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  • 第4股:基本谅解、词汇和目标

    Unit 4 - Basic Understandings
    ::第4股 - 基本谅解

    • Societies utilize institutions to promote order, security, and stability.
      ::社会各界利用各种机构来促进秩序、安全和稳定。
    • Monetary units were created to make operations in the market easier.
      ::建立货币单位是为了方便市场业务。
    • The Federal Reserve regulates the supply of money in the economy through monetary policy that increases the supply of money during contractionary periods or decreases the money supply during expansionary periods.
      ::美联储通过货币政策管理经济中的货币供应,货币政策在收缩期间增加货币供应,或在扩张期间减少货币供应。
    • Fluctuations in the business cycle or in the level of economic activity influence governmental fiscal policy decisions.
      ::商业周期或经济活动水平的波动影响政府的财政政策决定。

     

    Unit 4 - Vocabulary
    ::4单元 - 词汇

    monetary policy - strategy taken by a central banking system to regulate the supply of money
    ::货币政策 -- -- 中央银行系统管制货币供应的战略

    fiscal policy - strategy taken by public officials regarding taxing and spending
    ::财政政策 -- -- 公职人员在税收和开支方面采取的战略

    reserve requirement - the amount of money banks are required to keep and not lend out
    ::准备金要求 -- -- 要求银行保持和不放贷的货币银行数额

    federal funds rate - the interest rate banks charge each other on loans
    ::联邦基金利率 -- -- 利率银行对贷款相互收取贷款

    discount rate - the interest rate the Federal Reserve Bank charges commercial banks for loans
    ::贴现率-联邦储备银行向商业银行收取贷款的利率

    open market operations - a Federal Reserve practice of purchasing and selling government bonds intended to take money out or put money into the economy quickly
    ::开放市场业务 -- -- 美联储买卖政府债券的做法,其目的是将钱拿出来或迅速将钱投入经济

    currency - a physical item, such as bills or coins, used as a medium of exchange
    ::- 实物项目,如票据或硬币,用作交换媒介

    barter - the exchange of goods and services for goods and services
    ::易易货 -- -- 货物和服务交换以换取货物和服务

    revenue - money raised by the government or money received by a firm doing business
    ::- 由政府筹集的资金或经商公司收到的资金

    expenditure - a payment, cost, or the amount of money spent
    ::支出 -- -- 付款、费用或支出金额

     

    Unit 4 - Related Vocabulary
    ::第4股 - 相关词汇

    • Federal Reserve System
      ::联邦储备系统
    • taxes / tariffs
      ::税收/关税
    • commodity money
      ::商品商品货币
    • representative money
      ::代表货币
    • fiat money
      ::等值货币
    • easy money policy
      ::简便货币政策
    • tight money policy
      ::紧缩银银政策

     Monetary Policy and the Fed
    ::货币政策和美联储

    Unit 4 TEKS
    ::4 4 TEKS 单位

    (11) Economics. The student understands the role of money in an economy. The student is expected to:
    :伤心11) 经济学. 学生理解金钱在经济中的作用。

    (A) describe the functions of money;
    :伤心A) 描述金钱的功能;

    (B) describe the characteristics of money, including commodity money, fiat money, and representative money; and
    :伤心B) 描述货币的特点,包括商品货币、黑钱和代表货币;以及

    (C) analyze the positive and negative aspects of barter, currency, and debit cards.
    :伤心C) 分析易货、货币和借记卡的正反两方面。

    (12) Economics. The student understands the role of the Federal Reserve System in establishing monetary policy. The student is expected to:
    :伤心12) 经济学. 学生理解联邦储备体系在制定货币政策方面的作用。

    (A) explain the structure of the Federal Reserve System;
    ::解释联邦储备体系的结构;

    (B) analyze the three basic tools used to implement U.S. monetary policy, including reserve requirements, the discount rate and the federal funds rate target, and open-market operations;
    :伤心B) 分析用于执行美国货币政策的三项基本工具,包括储备要求、贴现率和联邦基金利率目标以及开放市场业务;

    (C) explain how the actions of the Federal Reserve System affect the nation's money supply; and
    :伤心C) 解释联邦储备系统的行动如何影响国家的货币供应;以及

    (D) describe the current role of the U.S. dollar in trade in the world market and analyze how that has changed over time, in particular since departing fro the gold standard in 1971.
    :伤心D) 描述美元目前在世界市场贸易中的作用,并分析这种作用在一段时间内如何变化,特别是自从1971年黄金标准到期以来。

    (13) Economics. The student understands the role that the government plays in the U.S. free enterprise system. The student is expected to:
    :伤心13) 经济学。学生理解政府在美国自由企业体系中扮演的角色。

    (A) describe the role of government in the U.S. free enterprise system and the changes in that role over time; and
    :伤心A) 描述美国政府在美国自由企业系统中的作用以及这一作用随着时间推移发生的变化;以及

    (B) analyze the costs and benefits of U.S. economic policies, rules, and regulations related to the economic goals of economic growth, stability, full employment, freedom, security, equity (equal opportunity versus equal outcome), and efficiency.
    :伤心B) 分析美国与经济增长、稳定、充分就业、自由、安全、公平(机会平等与结果平等)以及效率等经济目标有关的经济政策、规则和条例的成本和效益。

    (14) Economics. The student understands the economic impact of fiscal policy decisions at the local, state, and national levels. The student is expected to:
    :伤心14) 经济学. 学生理解地方、州和国家各级财政决策的经济影响。

    (A) identify types of taxes at the local, state, and national levels and the economic importance of each;
    :伤心A) 确定地方、州和国家各级的税种以及每一税种的经济重要性;

    (B) explain the categories of revenues and expenditures in the U.S. federal budget; and
    :伤心B) 解释美国联邦预算中收入和支出的类别;以及

    (C) analyze the impact of fiscal policy decisions on the economy.
    :伤心C) 分析财政政策决定对经济的影响。