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  • 原生主义者

    Micrograph of Giardia lamblia, a single-celled eukaryote with multiple flagella.

    or eukaryote ?
    ::或乌卡利奥特?

    This organism consists of a single with several flagella . Is it a prokaryote, such as a ? Actually, it’s larger than a prokaryotic cell , and it also has a . Therefore, this organism belongs to the Eukarya , the domain that includes humans. This particular eukaryote is one of the smallest, simplest organisms in the domain, called a protist. It’s scientific name is Giardia lamblia. As a human parasite , it can make us sick.
    ::这个生物体由一个有几支旗子的单体组成。 它是否是一个如? 实际上,它比一个蛋白质细胞还大,它也有一个。 因此,这个生物体属于包括人类在内的Eukarya, 包括人类在内的领域。 这个特定的eukaryote是这个领域中最小、最简单的生物体之一,叫做蛋白质。 它的科学名称是Giardia lamblia。 作为人类寄生虫,它可以让我们生病。

    Kingdom Protista
    ::普尔蒂斯塔王国

    Protists are a group of all the eukaryotes that are not , , or plants. As a result, it is a very diverse group of organisms. The eukaryotes that make up this , Kingdom Protista , do not have much in common besides a relatively simple organization, as shown in the Figure . Protists can look very different from each other. Some are tiny and unicellular, like an amoeba , and some are large and multicellular, like seaweed . However, multicellular protists do not have highly specialized tissues or organs . This simple cellular-level organization distinguishes protists from other eukaryotes, such as fungi, animals, and plants. There are thought to be between 60,000 and 200,000 protist , and many have yet to be identified. Protists live in almost any environment that contains liquid . Many protists, such as the , are photosynthetic and are vital primary in . Other protists are responsible for a range of serious human diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness .
    ::蛋白质是所有非植物、非植物或植物的产卵体组。 因此,它是一个非常多样化的生物体组。 组成这个的产卵体,即Protista王国,除了一个相对简单的组织之外,没有多少共同点。 如图所示, 蛋白质可以看得非常不同。 有些是细小的、非冰冷的, 像阿莫伊巴, 有些是大的和多细胞的, 像海藻一样。 但是, 多细胞的产卵体没有高度专业化的组织或器官。 这个简单的细胞级组织将原生体体体与其他的产卵体(如真菌、动物和植物)区别开来。 人们认为, 6万到20万个原体, 许多人还有待确认。 Protis 几乎生活在任何含有液体的环境中。 许多原体, 比如, 具有光合作性质, 并且是关键的主要体。 其他原体学家对一系列严重的人类疾病负责, 比如疟疾和睡眠疾病。

    The term protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Protists were traditionally placed into one of several groups based on similarities to a plant, animal, or fungus: the animal-like , the plant-like protophyta (mostly algae), and the fungus-like and water molds . These traditional subdivisions, which were largely based on non-scientific characteristics, have been replaced by classifications based on phylogenetics (evolutionary relatedness among organisms). However, the older terms are still used as informal names to describe the general characteristics of various protists.
    ::1866年,Ernst Haeckel首次使用Protista这一术语。根据与植物、动物或真菌的相似性,Protista传统上将Protista(Protista)归入若干组之一:动物类、植物类原生植物类(多数为藻类)、真菌类和水模。这些主要基于非科学特性的传统分类已被基于植物学(生物体之间的进化关系)的分类所取代。然而,旧的术语仍被用作描述各种原生生物一般特征的非正式名称。

    Examples of protists: Paramecium, Euglena, Fuligo, and Volvox showing diverse types.
    Protists range from single-celled amoebas to multicellular seaweed. Protists may be similar to animals, plants, or fungi.

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Kingdom Protista includes all eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.
      ::普罗蒂斯塔王国包括所有不是动物、植物或真菌的eukaryote。
    • Kingdom Protista is very diverse. It consists of both single-celled and multicellular organisms.
      ::普罗蒂斯塔王国多种多样,由单细胞和多细胞有机体组成。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are protists?
      ::什么是原生主义者?
    2. How are unicellular protists and multicellular protists similar?
      ::不明蛋白质的先质和多细胞的先质如何相似?
    3. How are protists classified? What are the main categories of protists?
      ::原生者是如何分类的?主要的主要原生者类别是什么?