Section outline

  • General

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  • 对达尔文的影响

    What you will learn 
    ::你会学到什么

    • How the ideas of earlier thinkers influenced
      ::早期思想家的想法如何影响
    • What is artificial selection
      ::什么是人为选择
    • How Wallace's theory influenced Darwin
      ::Wallace的理论是如何影响达尔文的

    Cathedral Rock, Sedona, Arizona, illustrating geological processes influencing Darwin's theory of evolution.

    How do structures like this form?
    ::这种结构是怎样的?

    Cathedral Rock in Sedona, Arizona. Though Arizona was not on Darwin's itinerary, the work of others that saw and studied Earth's changing landscape influenced him. One geologist, Charles Lyell , proposed that gradual geological processes have shaped Earth’s surface, inferring that Earth must be far older than most people believed. How else could structures like those shown here develop? If in fact, Earth was much older than just 6,000 years, Darwin believed there would have been plenty of time for evolution to occur.
    ::亚利桑那州塞多纳(Arizona)的Cathedr Rock教堂。 尽管亚利桑那州没有登上达尔文的行程,但观察和研究地球变化地貌的其他人的工作也影响了他。 一位地质学家查尔斯·莱尔(Charles Lyell)建议,渐进的地质过程已经塑造了地球表面,他推断地球必须比大多数人所相信的要老得多。 这里所展示的结构还能如何发展呢?如果事实上,地球比6000年大得多,达尔文相信进化会有足够的时间。

    Influences on Darwin
    ::对达尔文的影响

    Science , like evolution, always builds on the past. Darwin didn’t develop his theory completely on his own. He was influenced by the ideas of earlier thinkers.
    ::像进化一样,科学总是建立在过去的基础上。 达尔文并没有完全靠自己来发展他的理论。 他受到早期思想家思想的影响。

    Earlier Thinkers Who Influenced Darwin
    ::影响达尔文的早期思想家

    1. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) was an important French naturalist . He was one of the first scientists to propose that change over time. However, Lamarck was wrong about how species change. His idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics is incorrect. Traits an organism develops during its own lifetime cannot be passed on to offspring, as Lamarck believed.
      ::Jean Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829年)是一位重要的法国自然主义者。 他是最早提出这一变化的科学家之一。 但是,Lamarck对物种如何变化的看法是错误的。 他对既得特征的继承观点是不正确的。 一个有机体在其一生中的发展轨迹不能像Lamarck所相信的那样传给后代。
    2. Charles Lyell (1797–1875) was a well-known English geologist. Darwin took Lyell's book, Principles of Geology, with him on the Beagle . In the book, Lyell argued that gradual geological processes have gradually shaped Earth’s surface. From this, Lyell inferred that Earth must be far older than most people believed.
      ::查尔斯·莱尔(Charles Lyell ((1797-1875))是一位著名的英国地质学家。 达尔文将莱尔的书《地质学原理》和他一起在比格尔(Beagle ) 。 在该书中,莱尔认为渐进的地质过程逐渐塑造了地球表面。 从这一点来看,莱尔推断地球必须比大多数人所相信的要老得多。
    3. Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) was an English economist. He wrote an essay titled On . In the essay, Malthus argued that human populations grow faster than the resources they depend on. When populations become too large, famine and disease break out. In the end, this keeps populations in check by killing off the weakest members.
      ::托马斯·马尔特斯(Thomas Malthus )(1766-1834年)是一位英国经济学家。 他撰写了一篇题为“On ” 的论文。 在论文中,马尔特斯认为人类的增长速度快于他们赖以生存的资源。 当人口规模过大时,饥荒和疾病就会爆发。 最终,这通过杀死最弱的成员来遏制人口。

     

     

    Artificial Selection
    ::人工选择

    These weren’t the only influences on Darwin. He was also aware that humans could breed plants and to have useful traits. By selecting which animals were allowed to reproduce, they could change an organism’s traits. The pigeons shown in the Figures are good examples. Pigeon hobbyists breed pigeons to have certain characteristics. Both the carrier pigeon and the fantail pigeon were bred from the common rock pigeon. Darwin called this type of change in organisms artificial selection . He used the word ‘‘artificial’’ to distinguish it from .
    ::这些并不是对达尔文的唯一影响。 他也知道人类可以培育植物和拥有有用的特性。 通过选择允许繁殖的动物,它们可以改变生物体的特性。 数字中显示的鸽子就是很好的例子。 鸽子饲养鸽子以具有某些特性。 鸽子和扇尾鸽都是从普通的岩鸽中繁殖的。 达尔文称生物体的人工选择有这种变化。 他用“人造”一词来区分它和“人造”一词。

    • A pigeon with gray feathers and a colorful neck standing on a log near water.
      Common rock pigeon

      ::共同岩鸽
    • A common rock pigeon standing near a body of water, showcasing selective breeding traits.
      Carrier pigeon

      ::信鸽
    • A white fantail pigeon perched, showcasing its distinctive fan-like tail feathers.
      Fantail pigeon

      ::方尾鸽

    Did you ever hear the saying that “great minds think alike?” It certainly applies to Charles Darwin and another English naturalist named Alfred Russel Wallace . Wallace lived at about the same time as Darwin. He also traveled to distant places to study nature. Wallace wasn’t as famous as Darwin. However, he developed basically the same . While working in distant lands, Wallace sent Darwin a paper he had written. In the paper, Wallace explained his evolutionary theory. This served to confirm what Darwin already thought.
    ::你是否听过有人说过“伟大的思想是相似的?” 这个词当然适用于查尔斯·达尔文和另一个名叫阿尔弗雷德·鲁塞尔·华莱士的英国自然学家。华莱士与达尔文住在同一时间。他也去了遥远的地方研究自然。华莱士没有达尔文那么出名。然而,他基本上发展得和达尔文一样。华莱士在遥远的土地上工作时,给达尔文寄了一篇他写的论文。华莱士在论文中解释了他的进化理论。这证实了达尔文的想法。

    Check your understanding!
    ::检查你的理解!

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Darwin was influenced by other early thinkers, including Lamarck, Lyell, and Malthus.
      ::达尔文受到其他早期思想家的影响,包括拉马克、莱尔和马尔萨斯。
    • Darwin was also influenced by his knowledge of artificial selection.
      ::达尔文还受到他关于人工选择的知识的影响。
    • Wallace’s paper on evolution confirmed Darwin’s ideas.
      ::华莱士关于进化的论文证实了达尔文的想法。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics? What scientist developed this mistaken idea?
      ::既得特征的遗产是什么?哪个科学家发展了这种错误想法?
    2. Who was Charles Lyell? How did he influence Darwin?
      ::查尔斯·莱尔是谁 他如何影响达尔文?
    3. What is artificial selection? How does it work?
      ::什么是人工选择?它如何运作?
    4. How did Alfred Russel Wallace influence Darwin?
      ::Alfred Russel Wallace是如何影响达尔文的?