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  • General

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  • 菌菌共生

    Lichen growing on a tree trunk, illustrating symbiosis between fungus and photosynthetic organisms.

    Do all fungi feed only on dead organisms?
    ::所有真菌只喂死生物吗?

    Not all. This is a unique organism called a lichen . It is a symbiotic relationship between a and a photosynthetic or . The from the alga or bacterium live inside the fungus. Besides providing a home, the fungus also provides nutrients . In turn, the bacterium or the alga provides energy to the fungus by performing .
    ::并非全部。 这是一种独特的有机体,叫做地衣。 这是一种与光合体或光合体之间的共生关系。 藻类或细菌的菌体生活在真菌中。 除了提供家庭,真菌也提供养分。 而细菌或藻类则通过表演为真菌提供能量。

    Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
    ::蘑菇的共生关系

    Not all fungi feed on dead organisms. Many are involved in symbiotic relationships, including parasitism and mutualism .
    ::并非所有的真菌都以死亡生物为食,许多人参与共生关系,包括寄生虫炎和互助关系。

    Fungi as Parasites
    ::蘑菇作为寄生虫

    In a parasitic relationship, the parasite benefits while the host is harmed. Parasitic fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from them. Fungi have special structures for penetrating a host. They also produce that break down the host’s tissues .
    ::在寄生虫关系中,寄生虫在宿主受到伤害时受益。寄生虫真菌存在于其他生物中或在其他生物中生存,并从中获取养分。 寄生虫有穿透宿主的特殊结构。 寄生虫还产生分解宿主组织的效果。

    Parasitic fungi often cause illness and may eventually kill their host. They are the major cause of disease in agricultural plants. Fungi also parasitize , such as the insect pictured in Figure . Fungi even parasitize humans. Did you ever have athelete’s foot? If so, you were the host of a parasitic fungus.
    ::寄生虫真菌经常致病,最终可能会杀死宿主。它们是农业植物疾病的主要原因。 寄生虫也是寄生虫,如图中描述的昆虫。 寄生虫甚至会寄生虫。 你曾经有过神仙脚吗? 如果是这样的话,你是寄生虫真菌的宿主。

    A close-up of a fly infected by the parasitic fungus Cordyceps.
    Parasitic Fungus and Insect Host. The parasitic fungus named Cordyceps is shown here growing on its host—a fly.

    Mutualism in Fungi
    ::蘑菇的相互主义

    Fungi have several mutualistic relationships with other organisms. In mutualism, both organisms benefit from the relationship. Two common mutualistic relationships involving fungi are mycorrhiza and lichen.
    ::菌类与其他生物有几种相互的关系。 在相互关系中,两种生物都从这种关系中受益。 两种共同的、涉及真菌的相互关系是菌菌和地衣。

    • A mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a plant. The fungus grows in or on the plant . The fungus benefits from the easy access to food made by the plant. The plant benefits because the fungus puts out mycelia that help absorb and nutrients. Scientists think that a symbiotic relationship such as this may have allowed plants to first colonize the land.
      ::菌菌是真菌和植物之间的一种相互关系。真菌生长在植物内部或植物上。真菌从植物轻易获得食物中受益。植物的好处是,真菌释放出有助于吸收和养分的微菌。科学家认为,这种共生关系可能使植物首先成为土地的殖民地。
    • A lichen is an organism that results from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism. The other organism is usually a cyanobacterium or green alga. The fungus grows around the bacterial or algal cells. The fungus benefits from the constant supply of food produced by the photosynthesizer. The photosynthesizer benefits from the water and nutrients absorbed by the fungus. Figure shows lichen growing on a rock.
      ::是一种有机体,产生于真菌和光合生物之间的相互关系,其他有机体通常是氰化物或绿色藻类。真菌在细菌或藻类细胞周围生长。真菌从光合能器生产的食品的不断供应中受益。光合能剂从真菌吸收的水和养分中受益。图显示在岩石上生长的地衣。
    Lichen growing on a rock, demonstrating a mutualistic relationship between fungus and algae.
    Lichen Growing on Rock. Unlike plants, lichen can grow on bare rocks because they don’t have roots. That’s why lichens are often pioneer species in primary ecological succession. How do lichen get water and nutrients without roots?

    Some fungi have mutualistic relationships with . For example:
    ::有些真菌与一些真菌有相互的关系。例如:

    • Leafcutter ants grow fungi on beds of leaves in their nests. The fungi get a protected place to live. The ants feed the fungi to their larvae .
      ::蚁在巢里的树叶上生长真菌。真菌有一个受保护的地方可以生存。蚂蚁把真菌喂给幼虫。
    • Ambrosia beetles bore holes in tree bark and “plant” fungal spores in the holes. The holes in the bark give the fungi an ideal place to grow. The beetles harvest fungi from their “garden.”
      ::Ambrosia Beetles在树皮上打孔,在洞中打“植物”真菌种。 树皮上的洞给真菌提供了理想生长的地方。 甲虫从他们的“花园”中收获真菌。

       

     

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Many fungi are involved in symbiotic relationships.
      ::许多真菌参与共生关系。
    • Some fungi are parasites. They are specialized to penetrate a host and break down the host’s tissues. Parasitic fungi often cause illness and may eventually kill their host.
      ::有些真菌是寄生虫。 它们专门用来穿透宿主,粉碎宿主的组织。 寄生虫的真菌经常致病,最终可能会杀死宿主。
    • Two common mutualistic relationships involving fungi are mycorrhiza (fungi and plant roots) and lichen (fungi and either cyanobacteria or green algae).
      ::涉及真菌的两种共同的相互关系是:近效菌和植物根和地衣菌(fungi和氰化物或绿藻)。
    • Some fungi also have mutualistic relationships with insects.
      ::有些真菌也与昆虫有相互的关系。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How significant are fungi as plant parasites?
      ::真菌作为植物寄生虫有多大意义?
    2. Describe an example of a mutualistic relationship between fungi and insects.
      ::描述真菌和昆虫之间相互关系的例子。
    3. Assume that you notice a fungus growing on a plant. What possible relationships might exist between the fungus and the plant? What type of evidence might help you identify which is the correct relationship?
      ::假设你注意到植物上生长的真菌。真菌和植物之间可能存在什么关系?哪种证据可以帮助你确定哪一种关系是正确的关系?
    4. Compare and contrast mycorrhiza and lichen.
      ::比较和对比我的衣原体和衣原体