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  • General

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  • 病毒控制

    A healthcare professional administering a vaccination to a child's arm.

    What's the best part of going to the doctor?
    ::去看医生的最好部分是什么?

    Most people don't like having a shot at the doctor's office. But these are necessary. They protect you from some very dangerous .
    ::大多数人不喜欢在医生办公室开枪 但这些都是必须的 他们保护你免受一些非常危险的伤害

    Control of Viruses
    ::病毒控制

    People have been able to control the spread of viruses even before they knew they existed. In 1717, Mary Montagu, the wife of an English ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, observed local women inoculating their children against smallpox, a contagious viral disease that was often deadly. Inoculation involves introducing a small amount of virus into a person’s body to allow their body to build up to the virus. This early smallpox inoculation involved putting smallpox crusts into the nostril of a healthy person.
    ::1717年,英国驻奥托曼帝国大使夫人玛丽·蒙塔古(Mary Montagu)观察到当地妇女给孩子接种了天花疫苗,因为天花是一种传染性病毒疾病,这种疾病经常是致命的。 接种疫苗意味着将少量病毒引入人体,让身体积累病毒。 早期的天花接种包括将天花结壳植入健康人的鼻孔。

    Vaccines
    ::疫苗疫苗

    Because viruses use the machinery of a host to reproduce and stay within them, they are difficult to get rid of without killing the host cell. Vaccines were used to prevent viral infections long before the discovery of viruses. A vaccine is a mixture of antigenic material and other immune stimulants that will produce immunity to a certain or disease. The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's use of cowpox ( vacca means cow in Latin), to immunize people against smallpox.
    ::因为病毒使用宿主的机器繁殖并留在宿主体内,所以在不杀死宿主细胞的情况下,它们很难摆脱。疫苗在发现病毒之前很久就被用来预防病毒感染。疫苗是抗原材料和其他免疫兴奋剂的混合体,可以对某种疾病产生免疫力。 “疫苗”一词来自Edward Jenner使用天花(在拉丁语中是牛)来给人们接种天花疫苗。

    The material in the vaccine can either be weakened forms of a living pathogen or virus, dead pathogens (or inactivated viruses), purified material such as viral , or genetically engineered pieces of a pathogen. The material in the vaccine will cause the body to mount an immune response , so the person will develop immunity to the disease. Smallpox was the first disease people tried to prevent by purposely inoculating themselves with other types of infections such as cowpox. Vaccination is an effective way of preventing viral infections. Vaccinations can be given in schools, shown in the Figure , health clinics, and even at home. Their use has resulted in a dramatic decline in morbidity (illness) and mortality (death) associated with viral infections such as polio, measles, mumps, and rubella. Genetically engineered vaccines are produced through technology. Most new vaccines are produced with this technology.
    ::疫苗中的材料既可以是生命病原体或病毒的衰弱形式,也可以是死亡病原体(或非活性病毒)、病毒等净化材料,或者是基因改造病原体。疫苗中的材料将使身体产生免疫反应,因此人可以对疾病产生免疫力。天花是人们试图通过故意接种其他种类的感染,如天花来预防这种疾病的第一种疾病。疫苗接种是预防病毒感染的有效途径。可以在学校,如图所示,在保健诊所,甚至在家里接种疫苗。疫苗的使用导致与小儿麻痹症、麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹等病毒感染有关的发病率(疾病)和死亡率(死亡)急剧下降。基因工程疫苗是通过技术生产的,大多数新疫苗都是用这种技术生产的。

    A child receives a vaccine, illustrating vaccination efforts for viral disease prevention.

    A young student receives a vaccine.
    ::青年学生接受疫苗。

    A worldwide vaccination campaign by the World Health Organization led to the eradication of smallpox in 1979. Smallpox is a contagious disease unique to humans and is caused by two Variola viruses. The eradication of smallpox was possible because humans are the only carriers of the virus. To this day, smallpox is the only human infectious disease to have been completely eradicated from nature. Scientists are hoping to eradicate polio next.
    ::1979年,世界卫生组织在全世界范围开展疫苗接种运动,消灭了天花,天花是人类独有的传染病,是由两种维罗拉病毒引起的。消灭天花之所以成为可能,是因为人类是病毒的唯一携带者。迄今为止,天花是人类唯一从自然中完全消灭的传染病。科学家们希望接下来根除小儿麻痹症。

    Antiviral Drugs
    ::抗病毒药物

    While people have been able to prevent certain by vaccinations for many hundreds of years, the of antiviral drugs to treat viral diseases is a relatively recent development. Antiviral drugs are medications used specifically for treating the symptoms of viral infections. The first antiviral drug was interferon , a substance that is naturally produced by certain immune cells when an infection is detected. Over the past twenty years the development of antiretroviral drugs (also known as antiretroviral therapy, or ART) has increased rapidly. This has been driven by the AIDS epidemic .
    ::虽然数百年来人们通过接种疫苗可以预防某些疾病,但治疗病毒性疾病的抗病毒药物是较近期的发展,抗病毒药物是专门用于治疗病毒性感染症状的药物,第一种抗病毒药物是干扰药物,在发现感染时,这种物质自然由某些免疫细胞生产,过去二十年来,抗逆转录病毒药物(又称抗逆转录病毒疗法或抗逆转录病毒疗法)的研制迅速增加,这是艾滋病流行所驱动的。

    Like antibiotics , specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. They are relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. Most of the antiviral drugs now available are designed to help deal with and herpes viruses. Antivirals are also available for the influenza viruses and the Hepatitis B and C viruses, which can cause liver .
    ::与抗生素一样,具体的抗病毒药物也用于特定病毒,对宿主来说相对无害,因此可用于治疗感染,现有抗病毒药物大多用于帮助应对和治疗疹病毒,流感病毒、乙型肝炎和可导致肝脏的丙型肝炎病毒也有抗病毒药物。

    Antiviral drugs are often imitation building blocks which viruses incorporate into their genomes during replication. The of the virus is then halted because the newly synthesized DNA is inactive. Similar to antibiotics, antivirals are subject to drug resistance as the pathogens evolve to survive exposure to the treatment. HIV evades the immune system by constantly changing the amino acid sequence of the proteins on the surface of the virion . Researchers are now working to extend the range of antivirals to other families of pathogens .
    ::抗病毒药物往往是仿照病毒在复制过程中融入其基因组的构件。然后,由于新合成的DNA没有作用,病毒就停止了。与抗生素一样,抗病毒药物随着病原体的演变而发生抗药性,以存活治疗。艾滋病毒通过不断改变病毒表面蛋白的氨基酸序列而逃避免疫系统。研究人员目前正在努力将抗病毒的范围扩大到病原体的其他家族。

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Several viral diseases can be treated with antiviral drugs or prevented with vaccines.
      ::一些病毒性疾病可以用抗病毒药物治疗,也可以用疫苗预防。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a vaccine?
      ::什么是疫苗?
    2. Describe the relationship between vaccination and immunity.
      ::说明接种疫苗与豁免之间的关系。
    3. What diseases can be controlled with vaccinations? List five.
      ::接种疫苗可以控制哪些疾病?