章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 全球变暖

    What you will learn
    ::你会学到什么

    • What is global climate change
      ::什么是全球气候变化


      ::什么是全球气候变化

    • The role of the in global warming
      ::全球变暖中的作用


      ::全球变暖中的作用

    • The effect of climate change on the environment
      ::气候变化对环境的影响


      ::气候变化对环境的影响

    • What can be done to reduce future global warming
      ::能够做些什么来减少未来的全球升温


      ::能够做些什么来减少未来的全球升温

    Earth with a red 'Fragile' handling label overlay.

    Is the Earth really fragile?
    ::地球真的脆弱吗?

    Maybe not the planet, but how about the ? It may soon be hard to argue that global climate change does not exist. Climate change can definitely be seen in numerous ecosystems. So what will we do about it? 
    ::也许不是这个星球,而是这个星球呢?也许不久就很难说全球气候变化并不存在。 气候变化在众多的生态系统中肯定可以看到。 那么,我们该怎么办呢?

    Global Climate Change
    ::全球气候变化全球气候变化

    Another major problem caused by is global climate change. Gases such as carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels increase the natural greenhouse effect. This raises the temperature of the Earth’s surface.
    ::另一个主要问题是全球气候变化。 化石燃料燃烧产生的二氧化碳等气体增加了天然温室效应。 这提高了地球表面的温度。

    What Is The Greenhouse Effect?
    ::什么是温室效应?

    The greenhouse effect is a natural feature of Earth’s atmosphere . It occurs when gases in the atmosphere radiate the sun’s heat back down to Earth’s surface. Otherwise, the heat would escape into space. Without the greenhouse effect, Earth’s surface temperature would be far cooler than it is. In fact, it would be too cold to support life as we know it.
    ::温室效应是地球大气的自然特征。 当大气中的气体将太阳的热量照射回地球表面时,温室效应就会发生。 否则,热量会逃入太空。 没有温室效应,地球表面温度会比现在更冷。 事实上,它会太冷,无法支撑我们所知道的生命。

    Global Warming
    ::全球变暖

    Global warming refers to a recent increase in Earth’s average surface temperature (see the Figure ). During the past century, the temperature has risen by almost 1°C (about 1.3°F). That may not seem like much. But consider that just 10°C is the difference between an ice-free and an ice-covered Earth.
    ::全球变暖指的是最近地球平均地表温度的上升(见图 ) 。 上个世纪,气温上升了近1°C(约 1.3°F ) 。 这似乎并不多。 但考虑到只有10°C是无冰和冰覆盖地球的区别。

    Graph showing temperature anomaly in Celsius from 1880 to 2020, illustrating global warming trends.
    The average annual temperature on Earth has been rising for the past 100 years.

    Most scientists agree that global warming is caused by more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (see the Figure ). This increases the greenhouse effect. There is more carbon dioxide mainly because of the burning of fossil fuels. Destroying forests is another cause. With fewer forests, less carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by .
    ::大多数科学家都认为全球变暖是由大气中二氧化碳的增加引起的(见图 ) 。 这增加了温室效应。 二氧化碳的增加主要是因为化石燃料的燃烧。 破坏森林是另一个原因。 森林减少,二氧化碳从大气中去除的减少。

    Graph illustrating the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 2007 to 2022.
    This graph shows the recent trend in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

    Effects of Climate Change
    ::气候变化的影响 " 气候变化

    How has global warming affected Earth and its life? The environmental conditions on Earth may change as shown below with a temperature increase of just 1 ℃.
    ::全球升温如何影响地球及其生命?如下文所示,地球环境状况可能会发生变化,气温仅上升1°C。

    In summary, global warming can lead to the following consequences on the environment and living organisms :-
    ::简言之,全球变暖可对环境和生物体造成以下后果:

    • a decline in cold-adapted such as polar bears
      ::北极熊等冷适应能力下降
    • melting of glaciers and rising sea levels
      ::冰川融化和海平面上升
    • coastal flooding and shoreline erosion
      ::沿海洪涝和海岸侵蚀
    • heat-related human health problems
      ::与热热有关的人类健康问题
    • more droughts and shortages
      ::干旱加剧和短缺
    • changing patterns of precipitation
      ::降雨量变化模式的变化
    • increasing severity of storms
      ::风暴日趋严重
    • major crop losses
      ::重大作物作物损失

    KQED: Climate Watch: California at the Tipping Point
    ::KQED: 气候观测站:位于堤点的加利福尼亚州

    The world's climate is changing and California is now being affected in both dramatic and subtle ways. In 2008, scientists determined that California’s temperatures increased by more than 2.1°F during the last century. What’s more, the data showed that human activity has played a significant role in that climate change. "What's just 2 degrees?" you may wonder. But, as the science shows, just 2 degrees is extremely significant.
    ::世界的气候正在变化,加利福尼亚州现在正在以戏剧性和微妙的方式受到影响。 2008年,科学家们确定加利福尼亚州在上个世纪的气温上升了2.1°F以上。 此外,数据显示人类活动在气候变化中扮演了重要角色。 “只有2度是什么? ”你可能会怀疑。 但是,正如科学所显示的那样,只有2度是极为重要的。

    What does all this temperature change mean? For starters, declining mountain snowpack and prolonged drought conditions could pose a threat to limited water supplies. Heat waves are projected to be longer, bringing increased danger from wildfires and heat-related deaths. Rising sea levels due to temperature shifts jeopardize life in coastal areas, both for human communities and the plants and that rely on intertidal and rich wetland ecosystems. Also, more precipitation is expected to fall as rain rather than snow, thereby increasing the risk of floods. And, as heat increases the formation of smog , poor air quality could get even worse.
    ::所有这些温度变化意味着什么? 首先,山雪不断减少和长期干旱条件可能会对有限的供水造成威胁。热浪预计会更长,导致野火和与热有关的死亡带来更大的危险。 温度变化造成的海平面上升危及沿海地区的生命,无论是人类社区还是植物,它们都依赖潮间和丰富的湿地生态系统。 此外,预计降雨量会随着降雨而不是降雪而减少,从而增加洪水风险。 随着热浪增加烟雾的形成,空气质量可能更加差。

    Climate change may also profoundly affect the economy in California and elsewhere. Shorter ski seasons and damage to the ecosystem mean a reduction in tourism. Water shortages mean issues with the commercial and recreational fishing industry, and higher temperatures will affect crop growth and quality, weakening the agricultural industry, to name just a few of the economic issues associated with climate change.
    ::气候变化也可能深刻地影响加利福尼亚和其他地方的经济。 短短的滑雪季节和对生态系统的破坏意味着旅游业的减少。 缺水意味着商业和娱乐性捕鱼业的问题,高温将影响作物增长和质量,削弱农业,仅举几个与气候变化有关的经济问题为例。

    KQED: Acidic Seas
    ::KQED: 酸海

    Melting glaciers, rising temperatures, and droughts are all impacts of global warming. But how does global warming actually affect the oceans? The sea, it turns out, absorbs carbon dioxide emissions. The ocean acts like a giant sponge, absorbing carbon dioxide emissions from the air. And as we add more and more carbon dioxide to the air by burning fossil fuels, the ocean is absorbing it. On one level, it's done us a big favor. Scientists say that we would be experiencing much more extreme climate change were it not for the ocean's ability to remove the heat-trapping gas. However, these emissions are causing the oceans to become more acidic. Changing pH levels threaten entire marine food webs , from coral reefs to salmon.
    ::冰川融化、气温上升和干旱都是全球变暖的影响。但全球变暖是如何影响海洋的呢?海洋是吸收二氧化碳排放的。海洋就像一个巨大的海绵,吸收空气中的二氧化碳排放。当我们通过燃烧化石燃料在空气中增加越来越多的二氧化碳时,海洋正在吸收它。从一个层面看,它对我们大有裨益。科学家们说,如果不是因为海洋能够清除热轨气体,我们将会经历更极端的气候变化。然而,这些排放正在使海洋变得更加酸化。改变pH水平会威胁整个海洋食物网,从珊瑚礁到鲑鱼。

    As carbon dioxide levels increase in the atmosphere, the levels also increase in the oceans. What effects does this have? Can ocean acidification make it difficult for sea life to produce their hard exoskeletons? 
    ::随着大气中二氧化碳含量的上升,海洋中的二氧化碳含量也在上升。这有什么影响?海洋酸化能让海洋生物难以生产硬的外骨质素吗?

    What Can Be Done?
    ::能够做什么?

    Efforts to reduce future global warming mainly involve energy use. We need to use less energy, for example, by driving more fuel-efficient cars. We also need to switch to energy sources that produce less carbon dioxide, such as solar and wind energy. At the same time, we can increase the amount of carbon dioxide that is removed from the air. We can stop destroying forests and plant new ones.
    ::减少未来全球变暖的努力主要涉及能源使用。 我们需要少用能源,例如驾驶更节能的汽车。 我们还需要转而使用产生二氧化碳较少的能源,如太阳能和风能。 与此同时,我们可以增加从空气中去除的二氧化碳数量。 我们可以停止破坏森林和种植新的森林。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Gases such as carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels increase the natural greenhouse effect. This is raising the temperature of the Earth’s surface and is called global warming.
      ::化石燃料燃烧产生的二氧化碳等气体增加了天然温室效应。 这正在提高地球表面的温度,被称为全球变暖。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How does air pollution contribute to global warming?
      ::空气污染如何导致全球变暖?
    2. What is the greenhouse effect?
      ::温室效应是什么?
    3. What are three effects of global warming?
      ::全球变暖的三种影响是什么?