章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 菌病

    Bright red mushrooms with white spots growing in grass, known as Amanita Muscaria.

    Would you eat these mushrooms?
    ::你会吃这些蘑菇吗?

    Despite their appealing look, these mushrooms are not ones you would want to eat for dinner. The mushrooms pictured above are  Amanita Muscaria , also known as Fly Agaric. They are known to cause nausea, delirium and even seizures after ingestion due to certain compounds they contain. While many are delicious and edible, many others can cause negative effects ranging from indigestion to organ failure and death. 
    ::尽管这些蘑菇的外观吸引人,但这些蘑菇却不是你愿意吃晚餐的蘑菇。上面描绘的蘑菇是Amanita Muscaria,又称Fly Agaric,据知它们由于含有某些化合物而导致恶心、痢疾,甚至因摄食后癫痫发作。虽然许多蘑菇是美味的,可以食用,但其他许多蘑菇可能会造成从消化不良到器官衰竭和死亡等各种负面影响。

    Fungi and Human Disease
    ::菌菌病和人类疾病

    Fungi cause human illness in three different ways: poisonings, parasitic infections, and allergic reactions. Science on the SPOT: Fungus Fair explores some of these dangerous but also tasty and weirdly wonderful fungi. 
    ::菌类以三种不同的方式引起人类疾病:中毒、寄生虫感染和过敏反应。 SPOT的科学:Fungus Fair 探索了其中的一些危险但美味又奇特的真菌。

    Fungal Poisoning
    ::富家禽中毒

    Many fungi protect themselves from parasites and predators by producing toxic chemicals. If people eat toxic fungi, they may experience digestive problems, hallucinations, organ failure, and even death. Most cases of mushroom poisoning are due to mistaken identity. That’s because many toxic mushrooms look very similar to safe, edible mushrooms. An example is shown in Figure  .
    ::许多真菌通过生产有毒化学品来保护自己免受寄生虫和食肉动物的侵害。 如果人们食用有毒真菌,他们可能会经历消化问题、幻觉、器官衰竭甚至死亡。 大多数蘑菇中毒案例都是由错误身份造成的。 这是因为许多有毒蘑菇看起来与安全的食用蘑菇非常相似。 图中的例子就是一例。

    Comparison of a toxic destroying angel mushroom and an edible puffball mushroom.
    Poisonous or Edible? The destroying angel mushroom on the left causes liver and kidney failure. The puffball mushroom on the right is tasty and harmless. Do you think you could tell these two species of mushrooms apart?

    Fungal Parasites
    ::复国寄生虫

    Some fungi cause disease when they become human parasites. Two examples are fungi in the genera Candida and Trichophyton.
    ::有些真菌在成为人类寄生虫时引起疾病,其中两个例子是Candida和Trichophyton基因中的真菌。

    • Candida are yeast that cause candidiasis , commonly called a “ yeast infection .” The yeast can infect the mouth or the vagina . If yeast enter the , they cause a potentially life threatening illness. However, this is rare, except in people with a depressed immune system .
      ::Candida是导致白丝虫病的酵母,通常被称为“非传染病 ” 。 酵母可以感染口腔或阴道。 如果酵母进入,它们可能造成威胁生命的疾病。 但是,这很少见,除非是免疫系统不健全的人。
    • Trichophyton are fungi that cause ringworm . This is a skin infection characterized by a ring-shaped rash. The rash may occur on the arms, legs, head, neck, or trunk. The same fungi cause athlete’s foot when they infect the skin between the toes. Athlete’s foot is the second most common skin disease in the U.S.
      ::Trichophyton是造成虫的真菌。 这是以环状皮疹为特征的皮肤感染。 皮疹可能发生在手臂、腿、头、颈或树干上。 同样的真菌造成运动员脚部感染脚趾之间的皮肤。 阿特利特的脚是美国第二大常见的皮肤疾病。

    Figure shows signs of these two infections.
    ::图中显示了这两种感染的迹象。

    Comparison of ringworm rash and athlete's foot symptoms on human skin.
    Ringworm produces a ring-shaped rash, but it isn’t caused by a worm. It’s caused by the same fungus that causes athlete’s foot.

    Fungal Allergies
    ::菌类过敏

    Mold allergies are very common. They are caused by airborne mold spores. When the spores enter the respiratory tract , the immune system responds to them as though they were harmful microbes. Symptoms may include sneezing, coughing, and difficulty . The symptoms are likely to be more severe in people with asthma or other respiratory diseases. Long-term exposure to mold spores may also weaken the immune system.
    ::甲状腺过敏非常常见,它们是由空气中的模子造成的。当进入呼吸道时,免疫系统的反应就好像是有害的微生物一样。症状可能包括喷嚏、咳嗽和困难。在哮喘或其他呼吸道疾病患者中,症状可能更为严重。长期接触模子颗粒也会削弱免疫系统。

    Molds grow indoors as well as out. Indoors, they grow in showers, basements, and other damp places. Homes damaged in floods and hurricanes may have mold growing just about everywhere (see Figure  ). Indoor mold may cause more health problems than outdoor mold because of the closed, confined space. Most people also spend more time indoors than out.
    ::门外和室内都生长着门外,在淋浴、地下室和其他潮湿的地方生长,在洪水和飓风中受损的房屋几乎到处生长(见图 ) 。 门外的模具可能比户外封闭的封闭空间造成更多的健康问题。 大多数人的室内时间也比户外时间多。

    Mold growth on walls and ceiling in a storm-damaged indoor home environment.
    The mold growing on the walls and ceiling of this storm-damaged home may be harmful to human health.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Fungi cause three different types of human illness: poisonings, parasitic infections, and allergies.
      ::菌菌导致三种不同类型的人类疾病:中毒、寄生虫感染和过敏。
    • Many poisonous mushrooms are eaten by mistake because they look like edible mushrooms.
      ::许多有毒蘑菇被误食 因为它们看起来像食用蘑菇
    • Parasitic yeasts cause candidiasis, ringworm, and athlete’s foot.
      ::寄生虫酵母导致直线丝虫、虫和运动员脚。
    • Mold allergies are very common.
      ::多发性过敏非常常见。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Explain why you should never eat mushrooms you find in the woods unless you know for certain which type of mushrooms they are.
      ::解释一下为什么你不应该吃 在树林里发现的蘑菇 除非你知道这些蘑菇是哪种蘑菇
    2. Compare and contrast ringworm and athlete’s foot.
      ::比较和对比和运动员的脚。
    3. How does mold cause allergies?
      ::模具是如何引起过敏的?
    4. State why indoor mold may cause more health problems than outdoor mold.
      ::说明为什么室内模具可能造成比室外模具更多的健康问题。