship. They want to be the boss and do things their own way. Whether the sole proprietorship succeeds or fails, it is up to the proprietor. If, however, t he business is not everything that the proprietor hoped it would be, he or she may close the business. There are a few disadvantages to this type of business. The main concern is the unlimited liability, or the personal responsibility, the proprietor assumes. The liability suggests that the owner is 100% responsible for the debts and obligations of the company. The proprietor will be financially responsible for the company. It is up to the owner to acquire capital when necessary through bank loans or other obligations. Unless the business is incorporated to protect the proprietor, he or she can be sued by other individuals or businesses. In addition, the sole proprietor must hire, retain, and give incentives to employees, keep an inventory, manage the business, attract additional employees, and consider if the business should continue if he or she leaves the company.
::商业组织最常见的形式是独资企业。 这是一家由一个人拥有和经营的企业。 这种类型的企业组织不仅利润最大,而且数量最多。 独资企业组织非常容易启动, 任何人都可以创建“独资企业 ” 。 如果你有想法或机会, 你也可以通过决定创业来开始自己的企业。 这种类型的企业很容易管理,因为你是老板! 企业所有人也可以保留所有利润,只要他或她承担所有风险。 此外, 业主不必缴纳任何特殊税, 只需缴纳企业收入税。 独资企业组织非常容易启动, 任何人都可以创建“独资企业 ” 。 如果你有想法或机会, 你也可以通过决定创业来启动自己的企业。 这种类型的企业也可以保留所有利润, 但是,如果企业所有人希望自己承担所有利润,那么,他或她可能关闭企业。 对于企业的收入来说, 有一些必要的不利条件。 想要负责并做出重要的决定, 公司责任是, 公司本身的责任是自己, 公司的责任就是自己自己。The next most popular type of business found in a free enterprise economy is a partnership . A partnership is generally a business owned by two or more people. Generally, partnerships are most often found among doctors and lawyers, or in a business where the start-up costs may be prohibitive for just one person. There are two types of partnerships: general and limited. A general partnership exists where all of the partners share the responsibility for all the aspects of the business. A limited partnership is when one or more partners do not participate in the business at all, but are instead financial partners or “silent partners”. They benefit when the business does well, but are only liable for what they contributed to the partnership financially. A limited partnership can protect those partners from being held liable for the business's debts.
::在自由企业经济中发现的另一个最受欢迎的商业类型是合伙关系。合伙关系通常是由两个或两个以上的人拥有的企业;一般而言,合伙关系往往是在医生和律师之间,或者在开办费用对一个人来说可能令人望而却步的企业中找到的。有两种合伙关系:一般的和有限的。一般合伙关系存在,所有合伙人都对企业的所有方面都负有责任。有限合伙关系是指一个或一个以上的合伙人根本不参与企业,而是金融伙伴或“沉默的合伙人”。当生意运作良好时,这种合伙关系就会受益,但只对在财务上对合伙关系的贡献承担责任。有限合伙关系可以保护这些合伙人不承担企业债务的责任。Some positive aspects of a partnership: it is easy to start up with a partnership agreement, it is easy to manage, specific aspects of the partnership are agreed to in the partnership paperwork, there are no special taxes, it can easily attract investors, it is somewhat more efficient than a sole proprietorship, and the business may be able to hire additional employees.
::伙伴关系的一些积极方面:以伙伴关系协定启动很容易,管理容易,伙伴关系的具体方面在伙伴关系文书中商定,没有特别税收,可以很容易地吸引投资者,比独资企业效率高一些,企业可能能够雇用更多的雇员。The main disadvantages to this type of business is that partners are responsible for each other’s acts. If one partner takes all the money and runs off, then the other partner is still liable for that partner’s actions and the debts incurred by that partner. The partnership is limited in terms of its life. When one partner leaves or dies, the partnership is no longer valid and the company changes. The name may stay the same but because new partners may be added to the partnership the business itself may change.
::此类企业的主要不利之处在于合伙人对彼此的行为负有责任。 如果合伙人拿了所有的钱然后跑了,那么另一方仍要为合伙人的行为和该合伙人的债务负责。 合伙关系在其寿命上是有限的。 当合伙人离开或去世时,合伙关系不再有效,公司也会改变。 其名称可能保持不变,但因为新的合伙人可能加入合伙关系,所以企业本身可能会改变。The third type of company that forms in a free market system is a corporation . This is a very large business that has an entirely different structure compared to a sole proprietorship or a partnership. A corporation is a very formal, legal arrangement. In order to take your partnership or sole proprietorship to this level, the company has to ask permission from the national and state governments to incorporate. It this motion is granted, the company can become public by selling off shares of the company to raise revenues. Otherwise, it may remain a private company with no shareholders.
::在自由市场体系中组建的第三类公司是一家公司,这是一个与独资企业或合伙企业结构完全不同的大型企业,与独资企业或合伙企业相比,具有完全不同的结构。一个公司是一个非常正式的法律安排。要将你的合伙企业或独资企业发展到这一水平,公司必须征得国家和州政府的许可才能成立。这项动议获得批准后,公司可以通过出售公司股份来增加收入而成为公共企业。 否则,它可能仍然是一家没有股东的私营公司。The main strength of the corporation is that it is considered a “legal entity”. It has all of the rights and responsibilities than an individual has. It can sue and be sued. It can enter into legal contracts, and it can file for bankruptcy. Besides its legal status, the next advantage of a corporation is the ease with which it may raise revenue for the company. It has the ability to borrow from banks or it can sell off shares of its stock (ownership) or corporate bonds (written promises to repay a loan). It can hire professionals to represent it or work for it, there is a limited liability, it has an unlimited life so long as it is still operating, it is easy to transfer ownership in the form of company stocks, and there is name recognition.
::公司的主要力量是它被视为“法人实体”,它拥有比个人拥有的所有权利和责任,它可以起诉和被起诉,它可以签订法律合同,可以提出破产申请,除了其法律地位外,公司的下一个好处是它可以轻易为公司筹集收入,它有能力从银行借款或出售其股票(所有权)或公司债券(书面承诺偿还贷款)的股份或股份,它可以雇用专业人员代表它或为其工作,它有有限的责任,只要它仍在经营,它有无限的生命,很容易以公司股票的形式转让所有权,并且有名称承认。The disadvantages of a corporation are: the rules and regulations set forth by the government for corporations, the huge tax burden that they must pay as a corporation, the shareholders have little say in the operation of the business, and it is expensive to set up a corporation, to begin with.
::公司的不利之处是:政府为公司制定的规则和条例,他们作为公司必须支付的巨大税收负担,股东对企业的经营没有发言权,成立公司首先费用昂贵。Sole Proprietorship
::独立专有制Partnerships
::伙伴关系伙伴关系伙伴关系伙伴关系Corporations
::公司Advantages
::优点-
Easy to start up
::启动容易 -
Easy to manage
::易于管理 -
Owner enjoys the profits of successful management
::拥有者享受成功的管理的利润 -
Does not have to pay a separate business income tax
::无需缴纳单独的企业所得税 -
Psychological satisfaction
::心理满意度 -
Easy to get out of business
::容易离开业务
-
Easy to start
::容易开始 -
Easy to manage
::易于管理 -
No special taxes
::无特别税税 -
Can attract financial capital more easily
::更易于吸引金融资本 -
Slightly larger in size
::大小略大一点
-
Can attract financial capital more easily
::更易于吸引金融资本 -
Slightly larger in size
::大小略大一点 -
Easier to attract top talent to their organization
::更容易吸引顶尖人才进入其组织 -
Easy to raise financial capital
::容易筹集金融资本 -
Professionals are available to run the company
::有专业人员管理公司 -
Limited liability
::有限责任 -
Unlimited life
::无限制生命 -
Easy to transfer ownership
::易于转让所有权
Disadvantages
::缺点-
Unlimited liability
::无限赔偿责任 -
Difficulty in raising financial capital
::难以筹集金融资本 -
Size and efficiency
::规模和效率 -
Must carry a minimum inventory
::必须携带最低限度的库存清单 -
Limited managerial experience
::管理经验有限 -
Difficulty in attracting qualified employees
::难以吸引合格雇员 -
Limited life of the company
::公司有限寿命
-
Responsible for the acts of the other partners
::应对其他伙伴的行为负责 -
Limited partnership
::有限伙伴关系 -
Limited life
::有限寿命 -
Conflict may arise
::可能引起冲突
-
Difficulty and expense of getting a charter
::获得租约的困难和费用 -
Little say in how the business is run
::生意经营方式很少说 -
Corporate taxes
::公司税 公司税 -
More government regulations
::更多的政府条例
Private Enterprise
::私营企业Private enterprise , the ownership of businesses by private individuals, is a hallmark of the U.S. economy. When people think of businesses, often giants like Wal-Mart, Microsoft, or General Motors come to mind. But firms come in all sizes, as shown in . The vast majority of American firms have fewer than 20 employees. As of 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau counted 5.7 million firms with employees in the U.S. economy. Slightly less than half of all workers in private firms are at the 17,000 large firms. This means that they employ more than 500 workers. Another 35% of workers in the U.S. economy are at firms with fewer than 100 workers. These small-scale businesses include everything from dentists and lawyers to businesses that mow lawns or clean houses. Indeed, does not include a separate category for the millions of small “non-employer” businesses where a single owner or a few partners are not officially paid wages or a salary, but simply receive whatever they can earn.
::私营企业是私人个体拥有的企业,是美国经济的标志。当人们想到企业时,通常会想到沃尔玛、微软或通用汽车等巨型企业。但企业规模不尽相同,如本文所示。绝大多数美国企业的员工不到20人。截至2010年,美国人口普查局统计了570万家在美国经济中拥有雇员的公司。在私营企业中,只有不到一半的工人在17 000家大公司工作。这意味着他们雇用了500多名工人。美国经济中还有35%的工人在工人少于100人的公司工作。这些小型企业包括从牙医和律师到打草或打扫房屋的企业。 事实上,对于数百万个小型“非雇主”企业,美国人口普查局并不包含一个单独的类别,这些小“非雇主”企业中,只有一人或几个合伙人没有正式支付工资或工资,而只是领取他们能够挣到的任何收入。Number of Employees
::雇员人数Firms (% of total firms)
::公司(占公司总数的百分比)Number of Paid Employees (% of total employment)
::有酬雇员人数(占总就业人数的百分比)Total
::共计共计共计共计5,734,538
112.0 million
::11.20亿0–9
4,543,315 (79.2%)
12.3 million (11.0%)
::1230万(11.00%)10–19
617,089 (10.8%)
8.3 million (7.4%)
::830万(7.4%)20–99
475,125 (8.3%)
18.6 million (16.6%)
::1 860万(16.6%)100–499
81,773 (1.4%)
15.9 million (14.2%)
::1 590万人(14.2%)500 or more
::500或500以上17,236 (0.30%)
50.9 million (49.8%)
::5 090万(49.8%)Table 1 Range in Size of U.S. Firms (Source: U.S. Census, 2010 )
Corporate Stock and Public Firms
::公司股份和公营公司A corporation is a business that “incorporates”—that is owned by shareholders that have limited liability for the debt of the company but share in its profits (and losses). Corporations may be private or public, and may or may not have stock that is publicly traded. They may raise funds to finance their operations or new investments by raising capital through the sale of stock or the issuance of bonds.
::“公司”是股东拥有的“公司”企业,股东对公司的债务负有有限责任,但分享其利润(和损失),公司可以是私人的,也可以是公共的,可能或可能没有公开交易的股票,它们可以通过出售股票或发行债券筹集资本,为业务或新投资筹集资金。Those who buy the stock become the owners, or shareholders, of the firm. Stock represents ownership of a firm; that is, a person who owns 100% of a company’s stock, by definition, owns the entire company. The stock of a company is divided into shares. Corporate giants like IBM, AT&T, Ford, General Electric, Microsoft, Merck, and Exxon all have millions of shares of stock. In most large and well-known firms, no individual owns a majority of the shares of the stock. Instead, large numbers of shareholders—even those who hold thousands of shares—each have only a small slice of the overall ownership of the firm.
::购买股票的人成为公司的所有者或股东。 股票代表着公司的所有权,也就是说,按照定义,拥有公司100%股票的人拥有整个公司。 公司股票分为股份。 IBM、AT&T、福特、通用电气、微软、默克和埃克森等公司巨头都拥有数百万股。 在大多数大公司和知名公司中,没有个人拥有大部分股票。 相反,大量股东 — — 甚至持有数千股的股东 — — 都只有公司总股权的一小部分。When a company is owned by a large number of shareholders, there are three questions to ask: How and when does the company get money from the sale of its stock? What rate of return does the company promise to pay when it sells stock? Who makes decisions in a company owned by a large number of shareholders?
::当一家公司由大批股东拥有时,有三个问题需要问:公司如何以及何时从出售其股票中获得资金?公司出售股票时承诺支付什么回报率?谁在一家拥有大量股东的公司中作决定?First, a firm receives money from the sale of its stock only when the company sells its own stock to the public (the public includes individuals, mutual funds, insurance companies, and pension funds). A firm’s first sale of stock to the public is called an initial public offering (IPO). The IPO is important for two reasons. For one, the IPO, and any stock issued thereafter, such as stock held as treasury stock (shares that a company keeps in their own treasury) or new stock issued later as a secondary offering, provides the funds to repay the early-stage investors, like the angel investors and the venture capital firms. A venture capital firm may have a 40% ownership in the firm. When the firm sells stock, the venture capital firm sells its part ownership of the firm to the public. A second reason for the importance of the IPO is that it provides the established company with financial capital for a substantial expansion of its operations.
::首先,一家公司只有在将自己的股票出售给公众(公众包括个人、共同基金、保险公司和养恤基金)时才从出售其股票中获得资金。 一家公司首次向公众出售股票被称为首次公开发行(IPO ) 。 IPO之所以重要有两个原因。 首先,IPO以及此后发行的任何股票,例如作为国库股票(公司在自己的国库中持有的份额)或后来作为二次发行的新股票,提供基金偿还早期投资者,如天使投资者和风险资本公司等。 风险资本公司可能在公司拥有40%的股权。 当公司出售股票时,风险资本公司将公司的部分所有权出售给公众。 IPO之所以重要的另一个原因是,它为已经成立的公司提供了财政资本,以大幅扩展其业务。Most of the time when a corporate stock is bought and sold, however, the firm receives no financial return at all. If you buy shares of stock in General Motors, you almost certainly buy them from the current owner of those shares, and General Motors does not receive any of your money. This pattern should not seem particularly odd. After all, if you buy a house, the current owner gets your money, not the original builder of the house. Similarly, when you buy shares of stock, you are buying a small slice of ownership of the firm from the existing owner—and the firm that originally issued the stock is not a part of this transaction.
::然而,在公司股票买卖的大部分时间,公司根本得不到任何经济回报。如果你在通用汽车公司购买股票股份,你几乎可以肯定地从这些股票的当前所有人那里购买这些股票,而通用汽车公司没有收到任何你的钱。这种模式似乎并不特别奇怪。毕竟,如果买房子,目前的所有人就会得到你的钱,而不是房子的原始建设者。同样,当你购买股票股份时,你正在从现有所有人那里购买一小部分公司的所有权,而原先发行股票的公司不是这笔交易的一部分。Second, when a firm decides to issue stock, it must recognize that investors will expect to receive a rate of return. That rate of return can come in two forms. A firm can make a direct payment to its shareholders, called a dividend. Alternatively, a financial investor might buy a share of stock in Wal-Mart for $45 and then later sell that share of stock to someone else for $60, for a gain of $15. The increase in the value of the stock (or of any asset) between when it is bought and when it is sold is called a capital gain.
::其次,当一家公司决定发行股票时,它必须认识到投资者预期会获得回报率。 回报率可以分为两种形式。 公司可以直接向其股东支付股息,称为股息。 或者,金融投资者可以购买沃尔玛股票的45美元份额,然后再将股价份额出售给其他人,60美元,收益为15美元。 股价(或任何资产)在购买时和出售时之间增加的价值被称为资本收益。Third: Who makes the decisions about when a firm will issue stock, or pay dividends, or re-invest profits? To understand the answers to these questions, it is useful to separate firms into two groups: private and public.
::第三:由谁来决定公司何时发行股票,或支付股息,或再投资利润?为了了解这些问题的答案,将公司分为两类是有用的:私营和公营。A private company is owned by the people who run it on a day-to-day basis. A private company can be run by individuals, in which case it is called a sole proprietorship, or it can be run by a group, in which case it is a partnership. A private company can also be a corporation, but with no publicly issued stock. A small law firm run by one person, even if it employs some other lawyers, would be a sole proprietorship. A larger law firm may be owned jointly by its partners. Most private companies are relatively small, but there are some large private corporations, with tens of billions of dollars in annual sales, that do not have publicly issued stock, such as farm products dealer Cargill, the Mars candy company, and the Bechtel engineering and construction firm.
::私人公司由日常经营公司的人拥有,私人公司可以由个人经营,在这种情况下,私人公司可以被称为独资企业,也可以由集团经营,在这种情况下,私人公司也可以是合伙企业。私人公司也可以是一家公司,但是没有公开发行的股票。一个人经营的小律师事务所,即使雇用了其他律师,也可以是独资企业。大型律师事务所可能由合伙人共同拥有。大多数私人公司规模相对较小,但有一些大型私营公司,年销售额达数百亿美元,没有公开发行股票,如农产品经销商卡吉尔、火星糖果公司、Bechtel工程和建筑公司。When a firm decides to sell stock, which in turn can be bought and sold by financial investors, it is called a public company. Shareholders own a public company. Since the shareholders are a very broad group, often consisting of thousands or even millions of investors, the shareholders' vote for a board of directors, who in turn hire top executives to run the firm on a day-to-day basis. The more shares of stock a shareholder owns, the more votes that shareholder is entitled to cast for the company’s board of directors.
::当一家公司决定出售股票,而股票反过来又可以由金融投资者买卖时,它就被称为公营公司。 股东拥有一家公营公司。 由于股东是一个非常广泛的集团,通常由数千甚至数百万投资者组成,股东投票给董事会,而董事会反过来又雇用高级执行官管理公司日常业务。 股东拥有的股票份额越多,股东就越有权投给公司董事会的选票。In theory, the board of directors helps to ensure that the firm is run in the interests of the true owners—the shareholders. However, the top executives who run the firm have a strong voice in choosing the candidates who will be on their board of directors. After all, few shareholders are knowledgeable enough or have enough of a personal incentive to spend energy and money nominating alternative members of the board.
::从理论上讲,董事会有助于确保公司的运作符合真正的所有者 — — 股东的利益,然而,管理公司的最高主管在选择董事会成员候选人方面拥有强烈的发言权。 毕竟,很少有股东具备足够的知识或者有足够的个人激励来花费精力和提名董事会候补成员的资金。How Firms Choose between Sources of Financial Capital
::公司如何在金融资本来源之间作出选择There are clear patterns in how businesses raise financial capital. These patterns can be explained in terms of imperfect information, is a situation where buyers and sellers in a market do not both have full and equal information. Those who are actually running a firm will almost always have more information about whether the firm is likely to earn profits in the future than outside investors who provide financial capital.
::在企业如何筹集金融资本方面有明确的模式。 这些模式可以用不完善的信息来解释,即市场买主和卖主都不具备充分和平等的信息。 实际经营公司的人几乎总是比提供金融资本的外部投资者更了解公司未来是否可能盈利。Any young startup firm is a risk; indeed, some startup firms are only a little more than an idea on paper. The firm’s founders inevitably have better information about how hard they are willing to work, and whether the firm is likely to succeed than anyone else. When the founders put their own money into the firm, they demonstrate a belief in its prospects. At this early stage, angel investors and venture capitalists try to overcome the imperfect information, at least in part, by knowing the managers and their business plan personally and by giving them advice.
::任何年轻的创业公司都是风险;事实上,一些创业公司只是纸上谈兵而已。 企业的创始人不可避免地能更清楚地了解他们愿意工作有多难,以及公司能否胜过其他人。 当创始人把自己的钱投入公司时,他们就表现出了对公司前景的信念。 在早期,天使投资者和风险资本家试图克服不完善的信息,至少部分地通过了解经理和他们的商业计划以及给他们个人的建议来克服不完善的信息。Government & Business Regulations
::政府和企业条例When the United States was established, the idea of a competitive market free of government interference was a reality. However, since the late 1800s, the reality of a truly free market system has slowly evolved into a marketplace where the government has played an increasingly larger role. The federal government and the states tried to regulate big business and corporate interests as the nation grew and the population demanded a certain degree of oversight. Government restrictions and legislation limited the growing power and influence of “robber barons”, trusts, and monopolies by the early 1900s. The intervention by the government on behalf of the population began a trend that has grown exponentially over the last one hundred years.
::当美国成立时,一个没有政府干预的竞争性市场的概念就成为现实,然而,自1800年代末以来,一个真正自由市场制度的现实逐渐演变成一个政府发挥越来越大作用的市场,联邦政府和各州试图随着国家的增长和人民要求一定程度的监督来规范大型商业和公司利益,政府的限制和立法限制了“强盗、信托和垄断”在1900年代初不断增长的权力和影响。 政府代表人民进行的干预开始形成一种趋势,在过去100年中,这种趋势急剧增长。State governments today realize the importance of major industries and corporations and the impact that those businesses can have on the growth of a state’s economy, employment, and resources. Both states and local governments have made attempts to attract corporations by offering tax breaks and relaxing restrictions. Government benefits when businesses expand through payroll taxes, employment opportunities, and better wages for employees. Business benefit when governments offer incentives to relocate or expand.
::如今,州政府认识到主要产业和公司的重要性以及这些企业对州经济、就业和资源增长的影响。 州政府和地方政府都试图通过提供减税和放松限制来吸引企业。 当企业通过工资税、就业机会和雇员的更好工资扩张时,政府会给政府带来好处。 当政府提供搬迁或扩张的激励时,企业会给企业带来好处。Compared to one hundred years ago, businesses today are under a great deal more scrutiny and face an overabundance of regulations and restrictions on their business practices and treatment of consumers. States can set insurance rates, regulate banks and insurance companies, determine whether or not a utility company can increase rates on customers, and prohibit certain industries from operating if they harm the environment.
::与一百年前相比,今天的企业受到更多的监督,其商业惯例和对消费者待遇的监管和限制过多。 国家可以设定保险率,监管银行和保险公司,确定公用事业公司是否可以提高客户的利率,如果某些行业损害环境,可以禁止它们运营。In general, government and business need each other. Governors and even mayors (like here in El Paso) invite companies to visit in order to try to attract new business opportunities to specific locales. Commercials, city chambers of commerce, and newspaper advertisements, all tout the benefits of relocating. Local governments may even go as far as selling municipal bonds or take on enormous debt to help finance the relocation of a company, such as when the El Paso City Council wanted to bring a Triple-A baseball club to the downtown area.
::总而言之,政府和企业需要相互支持。 州长甚至市长(如埃尔帕索市)都邀请公司访问,试图吸引新的商业机会给特定地方。 商业、城市商会和报纸广告都倾向于搬迁的好处。 地方政府甚至可以卖市债券或承担巨额债务帮助公司搬迁融资,比如埃尔帕索市议会(El Paso City Council)想将三A棒球俱乐部带到市中心区。Video: City of El Paso Triple-A Ballpark Time-Lapse
::录像:埃尔帕索市Answer the self check questions below to monitor your understanding of the concepts in this section.
::回答下面的自我核对问题,以监测你对本节概念的理解。Self Check Questions
::自查问题1. A sole proprietorship is business owned and run by one person. Do you know any sole proprietors? Do you do business with anyone who owns their own business? Why do you do business with them?
::1. 独资企业由一个人拥有和经营,你认识任何独资业主吗?你与任何拥有自己企业的人做生意吗?你为什么与他们做生意?2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of partnership? Do you know any businesses that are partnerships? Do you do business with them? Why or why not?
::2. 伙伴关系的利弊何在?你知道哪些是伙伴关系的企业吗?你是否与他们做生意?为什么或为什么没有?3. Describe the structure of a corporation. Which corporations do you do business with? Why? What can a corporation do that a sole proprietorship can not?
::3. 描述公司的结构:你与哪些公司有业务往来?为什么?一家公司能做什么独资企业不能做?4. If you were to own a business, what type of organization would you want, a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation?
::4. 如果你拥有企业,你想要什么样的组织,独资企业,合伙企业,还是公司? -
The types of business ownership reflect the needs of the business owner.
