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  • General

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  • 使用真菌

    A lemon with green mold growing on its surface, reflecting on a dark surface.

    What's growing on this lemon?
    ::柠檬上长了什么?

    Would you believe penicillin ? Penicillin is a , which of course is a , one that has helped millions, if not billions, of people.
    ::你相信青霉素吗?青霉素是一个,当然是一个, 帮助了上百万,甚至数十亿人。

    Human Uses of Fungi
    ::人用真菌

    Whenever you eat pizza, you eat fungi, even if you don’t like your pizza with mushrooms . That’s because pizza dough contains yeast . Do you know other foods that are made with fungi?
    ::每当你吃比萨,你就会吃真菌,即使你不喜欢带蘑菇的比萨饼。 这是因为披萨面团含有酵母。 你知道其他用真菌做的食品吗?

    Fungi for Food
    ::食品真菌

    Humans have collected and grown mushrooms for food for thousands of years. Figure shows some of the many types of mushrooms that people eat. Yeasts are used in bread baking and brewing alcoholic beverages. Other fungi are used in fermenting a wide variety of foods, including soy sauce, tempeh, and cheeses. Blue cheese has its distinctive appearance and flavor because of the fungus growing though it (see Figure ).
    ::人类收集和种植蘑菇作为食物已有数千年之久。图中显示了人们食用的许多蘑菇种类中的某些种类。动物用于面包烘烤和酿制酒精饮料。其他真菌用于发酵种类繁多的食品,包括豆酱、萝卜和奶酪。蓝奶酪有其独特的外观和口味,因为通过它生长的真菌(见图 ) 。

    Various types of edible mushrooms displayed in open boxes at a market.
    These are just a few of the many species of edible mushrooms consumed by humans.
    A block of blue cheese with a section cut out, showcasing its blue mold and texture.
    Blue Cheese. The dark blue strands running through this cheese are a fungus. In fact, this cheese is moldy! The fungus is Penicillium roqueforti, a type of mold.

    Fungi for Pest Control
    ::害虫控制真菌

    Harmless fungi can be used to control pathogenic and insect pests on crops. Fungi compete with bacteria for nutrients and space, and they parasitize that eat plants. Fungi reduce the need for pesticides and other toxic chemicals.
    ::无伤真菌可用于控制作物病原体和昆虫害虫。真菌与细菌竞争养分和空间,它们使食用植物产生寄生虫。真菌减少了对杀虫剂和其他有毒化学品的需要。

    Other Uses of Fungi
    ::菌菌的其他用途

    Fungi are useful for many other reasons.
    ::由于其他许多原因,真菌很有用。

    • They are a major source of ascorbic acid ( vitamin C).
      ::它们是一个主要的天文酸(Vitamin C)来源。
    • They produce antibiotics such as penicillin , which has saved countless lives.
      ::他们生产青霉素等抗生素,它拯救了无数生命。
    • They can be genetically engineered to produce insulin and other human .
      ::他们可以基因改造 生产胰岛素和其他人类。
    • They are model research organisms . 
      ::它们是示范研究生物体。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Humans use fungi for many purposes, including as food or in the preparation of food.
      ::人类出于多种目的使用真菌,包括作为食物或在准备食物时使用真菌。
    • Humans also use fungi for pest control.
      ::人类还使用真菌来控制虫害。
    • In addition, fungi can be used to produce citric acid, antibiotics, and human hormones.
      ::此外,真菌还可用于生产柠檬酸、抗生素和人类荷尔蒙。
    • Fungi are model research organisms as well.
      ::菌类也是示范研究生物。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Describe two ways that humans use fungi.
      ::描述人类使用真菌的两种方式。
    2. How are fungi used to control pests?
      ::如何使用真菌来控制害虫?