1.3提出假设
Section outline
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What is a hypothesis?
::什么是假设?An educated guess? Is that what you learned a hypothesis is? Lots of people have learned that, but it’s not exactly right. So what is a hypothesis? There are two hypotheses listed below. They address a question about carbon dioxide in the atmosphere . Check out what those hypotheses are. Then we'll see what to do with them next.
::受过教育的猜测吗?你所知道的假说是这样吗?许多人已经学到了这个假说,但并不完全正确。什么是假说?下面列出了两个假设。他们解决了大气中二氧化碳的问题。看看这些假说是什么。然后我们看看下一步该怎么办。Asking a New Question
::问一个新问题First, we need to find a question that we want to answer. Let's start with the fact that atmospheric CO 2 has been increasing since 1958. This leads us to ask the following: why is atmospheric CO 2 increasing?
::首先,我们需要找到一个我们想要回答的问题。让我们从1958年以来大气二氧化碳一直在增加这一事实开始。这导致我们提出以下问题:为什么大气二氧化碳在增加?Possible Answers to the Question
::对问题可能回答的问题A hypothesis is a reasonable explanation for a small range of phenomena. A hypothesis is limited in scope; it attempts to explain a single event or a fact. A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable . In other words, we must be able to test it, and we must be able to disprove it.
::假设是对少数现象的合理解释。 假设的范围有限; 它试图解释单一事件或事实。 假设必须是可检验和可变的。 换句话说, 我们必须能够测试它, 我们必须能够反驳它。Back to answering the question. Let's say we do some background research to learn the possible sources of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We discover that there are at least two (there are actually many more):
::回到回答问题。让我们假设我们做了一些背景研究 来了解大气中二氧化碳的可能来源。我们发现至少有两个(实际上还有很多):- CO 2 is released into the atmosphere by when they erupt.
::二氧化碳在喷发时释放到大气中。
- CO 2 is released when fossil fuels are burned.
::燃烧化石燃料时释放二氧化碳。
From these two facts, we can create two hypotheses; we will have multiple working hypotheses . We can test each of these hypotheses. We can prove either or both of these hypotheses false. In this case, it's even possible that both are true.
::从这两个事实中,我们可以创造两个假设;我们将有多种工作假设;我们可以检验其中每一种假设。我们可以证明其中的一种或两种假设都是虚假的。在这种情况下,两者都有可能是真实的。Hypothesis 1
::假设1Atmospheric CO 2 has increased over the past five decades because the amount of CO 2 gas released by volcanoes has increased.
::过去五十年来,由于火山释放的二氧化碳气体数量有所增加,大气CO2增加了。Hypothesis 2
::假设2The increase in atmospheric CO 2 is due to the increase in the amount of fossil fuels that are being burned.
::大气二氧化碳增加的原因是燃烧的矿物燃料量增加。Usually, testing a hypothesis requires making observations or performing experiments . In this case, we will look into existing scientific literature to see if either of these hypotheses can be disproved, or if one or both can be supported by the data .
::通常情况下,测试假设需要观察或进行实验。 在这种情况下,我们将研究现有的科学文献,看看这些假设中是否有一种可以推翻,或者其中一种或两种假设能否得到数据的支持。Summary
::摘要- A hypothesis is a reasonable explanation for a small range of phenomena.
::假设是对少数现象的合理解释。
- A scientific hypothesis must be both testable and falsifiable.
::科学假设必须是可检验和可伪造的。
- If two or more hypotheses are being tested, they are called multiple working hypotheses.
::如果正在测试两个或两个以上的假设,它们被称为多重工作假设。
Review
::回顾- How is a hypothesis "a reasonable explanation”? Why is that a better definition than “an educated guess”?
::假设“合理解释”如何?为什么这个定义比“有教育的猜测”要好?
- What if a hypothesis is shown to be wrong: Is the question the scientists are trying to answer a bad question?
::如果假设被证明是错误的:科学家们试图回答的问题是否是一个坏问题?
- What are multiple working hypotheses? What are the two hypotheses proposed to answer the question in this concept?
::多重工作假设是什么?提出两个假设是为了回答这一概念中的问题吗?
Explore More
::探索更多Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
::利用以下资源回答以下问题。- What is a hypothesis?
::什么是假设?
- Why is it important to have a specific hypothesis?
::为什么必须有一个具体的假设?
- How can you test a scientific hypothesis?
::你怎么能测试科学假设呢?
- Write an example of a hypothesis, and explain how you would test it.
::写一个假设的例子, 并解释如何测试它。
- CO 2 is released into the atmosphere by when they erupt.
