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  • General

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  • 科学的解释和诠释

    A hand releasing a red ball, illustrating the concept of gravity in science.
     

    What is a fact?
    ::什么是事实?

    Science  is different from other ways of thinking. It is based on  facts . Gravity is a fact. If you let go of a ball, it will fall to the ground. Can you tell a fact from an opinion? Can you tell when an idea follows logically from a fact? Basing ideas on facts is essential to good science.
    ::科学不同于其他思维方式。 它基于事实。 重力是一个事实。 如果你放弃球, 它就会落到地上。 你能从观点中看出一个事实吗? 你能分辨出一个概念从一个事实中合乎逻辑地遵循一个事实吗? 以事实为基础思考对于良好的科学是不可或缺的。

    Facts, Observations, Opinions
    ::事实、意见、意见

    Science is the process of discovering new facts and creating a set of explanations based on those facts. Science relies on facts to explain the natural world.
    ::科学是发现新事实和根据这些事实作出一系列解释的过程,科学依靠事实来解释自然世界。

    Scientists usually begin an investigation with facts. A  fact  is a bit of information that is true. Facts come from  data  collected from observations. Facts can also come from  experiments  that have been run.  Data  is factual information that results from an investigation. Facts and data are not subject to opinion or bias. An opinion is someone's subjective view or position on a subject.
    ::科学家通常以事实开始调查,事实就是事实,事实就是事实。事实来自从观察中收集的数据。事实也可以来自已经运行的实验。数据是调查得出的事实信息。事实和数据不受意见或偏见的影响。观点是某人对某一主题的主观观点或立场。

    What is a fact? Look at the following list. Identify if the statement is (1) a fact (from observation or prior experiments), (2) an opinion, or (3) a combination.
    ::事实是什么?看看下面的清单:说明声明是(1)事实(观察或先前试验)、(2)意见或(3)组合。

    A person sneezing into a tissue, suggesting potential illness or cold symptoms.
     
    Can you be sure from the photo that Susan has a cold?
    1. Susan ( Figure ) has black hair.
      ::Susan(图)有黑头发。
    1. Susan is sneezing. She has a cold.
      ::Susan在打喷嚏 她感冒了
    1. Colds are caused by viruses.
      ::寒冷是由病毒引起的。
    1. Echinacea is an herb that prevents colds.
      ::Echinacea是一种防止寒冷的药草。
    1. Albert Einstein is the smartest man who ever lived.
      ::艾伯特·爱因斯坦是世上最聪明的人
    1. People born under the astrological sign Leo are fiery, self-assured, and charming.
      ::在占星标志下出生的人里欧是火辣的 自信的 迷人的
    1. Average global   has risen since 1900.
      ::自1900年以来,全球平均数有所上升。

    An Analysis
    ::分析分析

    The following is an analysis of the statements above:
    ::以下是对上述声明的分析:

    1. This is a fact. The fact comes from observation.
      ::这是事实,事实来自观察
    1. The first sentence is a fact from observation. The woman is sneezing. The second sentence is an opinion. She might have a cold, or she might have allergies or the flu. Tests could be done to see what is causing her illness. This opinion could become fact if the tests show that she actually has a cold, or it could be proven wrong.
      ::第一句是从观察中得出的一个事实。女人在打喷嚏。第二句话是意见。她可能感冒,或过敏或感冒。可以进行测试,看是什么导致她生病。如果测试表明她确实得了感冒,或者证明是错的,这种观点可能变成事实。
    1. This is a fact. Many, many scientific experiments have shown that colds are caused by viruses.
      ::事实就是如此。许多科学实验显示,寒冷是由病毒引起的。
    1. This statement sounds like a fact. However, the scientific evidence is mixed. One reputable study published in 2007 showed a decrease in colds of 58% in people who used echinacea. Several other studies have shown no beneficial effect.
      ::这种说法听起来像一个事实。然而,科学证据好坏参半。 2007年发表的一份著名研究表明,使用脑电图的人的感冒率下降了58%。 其他几项研究显示,这些研究没有产生任何有益效果。
    1. Albert Einstein made several scientific discoveries; that’s a fact. However, there’s no evidence that he’s the smartest man who ever lived; this is an opinion.
      ::阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦做出了一些科学发现,这是事实。 然而,没有证据表明他是有史以来最聪明的人;这是一种观点。
    1. This sounds like a fact, but it is not. There must be data to support the statement. How would you test it? Gather together a large number of subjects, each with a friend. Have the friends fill out a questionnaire describing the subject. Match the traits against the person’s astrological sign. Do the astrological predictions fit? Are Leos actually more fiery, self-assured, and charming? Tests like this have not supported the claims of astrologers. However, astrologers have not modified their opinions.
      ::这听起来像一个事实,但事实并非如此。 必须有数据支持该声明。 您如何测试它? 将众多的主体聚集在一起, 每个人与朋友一起。 请朋友填写一个描述该主题的问卷。 将特征与某人的占星符号匹配起来。 占星学预测是否合适? 利奥斯是否真的更火辣、 自我保证和迷人? 像这样的测试并不支持占星家的主张。 然而, 占星家并没有改变他们的观点 。
    1. This is a fact. The following graph shows the temperature anomaly since 1880 ( Figure ). There’s no doubt that average global temperature has risen since 1880. The largest rise has been since the late 1970s.
      ::这是一个事实。 下图显示了1880年以来的温度异常(图 ) 。 毫无疑问,全球平均气温自1880年以来已经上升。 最大的上升是自1970年代末以来。
    Graph showing global temperature anomalies since 1880 with annual and 5-year running means.
     
    Global average annual temperatures are rising. This graph shows temperature anomaly relative to the 1951-1980 average (the average is made to be 0). The green bars show uncertainty.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Facts are true. Data, gathered correctly, is factual. Facts and data are not subject to opinion or bias.
      ::事实属实,正确收集的数据属实,事实和数据不受意见或偏见的影响。
    • Facts can be determined by observations or experiments.
      ::事实可以通过观察或实验来确定。
    • Some statements that appear to be facts are not.
      ::一些看来是事实的说法不是事实。
    • All scientific explanations and interpretations are based on facts.
      ::所有科学解释和解释都基于事实。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a fact? What is data? What is an opinion? How can you tell them apart?
      ::什么是事实?数据是什么?什么是意见是什么?你如何区分它们呢?
    1. Why are facts and data important to science?
      ::为什么事实和数据对科学很重要?
    1. How might a fact be disproved? Are there some facts that will never be disproved?
      ::事实怎么会被反驳呢?是否有些事实永远不会被反驳?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use this resource to answer the questions that follow.
    ::使用此资源回答下面的问题 。

     

     

    1. How do we use science every day?
      ::我们如何每天利用科学?
    1. What is science?
      ::什么是科学?
    1. What is the scientific process?
      ::科学过程是什么?
    1. Define science.
      ::定义科学。
    1. What are the rules of science?
      ::科学规则是什么?