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  • 美国:人口和宗教(2天)

      Chapter Challenges
    ::章次 挑战

    1. Explain the concepts of the cultural melting pot and the American Dream and how they have contributed to American society and culture.
      ::解释文化熔炉和《美国梦》的概念,以及它们对美国社会和文化的贡献。
    2. Describe the current demographic profile of the United States.
      ::描述美国目前的人口状况。
    3. Identify the size, distribution, and other characteristics of the Hispanic population in the United States.
      ::确定美国西班牙裔人口的规模、分布和其他特征。
    4. Explain the two most significant processes that led to the spatial distribution of African Americans in the United States.
      ::解释导致非裔美国人在美国空间分布的两个最重要的进程。
    5. Describe the distribution of the dominant religious affiliations in the United States.
      ::描述美国主要宗教信仰的分布情况。

     Student Learning Objectives
    ::学生学习目标

       TEKS Regional Unit 03: Us and Canada: Chapter 3.1 Population and Religion in the USA
    ::TEKS区域单位03:我们和加拿大:美国人口和宗教第3.1章

    WG.6B Explain the processes that have caused changes in settlement patterns, including urbanization, transportation, access to and availability of resources, and economic activities.
    ::WG.6B 解释导致住区模式变化的进程,包括城市化、运输、获得和获得资源以及经济活动。

    WG.7A Analyze pyramids and use other data, graphics, and maps to describe the population characteristics of different societies and to predict future population trends
    ::WG.7A 分析金字塔并使用其他数据、图形和地图来描述不同社会的人口特征,预测未来人口趋势

    WG.7B Explain how  physical geography and push and pull forces, including political, economic, social, and environmental conditions, affect the routes and flows of human migration.
    ::WG.7B 解释实际地理、推力和拉力,包括政治、经济、社会和环境条件,如何影响人类移徙的路线和流动。

    WG.7C Describe trends in world population growth and distribution.
    ::WG.7C 描述世界人口增长和分布的趋势。

    WG.7D  Analyze how globalization affects connectivity, standard of living, pandemics, and loss of local culture.
    ::WG.7D 分析全球化如何影响连通性、生活水平、流行病和当地文化的丧失。

    WG.17B describe central ideas and spatial distribution of major religious traditions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Sikhism.
    ::WG.17B描述主要宗教传统的中心思想和空间分布,包括佛教、基督教、印度教、伊斯兰教、犹太教和锡克教。

    WG.17D Evaluate the experiences and contributions of diverse groups to multicultural societies .
    ::WG.17D 评价不同群体对多文化社会的经验和贡献。

    Population and Religion in the United States
    ::美国的人口和宗教

    The American “Melting Pot”
    ::美国的“梅林锅”

    Early immigration to America was dominated by people from the British Isles, resulting in an American population for whom speaking English and practicing Protestant Christianity was the norm. There were some regional exceptions to this, such as Catholicism in Maryland and the widespread speaking of German in Pennsylvania. However, English and Protestantism were standard in the American colonies. As migrants arrived in the United States from non-English-speaking countries, within a generation they learned English and assimilated into American society. This gave rise to the idea of the United States as a cultural melting pot.
    ::早期移民到美国主要是来自不列颠群岛的人,结果美国人口普遍讲英语和信奉新教,在这方面有一些区域例外,例如马里兰的天主教和宾夕法尼亚的德语普遍讲,但英语和新教在美国殖民地是标准做法,在移民从非英语国家抵达美国时,他们一代人就学会英语,融入美国社会,这引起了美国作为文化熔炉的观念。

    People were drawn to the United States by the hope of economic opportunities. Most immigrants were poor and came to the United States to make a living and improve their way of life. They viewed assimilation into mainstream society as a necessity for success. They believed in the American Dream—that through hard work, you could achieve upward mobility and financial success no matter your background. This dream came true for millions of Americans.
    ::人们从经济机会的希望吸引到美国,大多数移民是穷人,来到美国是为了谋生和改善他们的生活方式,他们认为融入主流社会是成功的必要条件。 他们相信美国梦 — — 通过艰苦的努力,无论你的背景如何,你都可以实现向上流动和财政上的成功。 对于数百万美国人来说,这一梦想实现了。

    According to the , the population of the United States is more than 325 million people. It is the third most populated country in the world after China and India. Among developed countries, the US population is one of the fastest growing, at about one percent each year. This is because of a fertility rate of approximately 2.1, which is higher than the 1.5 of most European countries. Another contributing factor is a positive net migration rate (more people immigrating to the United States than emigrating from it). In terms of human well-being, life expectancy is more than 78 years for men and 80 years for women. While this may seem high, especially when compared with a century ago, life expectancy in the United States is lower than in 49 other countries.
    ::据美国统计,美国人口超过3.25亿,是继中国和印度之后世界第三大人口最多的国家。在发达国家中,美国人口是增长最快的国家之一,每年约为1%。这是因为生育率约为2.1,高于大多数欧洲国家的1.5。另一个促成因素是正净移民率(移民到美国的人数多于移民出国的人数 ) 。 就人类福祉而言,男性预期寿命超过78岁,女性预期寿命超过80岁。 虽然这看起来可能很高,特别是同一个世纪前相比,美国的预期寿命比其他49个国家要低。

    As a country of immigrants, the United States is home to people from all corners of the world as well as many ethnic minority groups. According to the 2010 census, the ethnic minority groups in the United States included 16.3 percent Hispanic, 12.6 percent African American, 5 percent Asian and Pacific Islander, and 1 percent Native American.  [1]  An interesting trend is that Asians are growing faster than any other ethnic group in California. The 2010 census reported that the Asian population in California had increased 31.5 percent since 2000, to a total of five million.
    ::作为移民国家,美国是来自世界各个角落的人以及许多少数民族群体的家园。 根据2010年人口普查,美国少数民族群体包括16.3%的西班牙裔、12.6%的非裔美国人、5%的亚太岛民和1%的土著美国人。 [1]一个有趣的趋势是,亚洲人的增长快于加利福尼亚州任何其他族裔群体。 2010年人口普查报告,加利福尼亚州自2000年以来亚洲人口增加了31.5%,达到500万。

    The Hispanic Population in the United States
    ::美国的西班牙裔人口

    One of the most striking shifts in immigration patterns of the past few decades has been the dramatic increase in Hispanic/Latino immigrants to the United States. There have long been Spanish speakers living in the United States (recall that Spain colonized Florida, Texas, and the Southwest before those regions became part of the United States). However, for most of American history, the Hispanic minority had little impact outside of a few areas of the country.
    ::在过去几十年中,移民模式最显著的变化之一是西班牙裔/拉美裔移民到美国的人数急剧增加,长期有西班牙语人居住在美国(记得西班牙在佛罗里达、得克萨斯和西南地区成为美国的一部分之前就将这些地区殖民化了 ) , 然而,在大部分美国历史中,西班牙裔少数民族在该国少数几个地区以外几乎没有什么影响。

    In 1970, Hispanics made up less than five percent of the US population. However, by 2010, 48 million Hispanics made up about 16 percent of the population (see the map below). For the first time, Hispanics were the largest ethnic minority in the United States, surpassing African Americans as the largest minority starting with the 2000 US census (12.5 percent Hispanic compared with 12.3 percent African American).
    ::1970年,西班牙裔占美国人口的比例不到5%。 然而,到2010年,4800万西班牙裔约占美国人口的16%(见下图 ) 。 西班牙裔首次成为美国最大的少数民族,从2000年美国人口普查开始,超过非裔美国人的少数民族比例(从2000年美国人口普查开始,西班牙裔占12.5%,非洲裔美国人占12.3%)。

    The US Hispanic population doubled between the 1990 and 2000 censuses. Between 2000 and 2006, Hispanic population growth accounted for about half the nation’s growth and grew about four times faster than the country’s population as a whole. The growth of the US Hispanic population is a direct result of increased immigration from Latin America to the United States in the late 20th and early 21st centuries  [2] as well as the Hispanic population having higher fertility rates than the non-Hispanic US population.  [3]
    ::西班牙裔人口在1990年和2000年人口普查期间翻了一番。 2000年到2006年间,西班牙裔人口增长率占全国人口增长率的一半左右,增长率比全国人口增长率高四倍左右。 美国西班牙裔人口的增长是20世纪末和21世纪初从拉丁美洲向美国移民增加的直接结果[2],西班牙裔人口生育率高于非西班牙裔美国人口。 [3]

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    This map depicts the Hispanic population in the United States and the US Sun Belt.
    ::这张地图描绘了美国西班牙裔人口和美国太阳带。

    Nearly half of the Hispanics in the United States live in California or Texas. There has been a large increase in the Hispanic population outside of those states in the past decade, especially in the South. For example, Arkansas, Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina have all experienced Hispanic population growth rates between 55 and 61 percent from 2000 to 2006.
    ::近一半的西班牙裔美国人居住在加利福尼亚州或得克萨斯州,西班牙裔人口在过去10年中在这些州以外的西班牙裔人口大幅增加,特别是在南部。 比如,2000-2006年间,阿肯色州、佐治亚州、田纳西州、北卡罗莱纳州和南卡罗莱纳州都经历了55%至61%的西班牙裔人口增长率。

    All regions of the country saw double-digit growth rates of their Hispanic populations during that time. In places such as California, the large Hispanic population has an especially significant impact on the economy, politics, and every aspect of social life. More than one-third of Californians are Hispanic at 37 percent, while 42 percent are non-Hispanic white, and 7 percent are African American.
    ::在此期间,全国所有地区西班牙裔人口的增长率都达到了两位数。 在加利福尼亚州等地,西班牙裔人口的大规模增长对经济、政治和社会生活的各个方面产生了特别重大的影响。 超过三分之一的加利福尼亚州人口是西班牙裔,占37%,42%是非西班牙裔白人,7%是非洲裔美国人。

    Who are the Hispanics living in the United States? Most were born in the United States (60 percent), while the rest are immigrants. Two-thirds are either from Mexico or of Mexican descent. Others are from the US territory of Puerto Rico, Cuba, or the Dominican Republic. Puerto Ricans are US citizens and can move to and from the US mainland without any special documentation requirements.
    ::谁是居住在美国的西班牙裔? 大部分出生在美国(60%),其余为移民。 三分之二来自墨西哥或墨西哥血统。 其他人来自美国波多黎各、古巴或多米尼加共和国领土。 波多黎各人是美国公民,可以在没有特殊证件要求的情况下往返美国大陆。

    More Hispanics come from Central America than from South America. Hispanics work in all professions but are found in professions such as agriculture, construction, and food service at higher rates than the country’s non-Hispanic population.
    ::西班牙裔人来自中美洲比来自南美洲的人多。 西班牙裔人从事所有专业,但从事农业、建筑业和食品服务等专业的比本国非西班牙人口要高。

    The draw of opportunities and advantages has always pulled people toward the United States. While many of the Latin American immigrants enter the United States legally, according to the US Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Immigration Statistics, there were about 10.8 million undocumented immigrants living in the United States as of 2010. Sixty-two percent are from Mexico.  [4]  This number is lower than it was in previous years, possibly because of the economic recession and higher-than-usual rates of unemployment.
    ::机会和优势的吸引总是将人们引向美国。 虽然许多拉丁美洲移民合法进入美国,但据美国国土安全部的移民统计办公室(USD)统计,截至2010年,美国有大约1 080万无证移民居住在美国,其中62%来自墨西哥。 [4] 这一数字比往年要低,原因可能是经济衰退和高于常态的失业率。

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    Data from the US Census Bureau, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 Decennial Censuses; Population Projections, July 1, 2010, to July 1, 2050.
    ::美国人口普查局的数据,1970年、1980年、1990年和2000年百年人口普查;人口预测,2010年7月1日至2050年7月1日。 

    
  
    
  
  
    
   The U.S .and Mexico border is about 1,954 miles long and runs through an arid and open region between the two countries. The
   and the
   encompass much of the land separating the two countries, which is why it is difficult to control illegal immigration. Undocumented individuals will risk death crossing these deserts to find jobs in the United States. According to 2010 estimates, undocumented workers make up about five percent of the United States’ civilian workforce, including approximately 24 percent of the agricultural workforce.
   
    
   
    ::美国和墨西哥边境长约1,954英里,横跨两国之间的干旱和开放地区。 两国隔开的大部分土地都包含在内,因此难以控制非法移民。 无证个人将冒着通过这些沙漠在美国寻找工作的死亡风险。 根据2010年的估计,无证工人占美国文职劳动力的5%左右,包括大约24%的农业劳动力。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   The amount of earnings sent from undocumented workers in the United States to Mexico is estimated in the billions of dollars. This money from Mexican nationals living outside Mexico and sending money home to their families are Mexico’s second-largest source of foreign income. These payments are known as remittances. Without this money, many Mexican communities would have a hard time meeting their basic needs for survival. 
   
    
   
    ::在美国的无证工人寄往墨西哥的收入估计高达数十亿美元。 这笔来自居住在墨西哥境外、向家人寄钱回家的墨西哥国民的钱是墨西哥第二大外国收入来源。 这些付款被称为汇款。 没有这笔钱,许多墨西哥社区将很难满足基本的生存需求。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   The African American Population in the United States
   
    
   
    ::在美国的非裔美洲人口
   
  
    
  
  
    
   Most African Americans were concentrated in the South before the
   , where they worked as slaves in the cotton and tobacco plantations that supported the region. In some counties, African Americans made up most of the population, and this did not change when the war was over. Many of the newly freed slaves remained as poor agricultural workers in the South well into the 20th century. Even as late as 1910, seven out of every eight African Americans lived in the South.
   
    
   
    ::大多数非裔美国人在支持该地区的棉花和烟草种植园工作,他们在那里是奴隶。 在有些州,非裔美国人占了人口的大多数,战争结束后这种情况并没有改变。 许多新解放的奴隶在20世纪一直作为南方的贫穷农业工人留在南方。 即使在1910年,每8名非裔美国人中就有7人生活在南方。
   
  
    
  
    
  
    
    
  
    
  
    
   
   
   
    
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    Union States are in the north, Confederate States are in the south, and border states are in the middle.
    
    
    
     ::联盟国家位于北方,联盟国家位于南方,边界国家位于中间。
    
   
    
  
    
  
    
    
  
    
  
    
  
  
    
   In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as the industrialization of northern cities was accelerating, the increased need for factory workers was largely met by immigration from Europe. However, when
   began in 1914, European immigration began to slow down. European immigration almost came to a complete stop in the 1920s as Americans set quotas in place to reduce the number of Eastern European immigrants. At that time, the factories in the Manufacturing Belt continued to need workers. However, instead of European workers, they recruited African Americans from the South.
   
    
   
    ::在19世纪末和20世纪初,随着北方城市工业化的加速,对工厂工人的需求的增加主要由来自欧洲的移民来满足,然而,从1914年开始,欧洲移民开始放缓。 1920年代,随着美国人为减少东欧移民人数设定了配额,欧洲移民几乎完全停止了。 当时,制造区工厂继续需要工人。 然而,他们从南方招募了非洲裔美国人,而不是欧洲工人。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   The need for workers led to a massive migration of African Americans from the South to cities in the North and West. This migration was so important in the history of the United States that it is called the
   . Between 1910 and 1925, more than 10 percent of African Americans made the journey north and even more followed later. Examining the map below of the distribution of African Americans today shows the legacy of the Great Migration. Today, African Americans live in many parts of the United States, both in the South and in post-industrial cities of the north and the Midwest. They also now live in Sun Belt cities, as people of all races look for jobs related to the new information technologies and service industries.
   
    
   
    ::对工人的需求导致大批非裔美国人从南方移民到北方和西方的城市。这种移民在美国历史上如此重要,因此在美国历史上被称为 。1910-1925年间,超过10%的非裔美国人到北方旅行,后来更是跟着走。看看今天非裔美国人分布图下面的地图显示了大规模移民的遗产。今天,非裔美国人生活在美国许多地区,无论是在南方还是在北方和中西部的工业后城市。他们现在也生活在太阳带城市,因为所有种族的人都在寻找与新的信息技术和服务行业相关的工作。
   
  
    
  
    
  
    
    
  
    
  
    
   
    
     
    
   
  
    
  
    
   
   
   
    
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    Black/African American Population by County, 2000.
    
    
    
     ::2000年按县分列的黑人/非裔美洲人口。
    
   
    
  
    
  
  
    
   
    Geography of Religion in the United States
   
   
    
   
    ::美国宗教地理地理 美国
   
  
    
  
  
    
   Most early settlers to the United States were Protestant Christians. Puritans lived in New England and Anglicans (later called Episcopalians) lived in Virginia. Roman Catholic immigrants settled in Maryland, and members of the Society of Friends, also known as Quakers, founded Pennsylvania. Even within this overall picture, there was religious diversity in the United States. This diversity increased as new arrivals came from different countries with different religious backgrounds.
   
    
   
    ::美国最早的定居者大多数是新教徒,清教徒住在新英格兰,英国圣公会(后称圣公会教徒)住在弗吉尼亚州。罗马天主教移民定居在马里兰州,公谊会成员(又称贵格会 ) 成立宾夕法尼亚州。 即使在这一总体情况中,美国也有宗教多样性。 随着来自不同宗教背景不同国家的新来者,这种多样性也有所增加。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   The current pattern of religious affiliation in the United States remains complex. You can find congregations of nearly every major religion, and many minor ones, in every area of the country. However, there are clear patterns to the geography of religion in the United States that tell stories of immigration and migration history, as well as stories about other aspects of American history.
   
    
   
    ::美国目前的宗教信仰模式依然复杂,几乎每个主要宗教的信徒和许多次要宗教的信徒都来自美国各地。 然而,美国宗教的地理分布有着明确的模式,可以讲述移民和移民史,以及美国历史的其他方面。
   
  
    
  
    
   
    
     
    
   
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
   
   
   
    
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    Distribution of Religious Organizations in the United States.
    
    
    
     ::美国宗教组织分布情况。
    
   
    
  
    
  
     

    
  
    
  
  
    
   The most striking feature of the map above is the saturation of red in the Southeast in which Baptist churches are predominant. Although Baptist churches outnumber all of the other denominations in about 45 percent of all counties in the United States, most of those counties are found in the South. This region is known as the Bible Belt. It is a region in which churches, for the most part, teach a literal interpretation of the Bible. Baptist churches grew in popularity in the South after the Civil War.  Whereas, other churches, such as the Methodists went into decline. Baptist churches are popular in the South amongst African Americans and whites.
   
    
   
    ::上述地图最突出的特征是,在以浸礼会教会为主的东南部,红色的饱和。尽管浸礼会教会在美国45%的县中超过了所有其他教派,但大多数这些县都是在南方。这个地区被称为圣经带。这个地区大部分是教会对圣经进行字面解释。在内战之后,浸礼会教会在南方越来越受欢迎。而其他教堂,如卫理公会则逐渐衰落。浸礼会教会在南方的非裔美国人和白人中很受欢迎。
   
  
    
  
    
  
    
    
  
    
  
    
   
    
   
  
    
  
    
   
   
   
    
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    Dehart’s Bible and Tire is located in the peripheral region of eastern Kentucky in the Bible Belt. Customers get a free Bible with every set of new tires.
    
    
    
     ::Dehart的《圣经》和《提尔》位于肯塔基东部周边地区的圣经带。 客户可以免费获得一本带有每套新轮胎的《圣经 》 。
    
   
    
  
    
  
     

    
  
    
  
  
    
   Another Protestant region in the United States is in northern Appalachia and the lower Midwest from Ohio to Iowa and Kansas. As seen on the map, there are a variety of denominations. Some of the counties are Baptist, some are Methodist, and others are lesser known Christian churches, such as Disciples of Christ. The Methodist and other Christian areas were heavily influenced by the
   of the early 19th century, which promoted the theology that every person could be saved through revivals.
   
    
   
    ::美国的另一个新教地区位于北阿巴拉契亚和下中西部地区,从俄亥俄到爱荷华州和堪萨斯州。地图上显示,有许多教派。有些县是浸礼会,有些是卫理公会,有些是不太为人所知的基督教教堂,如基督信徒。 卫理公会和其他基督教地区受到19世纪初的严重影响,这促进了通过复兴拯救每个人的神学。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   The movement provided for strong showings of Protestant denominations that arose during that time. The third Protestant region is the northern Midwest and Great Plains: Minnesota, the Dakotas, and surrounding areas. This was the destination of German and Scandinavian Lutheran settlers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the leading denominations today in much of that area remain Lutheran.
   
    
   
    ::该运动为当时出现的新教教派提供了强有力的展示,第三个新教区是中西部和大平原北部:明尼苏达、达科塔斯和周围地区,这是19世纪末和20世纪初德国和斯堪的纳维亚路德定居者的目的地,今天该地区大部分主要教派仍然是路德教派。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   The Roman Catholic Church, which is the leading religious body in 40 percent of US counties, is well-represented in the Northeast, West, and Southwest. In the Northeast and Midwest, the Catholic dominance points to 19th and early 20th-century immigration from Roman Catholic countries in Europe such as Italy, Ireland, and Poland. Those earlier Catholics have been joined more recently by large numbers of Hispanic immigrants. The dominance of Roman Catholics in the western United States, the Southwest, and even Florida in the Southeast are a reflection of the strong Hispanic presence in those parts of the country.
   
    
   
    ::罗马天主教会是美国40%的县的主要宗教机构,在东北、西部和西南地区有相当的代表性。 在东北和中西部地区,天主教统治者指向来自欧洲罗马天主教国家(如意大利、爱尔兰和波兰)的19世纪和20世纪初移民。 这些早期的天主教徒最近加入了大量西班牙裔移民。 罗马天主教会在美国西部、西南部甚至东南部佛罗里达的主导地位反映了西班牙裔人在该国这些地区的强大存在。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   In the western United States, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon church) dominates the region including Utah and surrounding states close to the Utah border. Utah was the destination of Mormons as they migrated westward during the mid 19th century. 
   
    
   
    ::在美国西部,包括犹他州和邻近犹他州边界附近周边各州在内的该地区以摩门教(摩门教)为主,犹他州是摩门教徒在19世纪中叶向西迁徙的目的地。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   Major urban centers are home to people who follow all the major religions of the world. Muslim populations are found in cities as a result of late 20th century immigrants arriving from countries such as India, Pakistan, and places in the Middle East and moving to urban areas for employment. Detroit and its surrounding counties in southeastern Michigan are one part of the country with a high concentration of Muslim immigrants.
   
    
   
    ::主要城市中心是信奉世界所有主要宗教的人的家园。 穆斯林人口来自20世纪末从印度、巴基斯坦等国家以及中东各地移民到城市就业的城市。 底特律及其密歇根东南部周边各县是穆斯林移民高度集中的地区之一。
   
  
    
  
    
  
    
    
  
    
  
    
   
    
    
    
    
       Key Takeaways
     
    
     
      ::密钥外出
     
    
    
   
    
   
    
    
      
     
     
    • 
      US immigrants learned English and assimilated into American society, giving rise to the idea of the United States as a cultural melting pot.
      
      
      
       ::美国移民学习英语,并融入美国社会,由此产生了美国作为文化熔炉的想法。
      
     
      • 
     
     
    • 
      Immigrants created the American Dream—the idea that by working hard and following the rules, one could achieve upward mobility and financial success regardless of one’s background or heritage.
      
      
      
       ::移民创造了“美国梦 ” , 认为通过努力工作和遵守规则,无论背景或遗产如何,都可以实现向上流动和财政成功。
      
     
      • 
     
     
    • 
      The Hispanic population is the largest minority group in the United States, and its population is growing.
      
      
      
       ::西班牙裔人口是美国最大的少数群体,其人口正在增加。
      
     
      • 
     
     
    • 
      Hispanics have an especially strong presence in California and Texas, but are found all over the South as well as in rural and urban areas around the country.
      
      
      
       ::西班牙裔在加利福尼亚州和得克萨斯州特别活跃,但遍布整个南方以及全国各地的农村和城市地区。
      
     
      • 
     
     
    • 
      One-third of Hispanics are immigrants to the United States, and most undocumented workers to the United States are Hispanic.
      
      
      
       ::三分之一的西班牙裔是移民到美国,大多数到美国的无证工人是西班牙裔。
      
     
      • 
     
     
    • 
      Mexican nationals are important to the US workforce, and they send home billions of dollars each year.
      
      
      
       ::墨西哥国民对美国劳动力很重要, 他们每年寄回家数十亿美元。
      
     
      • 
     
     
    • 
      African Americans are heavily represented in former plantation agricultural states of the South, as well as in cities of the Rust Belt and far West.
      
      
      
       ::非裔美国人在南方前种植园农业州以及鲁斯特带和远西部城市中占有很大比例。
      
     
      • 
     
     
    • 
      Patterns of religious observance in the United States reflect immigration patterns.
      
      
      
       ::美国的宗教戒律模式反映了移民模式。
      
     
      • 
    
    
   
    
  
    
  
  
    
   Vocabulary Terms
   
    
   
    ::词汇术语术语
   
  
    
  
    
   
    
    
    
    
      
     
       Chapter 3.4 Population and Region
     
     
    
     
      ::第3.4章 人口和地区
     
    
    
   
    
   
    
    
    
     
    
      
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            animistic
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::原光主义
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           T
          
          
           he belief that
          
          
            
          
          
           all
          
          
            
          
          
           th
          
          
           ings
          
          
            
          
          
           found in nature
          
          
            
          
          
           have
          
          
            
          
          
           a
          
          
            
          
          
           spirit
          
          
    
          
           ::相信在大自然中发现的一切事物 都具有精神
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            carrying capacity
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::能力能力
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           T
          
          
           he number of organisms a piece of land can support
          
          
            
          
          
           without negative effects
          
          
    
          
           ::一块土地可支撑的生物数量,无负面影响
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            cultural diffusion
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::文化传播
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           T
          
          
           h
          
          
           e spread of
          
          
            
          
          
           cultural
          
          
            
          
          
           beliefs and social activities from one group to another
          
          
    
          
           ::文化信仰和社会活动从一个群体向另一个群体传播
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            cultural hearth
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::文化音乐会
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           A
          
          
            
          
          
           region where cultural traits developed; a site of innovation from which basic ideas, materials, and technology diffuse to many cultures
          
          
    
          
           ::一个文化特征得到发展的区域;一个创新场所,基础思想、材料和技术从那里传播到许多文化中
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            cultural innovation
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::文化创新
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           T
          
          
           he use of existing technology to create something new
          
          
    
          
           ::利用现有技术创造新事物
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            cultural trait
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::文化特点
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           T
          
          
           he single elements of normal practice in
          
          
            
          
          
           a
          
          
            
          
          
           culture--
          
          
           Ex
          
          
           : private space, hand gestures, eye contact, greetings
          
          
    
          
           ::文化中正常实践的单一要素 -- -- Ex:私人空间、手势、眼神接触、问候
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            dependency ratio
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::受抚养人比率
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           T
          
          
           he number of people too old to work
          
          
            
          
          
           (64
          
          
           +)
          
          
            
          
          
           to the number of people too young to work
          
          
            
          
          
           (-15) compared to
          
          
            
          
          
           the
          
          
            
          
          
           number of
          
          
            
          
          
           people active
          
          
            
          
          
           in the labor force  
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::年龄太老而不能工作的人数(64岁以上)与年龄太年轻而不能工作的人数(15岁以上)相比,在劳动力队伍中活跃的人数
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            dialect
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::方言
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling and
          
          
            
          
          
           pron
          
          
           unciation
          
          
    
          
           ::以词汇、拼写和读音区分的语文的区域差异
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            doubling time
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::翻倍时间
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           The number
          
          
            
          
          
           of years needed to double a
          
          
            
          
          
           popula
          
          
           tion
          
          
           , assuming a constant rate of
          
          
            
          
          
           natural increase
          
          
    
          
           ::假设自然增长率不变,人口所需年数将翻一番
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            ethnic religion
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::种族、族裔、族裔、宗教、宗教、
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which
          
          
            
          
          
           its
          
          
            
          
          
           adherents are concentrated
          
          
    
          
           ::具有相对集中的空间分布的宗教,其原则可能基于其信徒聚居的特定地点的物理特征
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            globalization
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::全球化全球化
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           Actions or processes that involve the
          
          
            
          
          
           enti
          
          
           re
          
          
            
          
          
           world and result in making something worldwide in scope
          
          
    
          
           ::涉及全世界并导致在全世界范围有所作为的行动或进程
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            monotheistic
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::一神论
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           The doctrine or
          
          
            
          
          
           belief
          
          
            
          
          
           in the existence
          
          
            
          
          
           of o
          
          
           nly
          
          
            
          
          
           o
          
          
           ne god
          
          
    
          
           ::仅仅存在一个神的学说或信仰
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            polytheistic
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::多神论
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           B
          
          
           elief
          
          
            
          
          
           in
          
          
            
          
          
           or
          
          
            
          
          
           worship
          
          
            
          
          
           of
          
          
            
          
          
           more than one god
          
          
    
          
           ::信仰或崇拜一个以上神
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            p
           
          
          
           
            ull
           
          
          
            
          
          
           
            f
           
          
          
           
            actor
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::拉拉因数
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           F
          
          
           actors that attract people to another location.
          
          
            
          
          
           EX
          
          
           : good economic opportunities, high salaries, favorable climate
          
          
    
          
           ::吸引人们到另一地点的因素。 例如:良好的经济机会、高薪、有利的气候。
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            p
           
          
          
           
            ush
           
          
          
            
          
          
           
            f
           
          
          
           
            actor
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::推力因数
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           F
          
          
           actors that cause people to leave their homeland and migrate to another region.
          
          
            
          
          
           EX
          
          
           : drought, other natural disasters, war, religious or ethnic persecution
          
          
    
          
           ::造成人们离开家园和移徙到另一个区域的因素。 例如:干旱、其他自然灾害、战争、宗教或族裔迫害。
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            society
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           A
          
          
           n extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
          
          
    
          
           ::拥有独特的文化和经济组织的一个扩大的社会群体
          
         
    
            		
       
    
       
    
        
         
         
    
          
           
            universalizing religion
           
          
          
            
          
          
    
          
           ::普遍信奉宗教的宗教
          
         
    
            		
        
         
         
    
          
           A
          
          
            
          
          
           religion that
          
          
            
          
          
           attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living a particular location
          
          
    
          
           ::一种试图向所有人,而不仅仅是居住在某个特定地点的人发出呼唤的宗教
          
         
    
            		
       
    
          
     
    
    
    
   
    
  
    
  
  
    
   Applying Knowledge
   
    
   
    ::应用知识
   
  
    
  
  
    
   
    Interactive Notebook
   
   
    Activities
   
   
    
   
    ::互动笔记活动
   
  
    
  
    
   
    
    
    
    
      
     
       
      
       Explain the concepts of the cultural melting pot and the American Dream and how they have contributed to American society and culture.
      
     
     
    
     
      ::解释文化熔炉和《美国梦》的概念,以及它们对美国社会和文化的贡献。
     
    
    
   
    
   
    
    
      
     
     
    1. 
      
       Describe
      
      the current demographic profile of the United States.
      
      
      
       ::描述美国目前的人口状况。
      
     
      2. 
     
     
    2. 
      Identify the size, distribution, and other characteristics of the Hispanic population in the United States.
      
      
      
       ::确定美国西班牙裔人口的规模、分布和其他特征。
      
     
      3. 
     
     
    3. 
      
       Explain
      
      the two most significant processes that led to the spatial distribution of African Americans in the United States.
      
      
      
       ::解释导致非裔美国人在美国空间分布的两个最重要的进程。
      
     
      4. 
     
     
    4. 
      
       Describe
      
      the distribution of the dominant religious affiliations in the United States.
      
      
      
       ::描述美国主要宗教信仰的分布情况。
      
     
      5. 
    
    
   
    
  
    
  
  
    
   
    Discussion and Study Questions
   
   
    
   
    ::讨论和研究问题
   
  
    
  
      
   
   
    1. 
    
    
      
     Why has the United States been called a melting pot? What are the largest minority groups in the country?
     
      
     
      ::为什么美国被称为熔炉?什么是该国最大的少数群体?
     
    
      
    
      
    
     ::为什么美国被称为熔炉?什么是该国最大的少数群体?
    
   
      2. 
   
   
    2. 
    
    
      
     What parts of the United States have the highest representation of the four largest minority groups?
     
      
     
      ::美国哪些地区在四个最大的少数群体中代表人数最多?
     
    
      
    
      
    
     ::美国哪些地区在四个最大的少数群体中代表人数最多?
    
   
      3. 
   
   
    3. 
    
    
      
     How did the U.S Hispanic population change in size and location from 2000 to 2010? Why is the Hispanic population growing faster than other ethnic groups in the United States?
     
      
     
      ::2000年至2010年,美国西班牙裔人口的规模和地点是如何变化的? 为什么西班牙裔人口比美国其他族裔群体增长速度更快?
     
    
      
    
      
    
     ::2000年至2010年,美国西班牙裔人口的规模和地点是如何变化的? 为什么西班牙裔人口比美国其他族裔群体增长速度更快?
    
   
      4. 
   
   
    4. 
    
    
      
     What two states have about 50 percent of the Hispanic population?
     
      
     
      ::哪些两个州有大约50%的西班牙裔人口?
     
    
      
    
      
    
     ::哪些两个州有大约50%的西班牙裔人口?
    
   
      5. 
   
   
    5. 
    
    
      
     What have been the push-pull factors for Hispanic immigration to the United States?
     
      
     
      ::西班牙移民到美国的推拉因素是什么?
     
    
      
    
      
    
     ::西班牙移民到美国的推拉因素是什么?
    
   
      6. 
   
   
    6. 
    
    
      
     What is a remittance, and how are remittances significant for immigrants to the United States?
     
      
     
      ::什么是汇款,汇款对移民到美国有何意义?
     
    
      
    
      
    
     ::什么是汇款,汇款对移民到美国有何意义?
    
   
      7. 
   
   
    7. 
    
    
      
     Describe the spatial pattern of the African American population. Why do so many blacks live in the Southeast?
     
      
     
      ::描述非裔美国人的空间模式。 为什么这么多黑人生活在东南亚?
     
    
      
    
      
    
     ::描述非裔美国人的空间模式。 为什么这么多黑人生活在东南亚?
    
   
      8. 
   
   
    8. 
    
    
      
     What was the Great Migration, and what were some of its long-term impacts on the United States?
     
      
     
      ::大迁徙是什么,它对美国产生的一些长期影响是什么?
     
    
      
    
      
    
     ::大迁徙是什么,它对美国产生的一些长期影响是什么?
    
   
      9. 
   
   
    9. 
    
    
      
     List three of the main Protestant religious denominations in the United States, describe their spatial patterns, and explain what caused these patterns.
     
      
     
      ::列出美国三个主要新教宗教派别,说明它们的空间格局,并解释造成这些格局的原因。
     
    
      
    
      
    
     ::列出美国三个主要新教宗教派别,说明它们的空间格局,并解释造成这些格局的原因。
    
   
      10. 
   
   
    10. 
    
    
      
     Name the states or provinces that have high percentages of Catholics.
     
      
     
      ::列出天主教徒比例高的州或省。
     
    
      
    
      
    
     ::列出天主教徒比例高的州或省。
    
   
      11. 
  
    
  
  
    
   Mapping Exercise
   
    
   
    ::绘图绘制作业
   
  
    
  
    
   
    
    
    
    
      
     
       ESRI GEO Inquiry
     
     
    
     
      ::ESRI GEGO调查
     
    
    
   
    
   
    
    
    
    
     
      Students will explain where philosophical ideals regarding our government originated, and how they have been incorporated into the US Constitution.
     
     
    
     
      ::学生们将解释关于我国政府的哲学理念的起源,以及这些理念是如何纳入美国宪法的。
     
    
    
    
    
    
     
      : 
     
     Students will explore patterns of cultural diffusion through linguistic and religious data. The activity uses a web-based map
     
    
     
      ::学生将通过语言和宗教数据探索文化传播模式。
     
    
    
   
    
  
    
  
  
    
   Videos for Geography Enrichment
   
    
   
    ::地理丰富视频
   
  
    
  
    
   
    
    
   
    
  
    
  
    
   
    
    
   
    
  
    
  
    
   
    
    
   
    
  
    
  
  
    
   Helpful Websites in the Study of Geography
   
    
   
    ::地理研究的有用网站
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge.  Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
   
    
   
    ::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
   
    
   
    ::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
   
    
   
    ::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
   
    
   
    ::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
   
    
   
    ::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。
   
  
    
  
  
    
     is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth. 
   
    
   
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
   
    
   
    ::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
   
    
   
    ::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   
     
   
   is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that deliver topographic information for the United States.
   
    
   
    ::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。
   
  
    
  
  
    
     is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.  
   
    
   
    ::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
   
    
   
    ::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。
   
  
    
  
  
    
     is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states. 
   
    
   
    ::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
   
    
   
    ::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。
   
  
    
  
  
    
    is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more. 
   
    
   
    ::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
   
    
   
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
   
    
   
    ::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
   
    
   
    ::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
   
    
   
    ::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。
   
  
    
  
  
    
   References
   
    
   
    ::参考参考资料
   
  
    
  
    
   [1] 
   , 
  
    
  
  
    
   [2] Michael Hoefer, Nancy Rytina, and Bryan C. Baker, 
   ,” 
   
    
   
    ::[2] Michael Hoefer、Nancy Rytina和Bryan C.Baker, 以及Bryan C.Baker, ”
   
  
    
  
  
    
   [3] Randal C. Archibold, 
    
   
    
   
    ::[3] 兰道尔·C·阿齐伯德,
   
  
    
  
  
    
   [4] 
    US Department of Homeland Security
   
    
   
    ::[4] 美国国土安全部
   
  
    
  
    
  
    
 
    
 
    
  
  
 
    

    

    
                                                
    
                                            
    
                                            
    
                                
    
                                        
      
                                            
    
                                
                            
    
                    
    
                
                
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