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  • 日地月系统

    Lesson Objectives
    ::经验教训目标

    • Explain solar and lunar eclipses. (Advanced Topic)
      ::解释太阳和月蚀。 (高级专题)
    • Describe the phases of the Moon and explain why they occur.
      ::描述月球的各个阶段,并解释其发生的原因。

    Lesson Vocabulary
    ::词汇表课程

    • crescent
      ::树 树 儿 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、 树 、
    • gibbous
      ::摇摇晃
    • lunar eclipse
      ::月食的月食
    • penumbra
      ::双脑膜
    • solar eclipse
      ::日食日食
    • umbra
      ::

    Introduction
    ::导言

    One pattern in the sky is well known to us. Every morning, the Sun rises above the eastern horizon. Throughout the day, the Sun moves across the sky from East to West. Every night the Sun sets, or goes down, in the Western sky.
    ::天空中的一种模式是众所周知的。每天早晨,太阳升到东部地平线之上。每天白天,太阳从东向西飞过天空。每天晚上,太阳在西方天空中落下或落下。

    Every month, you can see the Moon change. This is due to where it is relative to the Sun and Earth. This change occurs gradually through the month. The Moon is sometimes very bright and full. A week later, only part of it can be seen. Two weeks after the full Moon, the Moon cannot be seen at all. Over the course of the next two weeks, the Moon becomes more visible. This continues until it is full again.  Are there some other differences you have noticed? 
    ::每个月,你都可以看到月球的变化。 这是因为月球与太阳和地球的关系。 这种变化会逐渐地持续到这个月。 月球有时非常亮, 满满。 一周后, 只能看到其中的一部分。 满月后两周, 月球根本看不到。 在接下来的两周内, 月球会变得更加可见。 月球会一直持续到月球恢复完整为止。 您注意到还有其他差异吗 ?

    Day and Night Cycle
    ::日夜周期

    Every morning you are greeted by the Sun's rise above the horizon. Unless it is cloudy, the Sun is visible throughout the day. In the evening, the Sun disappears over the horizon. How is this like the Moon? Is the Moon always out at night? Can it be seen every night, just like the Sun is present every day?
    ::每天早晨,太阳升起于地平线之上,对你们都要表示问候。太阳除非有云,否则,是全昼可见的。在夜间,太阳将消失在地平线上。月亮是怎样的呢?月亮总是在夜间出来吗?难道每晚都亮出吗?月亮是像日光一样明亮的吗?

    Unlike the Sun, the Moon's presence in the sky is not as simple. The Moon travels once around the Earth every month. Depending on its position, it can be seen all night long, part of the night, or not at all. It can sometimes even be seen during the daylight hours. How can you predict when the Moon is visible? When the Moon is visible and how it looks in the night sky are related.   
    ::与太阳不同, 月球在天空的存在并不那么简单。 月球每月环绕地球运行一次。 视其位置而定, 月球可以观察到整个夜晚, 部分黑夜, 或完全看不到。 有时甚至可以在白天看到它。 您如何预测月球何时可见? 当月球可见时, 月球在夜空中如何外观是相关的 。

    The Phases of the Moon
    ::月球的阶段

    Unlike the Sun, the Moon does not produce any light of its own. It only reflects light from the Sun. Only the side of the Moon facing the Sun is lit. As the Moon moves around the Earth, we see different parts of the Moon being lit up by the Sun. This is what causes the phases of the Moon. As the Moon revolves around Earth, it changes from fully lit to completely dark and back again. If you were out in space, you would see that half of the Moon is always in sunlight. Half the Moon is always in darkness, just like our Earth. When we see the Moon's different phases, you are actually looking at the Moon's day and night.  
    ::与太阳不同的是,月球本身不产生任何光亮,它只反映太阳的光线,只有月球的一面照耀太阳。当月球在地球周围移动时,我们看到月球的不同部分被太阳照亮。这就是月球各个阶段的原因。当月球围绕地球旋转时,月球会从全光转向完全黑暗和再次变换。如果你在太空,你会看到月球的一半总是在阳光下。月球的一半总是在黑暗中,就像我们的地球一样。当我们看到月球的不同阶段时,你实际上正在看着月球的白天和黑夜。

    When the Moon moves between Earth and the Sun, the side facing Earth is completely dark. Only the side of the Moon facing away from Earth is lit. This is called the  new Moon  phase. So why can we sometimes see the whole Moon in the daytime sky? At times, you can just barely make out the outline of the new Moon in the sky. This is because some sunlight reflects off the Earth and back to the Moon. This is how you can see the Moon during the daylight hours. 
    ::当月球在地球和太阳之间移动时, 地球的面面是完全黑暗的。 只有月球的面向远离地球的面部被点亮了。 这被称为新月相。 为什么我们有时可以在白天的天空中看到整个月亮? 有时, 你只能勉强得出新月在天空的轮廓。 这是因为有些阳光反射着地球, 反射着月球。 这就是你如何在白天看到月球的方式 。

    About one week later, the Moon enters the quarter-Moon phase. Like always, one side of the Moon is completely lit by the Sun. What has changed is the Moon's position with respect to Earth. We are only able to see half of that half lit portion. Scientists call this lunar phase the quarter-Moon phase.  As a result, we see the Moon as a half-circle. The Moon is now one-quarter of its way through its Earth's orbit.
    ::大约一周后,月球进入月球的四分之一级。就像往常一样,月球的一方完全被太阳照亮。 改变的是月球对地球的位置。 我们只能看到半点半光的一半。 科学家将月球的四分之一级称为月球。 结果,我们把月球看成半圈。 月球现在是穿越地球轨道的四分之一。

    After the passing of another week, a full Moon occurs as the whole side facing Earth is lit. This happens when Earth is between the Moon and the Sun. If you were able to travel out into space, you could see that the half of the Moon facing away from Earth is not being lit. The entire side facing Earth is being lit by the Sun.
    ::在另一个星期的过后,满月会随着地球对面的全边被点燃而出现。当地球在月球和太阳之间时,就会发生这种情况。如果你能够穿越太空,你可以看到月球向外的半边没有被点燃。地球对面的全边正在被太阳点燃。

    With the passing of another week, the Moon is now 3/4 of the way around its orbit. Just like after the full Moon, we can see only half of the half lit portion of the Moon. 
    ::随着另一个星期的过去,月球已经环绕轨道3/4了,就像满月之后一样,我们只能看到月球半光部分的一半。

    Finally, in one more week, the Moon is back to its new Moon phase and cannot be seen in the nighttime sky.  
    ::最后,再过一个星期,月球又回到了新的月球阶段,无法在夜空中看到。

    Before and after the quarter-Moon phases are the gibbous and crescent phases. During the  crescent  Moon phase, the Moon is less than half lit. It is seen as only a sliver or crescent shape. During the  gibbous  Moon phase, the Moon is more than half lit. It is not full. The Moon undergoes a complete cycle of phases about every 29.5 days.
    ::月球四角级之前和之后的月球阶段是闪烁式和新月阶段,在月亮新月阶段,月亮光小于半点,仅被视为一种分层或新月形状,在月球四角阶段,月球光长于半点以上,没有满,月球每29.5天经历一个完整的阶段周期,大约每29.5天一次。

    In  Figure  , assume the Sun is toward the top of the picture. The bottom of the image is away from the Sun.
    ::图中假设太阳在图片的顶部。图像的底部离太阳很远。

    The phases of the moon
     
    The Moon's phases are a result of the Moon's orbit around Earth.

    Solar Eclipses (Advanced Topic)
    ::太阳日圆(高级专题)

    When a new Moon passes directly between the Earth and the Sun, it causes a  solar eclipse  ( Figure  ). Eclipses do not always happen when this occurs. It only happens when the positions are just right. At those times, the Moon casts a shadow on the Earth. When this happens, it blocks our view of the Sun. This happens only when all three are lined up and in the same plane. This plane, or path, is called the ecliptic. The ecliptic is the plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Solar eclipses only happen on rare occurrences.
    ::当新的月球在地球和太阳之间直接穿透时,它会造成日蚀(图 ) 。 当它发生时,日蚀并不总是发生。 只有在位置正确时才发生。 那时, 月亮会给地球投下阴影。 当它发生时, 它会阻挡我们对太阳的视线。 只有当所有三个月都排在同一平面上时, 才会发生这种情况。 这个平面, 或路径, 被称为黄昏。 黄昏是环绕太阳的地球轨道的平面。 日蚀只有在罕见的情况下才会发生。

    The Moon’s shadow has two distinct parts. The  umbra  is the inner, cone-shaped part of the shadow. It is the part in which all of the light has been blocked. The  penumbra  is the outer part of Moon’s shadow. It is where the light is only partially blocked.
    ::月亮的阴影有两个不同的部分。 乳房是阴影的内部、锥形部分。 它是所有光被堵塞的部分。 月光是月光的外部。 月光只是被部分堵塞的部分。

    lesson content
     
    During a solar eclipse, the Moon casts a shadow on the Earth. The shadow is made up of two parts: the darker umbra and the lighter penumbra.

    When the Moon's shadow completely blocks the Sun, it is a total solar eclipse ( Figure  ). If only part of the Sun is out of view, it is a partial solar eclipse. Solar eclipses are rare events. They usually only last a few minutes. That is because the Moon’s shadow only covers a very small area on Earth. It is also because the Earth is turning very rapidly and the shadow passes quickly. 
    ::当月球的阴影完全堵塞太阳时,它就是一个完全的日食(图 ) 。 如果太阳的一部分是看不见的,那它就是部分日食。日食是罕见的事件。它们通常只持续几分钟。这是因为月球的阴影只覆盖了地球上一个很小的地区。这也是因为地球正在迅速变形,阴影也迅速蔓延。

    Solar eclipses are amazing to experience. Imagine it gets dark right in the middle of the day. Birds may even start to sing as they do at dusk. Stars become visible in the sky. It will even feel cooler. Unlike at night, the Sun is out. So during a solar eclipse, you can see the very outer part of the Sun called the corona. 
    ::日食是令人惊叹的体验。 想象一下, 天中天黑。 鸟儿甚至可能像在黄昏时那样开始唱歌。 星星在天空中变得可见。 它甚至会感觉更凉爽。 与夜晚不同, 太阳不在了。 所以在日食期间, 你可以看到太阳的外部部分叫做日冕。

    lesson content
     
    A photo of a total solar eclipse.

    A Lunar Eclipse (Advanced Topic)
    ::月球日圆形( 高级主题)

    Sometimes a full Moon moves through Earth's shadow. This is a  lunar eclipse  ( Figure  ). During a total lunar eclipse, the Moon travels completely in Earth’s umbra. During a partial lunar eclipse, only a portion of the Moon enters Earth’s umbra. When the Moon passes through Earth’s penumbra, it is a penumbral eclipse. Since Earth’s shadow is large, a lunar eclipse lasts for hours. Anyone with a view of the Moon can see a lunar eclipse. So unlike a solar eclipse, it doesn't get dark on Earth. Instead it gets dark on the Moon.
    ::有时,满月会穿透地球的阴影。这是月蚀(图 ) 。 在月蚀中,月球完全在月黑中运行。在部分月蚀中,月球只有一部分进入地球的黄膜。当月球穿过地球的圆膜时,月蚀是一种月蚀。由于地球的阴影很大,月蚀持续数小时。任何看到月蚀的人都可以看到月蚀。因此,与日蚀不同的是,月黑不会在地球上变黑。相反,月黑却在月球上变黑。

    Partial lunar eclipses occur at least twice a year, but total lunar eclipses are less common. The Moon glows with a dull red coloring during a total lunar eclipse.
    ::部分月食每年至少发生两次,但月食总量较少,月食总量在月食总量中以淡淡的红色发光。

    lesson content
     
    A lunar eclipse is shown in a series of pictures.

    Lesson Summary
    ::经验教训摘要

    • The appearance of the Moon from Earth has distinct phases.
      ::月球从地球的外观有不同的阶段。
    • A full Moon is completely lit; a new Moon is completely dark.
      ::满月完全亮亮;新月完全黑暗。
    • A gibbous Moon is more than half lit; a crescent Moon is less than half lit.
      ::闪烁的月亮半升以上;新月亮不到半升。
    • Observing the Moon from Earth, we see a sequence of phases as the side facing us goes from completely darkened to completely illuminated and back again once every 29.5 days.
      ::我们从地球观察月球, 当我们面对的一面从完全黑暗到每29.5天一次完全亮光和回亮时, 我们看到一系列的阶段。
    • When the new Moon comes between the Earth and the Sun along the ecliptic, a solar eclipse is produced. (Advanced)
      ::当新的月球沿着黄昏在地球和太阳之间降临时,将产生日食。
    • When the Earth comes between the full Moon and the Sun along the ecliptic, a lunar eclipse occurs. (Advanced)
      ::当地球沿着黄昏在月圆和太阳之间降临时,将出现月蚀。
    • Observing the Moon from Earth, we see a sequence of phases as the side facing us goes from completely darkened to completely illuminated and back again once every 29.5 days.
      ::我们从地球观察月球, 当我们面对的一面从完全黑暗到每29.5天一次完全亮光和回亮时, 我们看到一系列的阶段。

    Lesson Review Questions
    ::经验回顾问题

    1. Describe how the Sun, Moon, and Earth are aligned during a full Moon.
      ::描述太阳、月球和地球在满月时是如何对齐的。
    1. Describe how the Sun, Moon, and Earth are aligned during a new Moon.
      ::描述太阳、月球和地球在新的月球中是如何对齐的。
    1. Draw and label pictures of the Moon in its phases.
      ::绘制和标注月球各阶段的图片。

    Apply Concepts
    ::应用概念

    1. Why do lunar eclipses happen more often and last longer than solar eclipses?
      ::为什么月蚀发生得比日蚀更频繁、更长?
    1. The same side of the Moon always faces Earth. What would Earth be like if its same side always faced the Sun?
      ::月球的同一面总是面对地球。 如果地球的同一面总是面对太阳,它会是什么样子?

    Think Critically
    ::仔细仔细思考

    1. Why is it a different time in San Francisco and in Denver? Why is the time different in Denver and Chicago? What would things be like if the entire United States decided to have all places be the same time always?
      ::为什么旧金山和丹佛的时代不同?丹佛和芝加哥的时代为何不同?如果整个美国决定让所有地方永远在同一时间,情况会如何?
    1. People think that Earth's season are caused by its elliptical orbit around the Sun. Explain why this is not so.
      ::人们认为,地球季节是由太阳周围的椭圆轨道引起的。请解释为什么情况并非如此。

    Points to Consider
    ::需要考虑的要点

    • Why don't eclipses occur every single month at the full and new moons?
      ::为什么每个月的满月和新月不发生日蚀呢?
    • The planet Mars has a tilt that is very similar to Earth's. What does this produce on Mars?
      ::火星的倾斜与地球的倾斜非常相似
    • Venus comes between the Earth and the Sun. Why don't we see an eclipse when this happens?
      ::金星介于地球和太阳之间,为什么我们不看到日蚀呢?