2.7世界气候
Section outline
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Lesson Objectives
::经验教训目标- Identify world climate zones and where they are found.
::查明世界气候区及其所在地。
- Identify world climate types based on precipitation amounts and vegetation.
::根据降水量和植被确定世界气候类型。
- Define microclimate and give an example.
::定义微观气候并举一个例子。
Lesson Vocabulary
::词汇表课程- alpine tundra
::高山苔原
- biome
::生物生物
- continental climate
::大陆气候
- desert
::沙漠 沙漠
- humid continental climate
::湿润大陆气候
- humid subtropical climate
::湿润亚热带气候
- marine west coast climate
::海洋西海岸气候
- Mediterranean climate
::地中海气候
- microclimate
::微气候
- polar climate
::极地气候
- polar tundra
::极地冻原
- steppe
::象形体
- subarctic climate
::亚北极气候
- temperate climate
::温温气候
- tropical climate
::热带热带气候
- tropical rainforest
::热带热带雨林
Introduction
::导言There are basically three climate zones around the world: polar, temperate, and tropical. Each climate zone has unique traits. They are located in specific latitudes.
::全世界基本上有三个气候区:极地、温带和热带。每个气候区都有独特的特点,它们位于特定的纬度。- Polar zones often have long, very cold winters. They have short, cool summers. Very cold air masses from the arctic often move in. The temperature range is larger than any other climate. Precipitation increases during summer months. Annual precipitation amounts are still small.
::极地区通常有漫长、非常寒冷的冬季,夏季很短,很凉爽。北极非常冷的空气通常会进入。温度范围比任何其他气候都要大。夏季月降水量增加。每年降水量仍然很小。
- Tropical zones are often warmer areas. They tend to have an abundance of rainfall. These are generally located near the equator.
::热带地区往往比较暖和,往往降雨量很大,通常位于赤道附近。
- Temperate zones fall between the polar and the tropical zones. They tend to have milder climate conditions than both tropical and polar.
::温带位于极地和热带地区之间,气候条件往往比热带和极地温和。
You might expect places near the equator to be hot and wet. That's not always the case. Sometimes there are other factors at work. These factors can affect the local climate type or a region. Oceans and mountain ranges can have a major impact. They can greatly influence the climate of an area. You can see this in Figure . Many factors influence an area's climate. Only one of those factors is the distance from the equator. You can see where the climate types are on the map below.
::赤道附近的地方可能会热湿。 情况并非总是这样。 有时还有其他因素在起作用。 这些因素可以影响当地的气候类型或区域。 海洋和山脉可以产生重大影响。 它们可以对一个区域的气候产生重大影响。 您可以在图中看到这一点。 许多因素影响一个区域的气候。 其中只有一个因素是赤道的距离。 您可以在下面的地图上看到气候类型。Find where you live on the map. What type of climate do you have?
::找到地图上你住的地方,你有什么样的气候?Climate Zones versus Climate Types
::气候区相对于气候类型Why isn't the climate of an area only impacted by its latitude? How can oceans and mountain ranges have such an impact on local climate types? Read on to find out more.
::为什么一个地区的气候不只受到其纬度的影响?海洋和山脉如何能对当地气候类型产生如此大的影响?阅读了解更多情况。Florida is at the same latitude as North Africa. North Africa contains the world's largest desert. Following the line of latitude to the west, you can also find arid climates. West Texas, Mexico, and the Baja Peninsula of California are all arid climates. These areas fall along the same latitude and within the temperate climate zone. How can they have such a diverse local climate?
::佛罗里达与北非处于同一纬度。 北非是世界上最大的沙漠。 沿着西边的纬度线, 你也可以发现干旱的气候。 西得克萨斯、 墨西哥和加利福尼亚的下半岛都是干旱的气候。 这些地区位于相同的纬度和温带气候区之内。 他们怎么能拥有如此多样的本地气候呢?Think about where Florida is located. It is a long sliver of land mostly surrounded by water. It is much smaller than North Africa. It is wider than the Baja Peninsula in Mexico. Florida is very wet and the other two locations are extremely arid. It just so happens the size of Florida is just right for the development of thunderstorms. The Baja Peninsula is too narrow to cause such a weather effect. North Africa is far too large. In this case it was the size of land and proximity to water that made the difference.
::想想佛罗里达州的位置。 这是一个长长的陆地, 大部分被水环绕着。 它比北非小得多。 它比墨西哥的半岛大得多。 佛罗里达州非常湿润, 其它两个地方也非常干旱。 佛罗里达州的面积正好适合雷暴的发展。 半岛太窄,无法造成这样的天气效应。 北非幅员太大。 在这种情况下, 是陆地面积和靠近水的面积决定了变化。Mountain ranges too can cause local climates to vary. For example, mountain ranges can block moisture. This can cause arid conditions at latitudes that should get adequate rainfall. There are only three major climate zones. These zones can contain climates caused by oceans and mountains.
::山区山脉也可能导致当地气候变化,例如,山区山脉可以阻塞水分,这可能造成纬度干旱,应有足够的降雨量,只有三个主要气候区,这些地区可以容纳海洋和山岳造成的气候。Major climate types are based on temperature and precipitation. These two factors determine what types of plants can grow in an area. Animals and other living things depend on plants. Each climate is related to the types of living things. A major type of climate and its living things make up a biome .
::主要气候类型以温度和降水量为基础。 这两种因素决定了一个地区的植物种类。 动物和其他生物依赖植物。 每一种气候都与生物种类相关。 一种主要气候类型及其生物构成生物群落。Tropical Climates
::热带热带气候Tropical climates are found around the equator. As you'd expect, these climates have warm temperatures year round. Tropical climates may be very wet or wet and dry.
::热带气候分布在赤道周围。正如你预期的那样, 这些气候的温度是全年温暖的。热带气候可能非常湿润或干燥。- Tropical wet climates occur at or very near the equator. They have high rainfall year round. Tropical rainforests grow in this type of climate.
::热带湿气候发生在赤道或极近赤道地区,全年降雨量高,热带雨林在这种气候中生长。
- Tropical wet and dry climates occur between 5° and 20° latitude and receive less rainfall. Most of the rain falls in a single season. The rest of the year is dry. Few trees can withstand the long dry season. The main plants are grasses (see Figure ).
::热带湿气候和干旱气候在纬度5°至20°之间,降雨量较少,大部分降雨都是在一个季节降下的,其余时间是干燥的,很少有树木能够承受漫长的旱季,主要植物是草(见图 )。
Africa is famous for its grasslands and their wildlife.
::非洲以草原和野生动物闻名。Dry Climates
::干旱气候Dry climates receive very little rainfall. They also have high rates of evaporation. This makes them even drier.
::干旱气候的降雨量很少,蒸发率也很高,因此更干燥。- The driest climates are deserts . Deserts receive less than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of rain per year. They may be covered with sand dunes. They can also be home to sparse but hardy plants (see Figure ). With few clouds, deserts have hot days and cool nights.
::最干燥的气候是沙漠,沙漠每年降雨量不到25厘米(10英寸),可能有沙丘覆盖,也可能有稀有但坚硬的植物(见图 ) 。 云少,沙漠有炎热的天气和寒冷的夜晚。
- Other dry climates get a little more moisture. They are called steppes . These regions have short grasses and low bushes (see Figure ). Steppes occur at higher latitudes than deserts.
::其他干燥气候的湿度略高一点,被称为大草原。这些区域有短草和低灌木(见图 ) 。 大草原出现在比沙漠更高的纬度地区。
Dry climates may be deserts or steppes. Sonoran Desert in Arizona (33° north latitude), Utah Steppe (40° north latitude).
::干旱气候可能是沙漠或大草原,亚利桑那州的索诺兰沙漠(北纬33度),犹他斯大普(北纬40度)。Temperate Climates
::温度气候- Mediterranean climates are found on the western coasts of continents. The coast of California has a Mediterranean climate. Temperatures are mild and rainfall is moderate. Most of the rain falls in the winter, and summers are dry. To make it through the dry summers, short woody plants are common.
::地中海气候存在于各大陆的西海岸。 加利福尼亚州海岸有地中海气候。 气温温和,降雨量适中。 大部分雨在冬季降下,夏季则干燥。 为了渡过干燥的夏季,短木工厂很常见。
- Marine west coast climates are also found on the western coasts of continents. The coast of Washington State has this type of climate. Temperatures are mild and there’s plenty of rainfall all year round. Dense fir forests grow in this climate.
::海洋西海岸气候也存在于各大陆的西海岸。 华盛顿州海岸有这种气候。 气候温和,全年降雨量充沛。 在这种气候下,森林会生长。
- Humid subtropical climates are found on the eastern sides of continents. The southeastern U.S. has this type of climate. Summers are hot and humid, but winters are chilly. There is moderate rainfall throughout the year. Pine and oak forests grow in this climate.
::湿度亚热带气候存在于大陆的东边,美国东南部有这种气候,夏季炎热潮湿,冬季寒冷,全年降雨量适中,松树和橡树森林在这一气候中生长。
How do these climates differ from each other?
::这些气候之间有何不同?Continental Climates
::大陆气候Continental climates are found in inland areas. They are too far from oceans to experience the effects of ocean water. Continental climates are common between 40° and 70° north latitude. There are no continental climates in the Southern Hemisphere. Can you guess why? The southern continents at this latitude are too narrow. All of their inland areas are close enough to a coast to be affected by the ocean!
::大陆气候存在于内陆地区,它们离海洋太远,无法承受海水的影响,大陆气候在北纬40°至70°之间十分普遍,南半球没有大陆气候,你猜怎么着?这个纬度的南部大陆太窄,所有内陆地区都离海岸很近,无法受海洋影响!- Humid continental climates get plenty of precipitation year round. The northeastern U.S. has this type of climate. Summers are warm to hot, and winters are cold. Deciduous trees grow in this climate. They lose their leaves in the fall and grow new ones in the spring.
::湿润的大陆气候全年降水量充足。 东北的美国有这种气候。 夏天热到热,冬天冷。 在这种气候下,枯燥的树木会生长。 秋天它们会失去叶子,春天会长出新的叶子。
- Subarctic climates have cool and short summers. Winters are long and cold. Much of Canada and Alaska have this type of climate. Little precipitation falls, and most of it falls during the summer. Conifer forests grow in this climate (see Figure ).
::加拿大和阿拉斯加大部分地区都存在这种气候,降雨量很少,大部分降水量在夏季下降。在这一气候中,锥形森林生长(见图 ) 。
Conifer forests are typical of the subarctic.
::锥形森林是亚北极的典型。Polar Climates
::极地气候Polar climates are found near the North and South Poles. They also occur on high mountains at lower latitudes. The summers are very cool, and the winters are frigid. Precipitation is very low because it’s so cold. You can see examples of polar climates in Figure .
::北极和南极附近有极地气候。 低纬度高山也有极地气候。 夏季非常凉爽,冬季寒冷。 降水量非常低,因为它太冷。 你可以在图中看到极地气候的例子。- Polar tundra climates occur near the poles. Tundra climates have permafrost. Permafrost is layer of ground that stays frozen, even in the summer. Only small plants, such as mosses, can grow in this climate.
::极地苔原气候出现在北极圈附近。 苔原气候具有永久冻土。 永久冻土是一层不冻的土壤,即使在夏天也是如此。 只有小植物,如苔胱,才能在这种气候中生长。
- Alpine tundra climates occur at high altitudes at any latitude. They are also called highland climates. These regions are very cold because they are so far above sea level. The alpine tundra climate is very similar to the polar tundra climate.
::阿尔卑斯山苔原气候发生在任何纬度的高空,也被称为高地气候。这些地区非常寒冷,因为它们远高于海平面。高山苔原气候与极地苔原气候非常相似。
- Ice caps are areas covered with thick ice year round. Ice caps are found only in Greenland and Antarctica. Temperatures and precipitation are both very low. What little snow falls usually stays on the ground. It doesn’t melt because it’s too cold.
::冰盖环年覆盖着厚厚的冰盖。 只有格陵兰和南极地区才有冰盖。 温度和降水都非常低。 什么小雪通常会留在地上。 它不会因为太冷而融化。
Polar climates include polar and alpine tundra. Polar Tundra in Northern Alaska (70° N latitude), Alpine Tundra in the Colorado Rockies (40° N latitude).
::北极气候包括极地和高山苔原,北阿拉斯加的极地通德拉(北纬70度),科罗拉多州洛基斯的阿尔平通德拉(北纬40度)。Microclimates
::微气候A place might have a different climate than the major climate type around it. This is called a microclimate. Look at Figure . The south-facing side of the hill gets a lot of sunlight. It gets much more than the north side of a hill. This gives the south side a warmer microclimate. A microclimate can also be due to a place being deeper. As you already know, cold air sinks. Hot air rises. Cold air sinks to the bottom of a valley. It becomes colder than the nearby areas.
::某个地方的气候可能与周围的主要气候类型不同。 这叫做微气候。 看看图 。 山的南面有阳光, 比山的北面多得多。 这让南面有温暖的微气候。 微气候也可能是由于某个地方更深。 如你所知, 冷空气汇、 热空气上升、 冷空气沉入山谷底部。 它比附近地区冷得多 。Hills and other features can create microclimates.
::山丘和其他特征可造成微气候。Lesson Summary
::经验教训摘要- Climate types are based on temperature and precipitation. A major climate type and its living things make up a biome. Climate types include tropical, temperate, continental, and polar climates.
::气候类型基于温度和降水量,主要气候类型及其生物构成生物群落,气候类型包括热带、温带、大陆和极地气候。
- A microclimate is a local climate that differs from the major climate type around it. For example, the south-facing side of a hill may have a warmer microclimate.
::微气候是一种与周围主要气候类型不同的局部气候。 比如,山的南侧可能有一个更温暖的微气候。
Lesson Review Questions
::经验回顾问题Recall
::回顾- Define biome.
::定义生物群落。
- Identify two types of tropical climates.
::查明两种热带气候。
- How do steppes differ from deserts?
::草原和沙漠有什么不同?
- Where are Mediterranean climates found?
::地中海气候在哪里?
- Describe a marine west coast climate.
::描述西海岸海洋气候。
- What is permafrost?
::什么是永久冻土?
- What is a microclimate? Give an example.
::什么是微气候?举个例子。
Apply Concepts
::应用概念- Identify the type of climate in the green-shaded areas in the Figure . Describe this type of climate.
::图中标明绿阴影地区的气候类型。描述这种类型的气候。
Think Critically
::仔细仔细思考- Some tropical climates have rainforests. Others have grasslands. What explains the difference?
::有些热带气候有雨林,另一些则有草原,有什么区别?
- Compare and contrast two types of continental climates.
::比较和对比两种类型的大陆气候。
Points to Consider
::需要考虑的要点Earth’s overall climate is getting warmer.
::地球的整体气候越来越暖和。- Why is Earth’s climate changing?
::为什么地球的气候变化?
- How is climate change affecting living things?
::气候变化如何影响生活?
- Identify world climate zones and where they are found.
