Section outline

  • General

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  • 革命

    What you will learn
    ::你会学到什么

    • How does coevolution occur
      ::如何发生突变
    • Examples of coevolution
      ::共同演变的例子

    Close-up of a wolf with piercing eyes, illustrating predator-prey dynamics in coevolution.

    How can a predator, such as a wolf, influence evolution?
    ::捕食者,如狼,如何影响进化?

    Wolves hunt caribou, chasing them down to capture them. The slower caribou are more likely to become lunch or dinner, leaving the faster individuals to reproduce. The resulting faster offspring will be even more difficult for the wolves to catch, and only the fastest wolves - or perhaps the wolves who are genetically capable of developing methods to hunt very fast prey - will get enough food to survive. This is coevolution in action.
    ::狼群捕捉驯鹿,追逐它们来捕捉它们。 较慢的驯鹿更有可能成为午餐或晚餐,让更快的个体繁殖。 由此产生的更快的后代将更加难以被狼捕捉,只有最快的狼群 — — 或也许具有基因能力开发方法来捕捉非常快的猎物的狼 — — 才能获得足够的食物生存下来。 这是演化中的演进。

    Coevolution
    ::革命

    Evolution occurs in response to a change in the environment. Environmental change often involves other of organisms . In fact, species in symbiotic relationships tend to evolve together. This is called coevolution . As one species changes, the other species must also change in order to adapt.
    ::环境变化是随着环境变化而发生的,环境变化往往涉及其他生物体。事实上,共生关系中的物种往往会一起演变。这叫“共生演变 ” 。 当一种物种发生变化时,其他物种也必须改变才能适应。

    Coevolution occurs in flowering plants and the species that pollinate them. The flower and in the Figure are a good example. They have evolved matching structures.
    ::花朵和图中的花朵就是一个很好的例子。它们进化了匹配结构。

    Hummingbird feeding from a red tubular flower, illustrating coevolution between species.
    Results of Coevolution in a Flower and Its Pollinator. The very long mouth part of this hummingbird has coevolved with the tubular flower it pollinates. Only this species of bird can reach the nectar deep in the flower. What might happen to the flower if the bird species went extinct?

    In coevolution, relationships may be positive for one species or both, or may be an evolutionary arms race between predator and prey. Flowering plants depend on for pollination , so have evolved colors, shapes, scents, and even food supplies that are attractive to certain insect species. Insects, in turn, have evolved mouthparts, , and flight patterns that allow them to respond to and benefit from specific floral “offerings,” shown in the Figure .
    ::在共进过程中,一种物种或两种物种的关系可能是积极的,也可能是捕食者和猎食者之间的进化军备竞赛。 鲜花植物依赖授粉,而变化的颜色、形状、气味甚至食品供应对某些昆虫物种也具有吸引力。 昆虫反过来又进化了嘴部和飞行模式,允许它们从图中显示的特定植物“交易”中做出反应并从中受益。

    Hummingbird hovering near a vibrant flower, illustrating coevolution of pollinators and plants.
    Impressive proboscis and vivid colors! Hawk moths and the zinnias influence each other’s evolution, because the flower depends on the moth for pollination, and the moth feeds on the flower.

    The endosymbiotic theory describes a special form of co-evolution: and evolve within eukaryote , yet because these have their own sequence, different from that of the in the “host” cell, the organelle and host cell evolve in tandem – each influences the evolution of the other.
    ::内共生理论描述了一种特殊的共进形式:并在eukaryote内部演进,然而,因为它们有自己的序列,不同于“宿主”细胞中的序列,有机体和宿主细胞同时演进 — — 两者都影响着对方的演进。

     

     

     

     

    Science Friday : Sex, Lies and Orchids
    ::星期五:性、谎言和兰花

    Orchids utilize a wide variety of techniques to manipulate other species into becoming their pollinators . In this video by Science Friday , curator Marc Hachadourian describes some of these deceptive methods.
    ::兰花利用多种技术操纵其他物种成为授粉者。 在科学星期五的这段视频中,馆长马克·哈查杜里安描述了其中的一些欺骗性方法。

     

     

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Coevolution occurs when species evolve together.
      ::当物种一起进化时,就会发生革命。
    • Coevolution often happens in species that have symbiotic relationships. Examples include flowering plants and their pollinators.
      ::革命经常发生在具有共生关系的物种中,例如开花植物及其授粉者。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Define coevolution.
      ::定义革命。
    2. Apply the concepts of fitness and natural selection to explain the coevolution of insects and flowering plants.
      ::运用健身和自然选择的概念来解释昆虫和开花植物的演化。