章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 菌类分类

    A moldy orange showing green and blue fungal growth on its surface.

    What type of fungus is this?
    ::这是哪种真菌?

    Obviously a . But what type of mold? There are thousands of known of molds. How are they classified?
    ::显然是的,但是哪种模具?

    Classification of Fungi
    ::菌类分类

    For a long time, scientists considered to be members of the plant because they have obvious similarities with plants. Both fungi and plants are immobile, have cell walls , and grow in soil . Some fungi, such as lichens , even look like plants (see Figure ).
    ::长期以来,科学家们被认为是植物的成员,因为他们与植物有明显的相似之处。 真菌和植物都是不流动的,有细胞壁,在土壤中生长。 一些真菌,如地衣,甚至看起来像植物(见图 ) 。

    Moss and lichen are growing on a tree bark, illustrating their similarities.

    Moss (Plant) and Lichen Growing on Tree Bark. Both fungi and moss are growing on this tree. Can you tell them apart?
    ::长在树上,真菌和苔稼都在树上生长,你们能把他们分辨出来吗?

    The Kingdom Fungi
    ::王王国

    Today, fungi are no longer classified as plants. We now know that they have unique physical, chemical, and genetic traits that set them apart from plants and other eukaryotes . For example, the cell walls of fungi are made of chitin , not cellulose . Also, fungi absorb nutrients from other organisms , whereas plants make their own food . These are just a few of the reasons fungi are now placed in their own kingdom.
    ::今天,真菌不再被归类为植物。我们现在知道,它们有独特的物理、化学和遗传特征,它们与植物和其他eukaryotes区别开来。例如,真菌的细胞壁是由木薯而不是纤维素制成的。此外,真菌吸收了其他生物的营养,而植物则自己生产食物。这些只是现在将真菌置于自己的王国的少数原因。

    Fungal Phyla
    ::果花

    of fungi below the level of the kingdom is controversial. There is no single, widely-accepted system of fungal classification. Most classifications include several phyla (the next major taxon below the kingdom). Three of the most common phyla are compared in Table .
    ::没有一个得到广泛接受的单一真菌分类系统,大多数分类包括几类植物(王国以下的下一个主要分类)。

    Phylum Description Example
    mainly , live in soil and compost and on foods such as bread

    black bread mold
    ::黑面包黑面包模

    Moldy bread displaying various colors and textures, typical of Zygomycota fungi.

    Basidiomycota have many different shapes, considerable variation exists even within species

    button mushrooms
    ::按钮按钮蘑菇

    White button mushrooms displaying their varying shapes and internal structure for fungal classification.

    found in all terrestrial world-wide, even in Antarctica, often involved in symbiotic relationships

    baker’s yeast
    ::面包师的酵母

    Close-up of spherical spores, possibly representing Ascomycota fungi in various ecosystems.

        

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Fungi used to be classified as plants. Now, they are known to have unique traits that set them apart from plants. For example, fungal cell walls contain chitin, not cellulose, and fungi absorb food rather than make their own.
      ::菌类过去被归类为植物。 现在,它们已知有把植物和植物分开的独特特性。 比如,真菌细胞的墙壁里有辣椒,不是纤维素,而是真菌吸收食物,而不是自己制造。
    • Below the level of the kingdom, classification of fungi is controversial.
      ::在王国之下,真菌的分类是有争议的。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. State why fungi were once classified as plants.
      ::为什么真菌曾经被归类为植物?
    2. Explain the significance of the chitin cell wall of fungi.
      ::解释真菌的细胞墙的意义
    3. Mushrooms belong to what phylum of fungi?
      ::蘑菇属于什么真菌的植物?