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  • 原生者和疾病

    Four types of protists associated with diseases: Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma gambiense, Giardia intestinalis, Leishmania panamensis.

    Can such little creatures make you sick?
    ::这些小动物能让你生病吗?

    They sure can. Not all of them, but some of them. And without proper medical treatment, the person may never recover.
    ::他们当然可以,不是所有的人,而是其中一些人,如果没有适当的治疗,这个人可能永远无法康复。

    Protists and Human Disease
    ::原生者和人类疾病

    Most diseases in humans are caused by animal-like protists, or . Protozoa make us sick when they become human parasites . Three examples of parasitic protozoa are described below.
    ::人类的大多数疾病都是由类似动物的原生动物引起的,或.当原生动物成为人类寄生虫时,它们使我们生病。 寄生虫原生动物的三个例子如下。

    Trypanosoma Protozoa
    ::原生素瘤

    Members of the genus Trypanosoma are protozoa that cause sleeping sickness , which is common in Africa. They also cause Chagas disease , which is common in South America. The parasites are spread by insect vectors . The vector for Chagas disease is shown in Figure . Trypanosoma parasites enter a person’s when the vector bites. Then they spread to other tissues and organs . The diseases may be fatal without medical treatment.
    ::Trypanosoma的基因成员是导致睡眠疾病的原生动物,在非洲很常见。它们还导致南美常见的南美锥虫病。寄生虫是通过昆虫病媒传播的。南美锥虫病的病媒在图中显示。当病媒咬入时,锥虫寄生虫会进入人体。然后它们会传播到其他组织和器官。如果没有医疗,这些疾病可能会致命。

    Insect known as the 'kissing bug,' vector for Chagas disease, on human skin.

    Vector for Chagas Disease. In Chagas disease, the Trypanosoma parasite is spread by an insect commonly called the “kissing bug.” A bite from this bug could be the kiss of death.
    ::南美锥虫病的矢量。 在南美锥虫病中,Trypanosoma寄生虫是由一种通常被称为“亲吻虫 ” 的昆虫传播的。 这个虫的咬一口可能是死亡之吻。

    The discovery of Chagas disease is unique in the history of medicine. That’s because a single researcher—a Brazilian physician named Carlos Chagas—single-handedly identified and explained the new infectious disease. In the early 1900s, Chagas did careful lab and field studies. He determined the , vector, host , symptoms, and mode of transmission of the disease that is now named for him.
    ::南美锥虫病的发现在医学史上是独一无二的。 这是因为一位研究者 — — 巴西医生卡洛斯·查加斯(Carlos Chagas) — — 随意地识别并解释了新的传染病。 1900年代初,南美锥虫进行了仔细的实验室和实地研究。 他确定了目前为他命名的该疾病的传播途径、媒介、宿主、症状和模式。

    Giardia Protozoa
    ::吉阿迪亚·普罗托索亚

    Giardia are flagellate protozoa that cause giardiasis . The parasites enter the body through food or that has been contaminated by feces of infected people or . The protozoa attach to the lining of the host’s , where they prevent the host from fully absorbing nutrients . They may also cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. A picture of a Giardia protozoan opens this concept.
    ::Giardia是导致甲状腺丝虫病的旗虫,寄生虫通过食物进入体内,或受到感染者或感染者的粪便污染。寄生虫附在宿主的衬里,防止宿主完全吸收营养素。它们还可能造成腹泻、腹部疼痛和发烧。 Giardia 原生动物的图片开启了这个概念。

       

     

    Plasmodium Protozoa
    ::原生甲酸

    Plasmodium protozoa cause malaria . The parasites are spread by a mosquito vector. Parasites enter a host’s blood through the bite of an infected mosquito. The parasites infect the host’s red blood cells , causing symptoms such as fever, joint pain, anemia, and fatigue.
    ::寄生虫通过蚊子媒介传播寄生虫。 寄生虫通过被感染的蚊子咬入宿主的血液。 寄生虫感染宿主的红血细胞,导致发烧、关节疼痛、贫血和疲劳等症状。

    Malaria is common in and subtropical climates throughout the world (see Figure ). In fact, malaria is one of the most common on the planet. Malaria is also a very serious disease. It kills several million people each year, most of them children. A vaccine to malaria is a possibility. 
    ::疟疾在全世界和亚热带气候中很常见(见图 ):事实上,疟疾是地球上最常见的疾病之一,疟疾也是非常严重的疾病,每年夺去数百万人的生命,其中大多数是儿童,疟疾疫苗是一种可能性。

    World map showing areas at risk for malaria transmission in red and green.

    Worldwide Distribution of Malaria. This map shows where malaria is found. The area is determined by the mosquito vector. The mosquito can live year-round only in the red-shaded areas.
    ::疟疾在全世界的分布,这张地图显示了疟疾的发现地点,由蚊子病媒决定,蚊子只能全年生活在红色阴影地区。

      

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Most protist diseases in humans are caused by protozoa. Protozoa make humans sick when they become human parasites.
      ::人体大多数原生性疾病都是由原生性疾病引起的,原生性疾病导致人类在成为人类寄生虫时生病。
    • Trypanosoma protozoa cause Chagas disease and sleeping sickness.
      ::Trypanosoma原生zoa导致南美锥虫病和睡眠疾病。
    • Giardia protozoa cause giardiasis, and Plasmodium protozoa cause malaria.
      ::Giardia protozoa 导致甲状腺丝虫病,而plasmodium protozoa 造成疟疾。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Describe how the protozoa that cause Chagas disease are spread to human hosts.
      ::描述导致南美锥虫病的原生动物是如何传播到人类宿主的。
    2. State why malaria is commonly found only in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
      ::说明为什么疟疾通常只在世界热带和亚热带地区出现。
    3. Terri lost her water bottle while hiking in Canada. It was a hot day, so she drank water from a stream to stay hydrated. A few days later, Terri became ill with abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea. Her doctor thinks she has a protozoan infection. Which type of protozoa do you think is most likely responsible for Terri’s illness? How do you think Terri became infected?
      ::Terri在加拿大徒步旅行时丢失了水瓶。 那天很热,她从溪水中喝水以保持水分。 几天后,Terri因腹部疼痛、发烧和腹泻而生病。 她的医生认为她患有原生动物感染。 你认为哪种原生动物最有可能造成Terri的疾病? 你认为Terri是如何感染的?