4.2 墨西哥(2天)
Section outline
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Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Describe the physical geography of Mexico, identifying the core and peripheral areas.
::描述墨西哥的实际地理,确定核心和外围地区。 -
Outline the socioeconomic classes in Mexico and explain the ethnic differences of each.
::概述墨西哥的社会经济阶层,并解释每个阶层的种族差异。 -
Explain how the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and maquiladoras have influenced the economic and employment situations in Mexico.
::解释北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)和出口加工厂如何影响墨西哥的经济和就业状况。 -
Summarize in a few sentences how the drug cartels have become an integrated part of the Mexican economy and political situation.
::在几句话中总结一下毒品卡特尔如何成为墨西哥经济和政治局势的一个组成部分。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional Unit 04; Latin America: Chapter 4.2 Mexico
::TERS 区域股04;拉丁美洲:第4.2章 墨西哥WG.1A Analyze the effects of physical and human geographic patterns and processes on the past and describe their impact on the present, including significant physical features and environmental conditions that influenced migration patterns and shaped the distribution of culture groups today
::WG.1A 分析物理和人类地理模式和过程对过去的影响,并描述其对目前的影响,包括影响移徙模式并影响当今文化群体分布的重大物理特征和环境条件WG.1B Trace the spatial diffusion of phenomena such as the Columbian Exchange or the diffusion of American popular culture and describe the effects on regions of contact
::WG.1B 追踪哥伦比亚交流会等现象的空间扩散或美国流行文化的传播,并描述对接触区域的影响WG.2B Explain how changes in societies have led to diverse uses of physical features
::WG.2B 解释社会变化如何导致对物理特征的多种利用WG.3B Describe the physical processes that affect the environments of regions, including weather, tectonic forces, erosion, and soil-building process.
::WG.3B 描述影响区域环境的物理过程,包括天气、构造力、侵蚀和土壤建设过程。WG.4A Explain how elevation, latitude, wind systems, ocean currents, position on a continent, and mountain barriers influence temperature, precipitation, and distribution of climate regions
::WG.4A 解释高海拔、纬度、风系统、洋流、大陆位置、山地屏障如何影响气候区域的温度、降水和分布WG.5A Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements
::WG.5A 分析一个地方的特征如何与其政治、经济、社会和文化因素相关WG.5B Interpret political, economic, social, and demographic indicators (gross domestic product per capita, life expectancy, literacy, and infant mortality) to determine the level of development and standard of living in nations using the terms Human Development Index, less developed, newly industrialized, and more developed
::WG.5B 解释政治、经济、社会和人口指标(人均国内生产总值、预期寿命、识字率、识字率和婴儿死亡率),以确定使用人类发展指数、欠发达、新兴工业化和较发达等术语的国家的发展水平和生活水平WG.6B Explain the processes that have caused changes in settlement patterns, including urbanization, transportation, access to and availability of resources, and economic activities
::WG.6B 解释导致住区模式变化的进程,包括城市化、运输、获得和获得资源以及经济活动WG.7B Explain how political, economic, social, and environmental push and pull factors and physical geography affect the routes and flows of human migration
::WG.7B 解释政治、经济、社会和环境推动和拉动因素及自然地理地理因素和自然地理如何影响人类移徙的路线和流动WG.8B Describe the interaction between humans and the physical environment and analyze the consequences of extreme weather and other natural disasters such as El Niño, floods, tsunamis, and volcanoes.
::WG.8B 描述人类与自然环境之间的相互作用,分析极端天气和厄尔尼诺、洪水、海啸和火山等其他自然灾害的后果。WG.10C Compare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as subsistence agriculture versus commercial agriculture or cottage industries versus commercial industries
::WG.10C 比较人们通过生产商品和服务满足其基本需要的方式,如维持生计的农业、商业农业或家庭手工业、商业工业WG.10D Compare global trade patterns over time and examine the implications of globalization, including outsourcing and free trade zones
::WG.10D 比较随着时间推移的全球贸易格局并审查全球化的影响,包括外包和自由贸易区WG.15A Identify and give examples of different points of view that influence the development of public policies and decision-making processes on local, state, national, and international levels
::WG.15A 查明并举例说明影响地方、国家、国家和国际各级公共政策和决策进程的制定的不同观点和决策过程的不同观点WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。Mexico's Physical Characteristics
::墨西哥的生理特征Mexico is the 8th largest country in the world and about one-fifth the size of the United States. Bordered to the north by the United States, Mexico stretches south to Central America, where it is bordered by and . One of Mexico’s prominent geographical features is the world’s longest peninsula, the 775-mile-long Baja California Peninsula, which lies between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez). The Baja California Peninsula includes a series of mountain ranges called the Peninsular Ranges.
::墨西哥是世界上第八大国家,大约是美国面积的五分之一。 与美国北部相邻的墨西哥向南延伸至中美洲,与中美洲相邻和相邻。 墨西哥突出的地理特征之一是世界上最长的半岛 — — 775英里长的下加利福尼亚半岛,位于太平洋和加利福尼亚湾(又称科特斯海 ) 之间。 下加利福尼亚半岛包括一系列称为半岛山脉的山脉。
The Picacho del Diablo in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir mountain range of Baja California State, Mexico.
::墨西哥下加利福尼亚州San Pedro Mártir山区的Picacho del Diablo山脉。
The Tropic of Cancer cuts across Mexico, dividing it into two different climatic zones: a temperate zone to the north and a tropical zone to the south. In the northern temperate zone, temperatures can be hot in the summer, often rising above 80 °F, but considerably cooler in the winter. By contrast, temperatures vary very little from season to season in the tropical zone, with average temperatures hovering very close to 80 °F year-round. Temperatures in the south tend to vary as a function of elevation.
::热带癌症横跨墨西哥,分为两个不同的气候区:北部温带和南部热带区。在北部温带地区,夏季气温可能炎热,通常高于80°F,但冬季温度要低得多。相比之下,热带地区的气温变化不大,平均气温徘徊在非常接近80°F的全年平均气温上下。 南部的温度随着升高的函数而变化。Mexico is characterized by a great variety of climates, including areas with hot humid, temperate humid, and arid climates. There are mountainous regions, foothills, plateaus, deserts, and coastal plains, all with their own climatic conditions. For example, in the northern desert portions of the country, summer and winter temperatures are extreme. Temperatures in the and exceed 110 °F, while in the mountainous areas snow can be seen at higher elevations throughout the year.
::墨西哥有多种多样的气候,包括潮湿、温带潮湿和干旱气候地区,山区、山丘、高原、沙漠和沿海平原都有山区、山丘、高原、沙漠和沿海平原,它们都有自己的气候条件,例如,在墨西哥北部沙漠地区,夏季和冬季气温极高,气温在110°F,温度超过110°F,而在山区,全年高海拔都能看到雪。Two major mountain ranges extend north and south along Mexico’s coastlines and are actually extensions of southwestern US ranges. The Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre Oriental are roughly parallel to each other. The Sierra Madre Occidental, an extension of the Sierra Nevada range, is about 3,107 miles along the west coast, with peaks higher than 9,843 feet. The Sierra Madre Oriental is an extension of the Rocky Mountains and is 808 miles along the east coast.
::墨西哥的两大山脉沿海岸线向北和向南延伸,实际上是美国西南山脉的延伸。 西山和东山大致平行。 西山是内华达山脉的延伸,西山大约3,107英里沿西海岸,峰值超过9,843英尺。 东山是洛基山脉的延伸,东山808英里沿东海岸。
The Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico
::墨西哥的西山区
The Sierra Oriental in Mexico
::墨西哥的东方山区
Between these two mountain ranges lies a group of broad plateaus, including the Mexican Plateau, or Mexican Altiplano (a wide valley between mountain ranges). The central portions, with their rolling hills and broad valleys include fertile farms and productive ranch land. The Mexican Altiplano is divided into northern and southern sections, with the northern section dominated by Mexico’s most expansive desert, the Chihuahuan Desert.
::在这两座山脉之间,有一大片高原,包括墨西哥高原(Mexican Plateau ) , 或墨西哥高原(两山脉之间宽阔的山谷 ) 。 中部地区,包括滚动的山丘和宽阔的山谷,包括肥沃的农场和肥沃的牧场。 墨西哥高原分为北段和南段,北段以墨西哥最广阔的沙漠奇瓦瓦沙漠为主。
The Tulancingo Valley in Huasca de Ocampo, Hidalgo, Mexico, is located on the Mexican Altiplano
::墨西哥伊达尔戈州Huasca de Ocampo的Tulancingo山谷位于墨西哥阿尔蒂平原上。
Another prominent mountain range is the Cordillera Neovolcánica range, which is a range of volcanoes nearly 620 miles east to west across the central and southern portion of the country. This range represents the dividing line between North and Central America. The peaks of the Cordillera Neovolcánica can reach higher than 16,404 feet in height and are snow covered the whole year.
::另一个突出的山脉是Cordillera Neovolcánica山脉,该山脉是该国中部和南部以东近620英里、以西近620英里处的火山,是北美和中美洲之间的分界线,Cordillera Neovolcánica山峰的高度可达16 404英尺,全年被雪覆盖。
The Pico de Orizaba, the highest point in Mexico, is located in the Cordillera Neovolcánica range.
::墨西哥最高点Pico de Orizaba位于Cordillera Neovolcánica山脉。
Copper Canyon, in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua, is about seven times larger than the Grand Canyon. Copper Canyon was formed by six rivers flowing through a series of 20 different canyons. At its deepest point, Copper Canyon is 1,462 feet deeper than the Grand Canyon.
::墨西哥北部奇瓦瓦州的铜峡谷比大峡谷大七倍。 铜峡谷由六条河流形成,河流横跨20个不同的峡谷。 在最深处,铜峡谷比大峡谷深1 462英尺。
Divisadero, Barrancas del Cobre, Chihuahua, Mexico, is located in Copper Canyon.
::墨西哥奇瓦瓦州Barrancas del Cobre的Divisadero位于铜峡谷。
More than one-quarter of Mexico’s landmass is covered in forests. As a result, timber is an important natural resource. Mexico's biodiversity ranks 4th in the world. It has the largest number of reptile species, ranks second for mammals, and ranks fourth for the number of amphibian and plant species. It is estimated that more than 10 percent of the world’s species live here. Deforestation is a key environmental concern, but timber remains an important natural resource. The loss of natural habitat coincides with depletion of natural resources and an increase in population.
::墨西哥四分之一以上的陆地覆盖在森林中,因此,木材是一个重要的自然资源。 墨西哥的生物多样性在世界排名第四。 墨西哥的爬行动物物种数量最多,哺乳动物排在第二位,植物和两栖物种数量居第四位。 据估计,超过10%的世界物种生活在这里。 砍伐森林是一个关键的环境问题,但木材仍然是一个重要的自然资源。 自然生境的丧失与自然资源枯竭和人口增加相吻合。Mexico is home to a range of volcanoes, some of which are active. Popocatépetl (Smoking Warrior) and Ixtaccíhuatl (White Lady) occasionally send out puffs of smoke clearly visible in Mexico City. Popocatépetl is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico, erupting 15 times since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519 C.E. This volcano is close enough to populations to threaten millions of people.
::墨西哥是一系列火山的所在地,其中一些火山是活火山。 Popocatepetel(吸烟勇士)和Ixtaccíhuatl(白太婆)偶尔发出在墨西哥城明显可见的烟雾。 Popocatépetel是墨西哥最活跃的火山之一,自公元前1519年西班牙火山抵达以来爆发了15次。 这座火山离人口足够近,足以威胁数百万人。
A map of the major volcanoes in Mexico.
::墨西哥主要火山的分布图
Three tectonic plates underlie Mexico, making it one of the most seismically active regions on earth. In 1985, an earthquake centered off Mexico’s Pacific coast killed more than 10,000 people in Mexico City and did significant damage to the city’s infrastructure.
::墨西哥周边有三个构造板块,成为地球上地震活动最活跃的地区之一。 1985年,墨西哥太平洋沿岸的地震造成墨西哥城超过1万人死亡,该市的基础设施受到严重破坏。Many of Mexico’s natural resources lie beneath the surface. Mexico is rich in natural resources and has robust mining industries that tap large deposits of silver, copper, gold, lead, and zinc. Mexico also has a sizable supply of salt, fluorite, iron, manganese, sulfur, phosphate, tungsten, molybdenum, and gypsum. Natural gas and petroleum also make the list of Mexico’s natural resources and are important export products to the United States. There has been some concern about declining petroleum resources. However, new reserves are being found offshore in the Gulf of Mexico.
::墨西哥的许多自然资源都位于地表之下。 墨西哥拥有丰富的自然资源和强大的采矿业,开采大量银、铜、金、铅和锌的矿藏。 墨西哥的盐、氟石、铁、锰、硫磺、磷酸盐、钨、和石膏供应量也很大。 天然气和石油也是墨西哥自然资源清单的一部分,也是美国的重要出口产品。 石油资源不断减少引起了人们的担忧。 但是,墨西哥湾的近海地区正在发现新的储量。Though only about 13 percent of Mexico’s land area is cultivated, favorable climatic conditions mean that food products are also an important natural resource both for export and for feeding the country’s population. Tomatoes, corn, vanilla, avocado, beans, cotton, coffee, sugarcane, and fruit are harvested in large quantities. Of these, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, tomatoes, and fruit are primarily grown for export, with most of these products transported to the United States.
::尽管墨西哥土地面积只有大约13%的耕地,但有利的气候条件意味着食品也是出口和供养墨西哥人口的重要自然资源。 番茄、玉米、香草、鳄梨、豆、棉花、咖啡、甘蔗和水果大量收获。 其中咖啡、棉花、甘蔗、西红柿和水果主要用于出口,其中大部分产品运往美国。Mexico has pronounced wet and dry seasons. Most of the country receives rain between June and mid-October, with July being the wettest month. Much less rain occurs during the other months. February is usually the driest month. Mexico lies in the middle of the hurricane belt, and all of the regions on both coasts are at risk for these storms between June and November. Hurricanes along the Pacific coast are much less frequent and less violent than those along Mexico’s Gulf and Caribbean coasts. Hurricanes can cause extensive damage to infrastructure along the coasts where major tourist resorts are located. Mexico’s extensive and beautiful coastlines provide an important boon to the nation’s tourism industry.
::墨西哥的潮湿季节和旱季肆虐。 大部分国家都在6月至10月中旬之间降雨,而7月是湿透的月份。 在另外几个月里,降雨少得多。 2月通常是最干燥的月份。 墨西哥位于飓风带中央,6月至11月,两岸的所有地区都面临风暴风险。 太平洋沿岸的飓风比墨西哥海湾和加勒比沿岸的飓风少得多,暴力也少得多。 飓风可能给主要旅游胜地所在的沿海地区的基础设施造成巨大的破坏。 墨西哥广阔而美丽的海岸线为墨西哥旅游业提供了重要保障。The Core versus the Periphery
::核心对周边In the past few decades, the Mexican economy has slowly become less centralized and more focused on the private sector. The Mexican economy is a mix of modern industry, agriculture, and tourism. Current estimates indicate that the service sector makes up about 60 percent of the economy, followed by the industrial sector at 33 percent. Agriculture represents just above 4 percent. Per-capita income in Mexico is about one-third of what it is in the United States. The Mexican labor force is estimated at 46 million individuals. Fourteen percent of the labor force works in agriculture, 23 percent in the industrial sector, and 62 percent in the service sector.
::在过去几十年中,墨西哥经济逐渐减少集中化,更加关注私营部门。墨西哥经济是现代工业、农业和旅游业的混合体。目前的估计表明,服务部门约占经济的60%,其次是工业部门的33%。 农业略高于4%。 墨西哥的人均收入大约是美国收入的三分之一。墨西哥劳动力估计有4 600万人。 14%的劳动力从事农业,23%在工业部门,62%在服务部门。Mexico is an example of a country with a clear core-periphery spatial relationship. Mexico City and its surrounding metropolitan centers represent the county’s core: the center of activity, industry, wealth, and power. Industries and manufacturing have been traditionally located in this region. As of 2010, the core region has most of the country’s 110 million people. Mexico’s population is about 77 percent urban, with the largest urban areas found in the core region.
::墨西哥是一个有着明确核心周边空间关系的国家的例子。 墨西哥城及其周边大都会中心代表了该州的核心:活动中心、工业、财富和电力。 工业和制造业传统上都位于这个地区。 截至2010年,核心地区人口占全国1.1亿人口的多数。 墨西哥人口约77%是城市人口,核心地区是最大的城市地区。
The periphery is the northern region, including the border area, and the southern region, including the Yucatán Peninsula.
::周边地区是北部地区,包括边境地区和南部地区,包括尤卡坦半岛。
Mexico City is one of the largest cities in the world and anchors the core region of Mexico. In 2010, the official population of Mexico City was about 18 million, but unofficial population estimates can reach 30 million. The actual population of Mexico City is unknown because of the hundreds of slums that surround the city on the slopes of the central valley. Mexico City is growing at a rate of more than 1,000 people per day through a combination of the number of births and the number migrants.
::2010年,墨西哥城官方人口约为1 800万,但非官方人口估计可达3 000万,墨西哥城的实际人口不详,因为中部山谷坡坡周围有数百个贫民窟,墨西哥城的出生率和移民人数加在一起,每天以1 000多人的速度增长。The lure of opportunities and advantages still pulls migrants to the city in search of a better life. Higher populations tax the resources in rural areas, where jobs and opportunities are hard to find. This push-pull relationship creates a strong rural-to-urban shift in Mexico. This same trend is found throughout the developing world.
::机会和优势的诱惑仍然将移民吸引到城市寻求更好的生活,在就业和机会难以找到的农村地区,更多的人口对资源征税,这种推拉关系在墨西哥造成了从农村到城市的强烈转变,这一趋势在发展中世界都存在。
A day with extensive air pollution will restrict the view of the horizon.
::一天空气污染大, 将限制地平线的视野。
Mexico City is a historic and vibrant city, but it is not without problems. At higher than 7,000 feet in elevation, it is located between two mountain ranges. Air pollution is severe and is made stronger by frequent air inversions that trap pollution over the city. To reduce air pollution, people are only allowed to drive their vehicles on certain days according to odd or even license plate numbers. Older vehicles that do not pass emissions standards are banned.
::墨西哥城是一个历史悠久、充满活力的城市,但并非没有问题。高地超过7 000英尺,位于两座山脉之间。空气污染严重,而且由于频繁的空气污染而加剧。为了减少空气污染,人们只能按照奇数或甚至牌照号码在某日驾驶汽车。没有通过排放标准的老旧车辆被禁止。Fresh water is in short supply, and wastewater from sewage is discharged into lakes down the valley. Amerindians who live by these lakes or on the islands have to live with the pollution. Since four to five million inhabitants in Mexico City have no utilities, human waste buildup has become a challenge. Fresh water is pumped into the city through pipelines from across the mountains. Leakage and inadequate maintenance causes a large percentage of the water to be lost before it can be used in the city. Water is also drawn from underground aquifers beneath the city, which causes parts of the city to sink as much as two feet. Structural damage to historic buildings is common because of this.
::生活在这些湖泊或岛屿上的美洲印第安人必须生活在污染之中。由于墨西哥城有四至五百万居民没有公用设施,因此,人为废物堆积已成为一项挑战。淡水通过山上各处的管道抽进该城市。渗漏和保养不足导致大量水在城市使用之前流失。水还来自该城市地下地下地下蓄水层,造成该城市部分地区多达两英尺的沉没。因此,对历史建筑的结构破坏十分普遍。
The Village of Yachachen in the Yucatán Peninsula is located in a peripheral region of Mexico.
::尤卡坦半岛Yachachen村位于墨西哥周边地区。
One of Mexico’s largest peripheral regions lies to the south, along the country’s border with Guatemala. It includes the state of Chiapas and most of the Yucatán Peninsula. This area is primarily inhabited by Amerindians of Mayan ancestry. As is typical of peripheral regions, little political or economic power is held by the residents, who find themselves at the lowest end of the social and economic order.
::墨西哥最大的外围地区之一位于南部,与危地马拉接壤的边境沿线,包括恰帕斯州和尤卡坦半岛的大部分地区。 这一地区主要由玛雅后裔的美洲印第安人居住。 与周边地区的典型情况一样,居民几乎没有政治和经济权力,他们处于社会和经济秩序的最底层。The highland region of Chiapas and the Yucatán Peninsula are primarily agricultural regions with few industries. However, tourism has changed the northern Yucatán. Cancún has developed into a major tourist destination, and Mayan ruins in the region attract thousands of tourists each season. Unless the local population can benefit from tourism, there are few other opportunities for employment in this part of Mexico.
::恰帕斯高原地区和尤卡坦半岛主要是农业地区,工业很少,但旅游业改变了尤卡坦北部,坎昆已发展成为一个主要旅游目的地,该地区的玛雅废墟每季吸引数千名游客,除非当地居民能够受益于旅游业,否则墨西哥这一地区没有其他就业机会。Cancún, Mexico attracts thousands of tourists every year.
::墨西哥坎昆每年吸引数千名游客。Mexican Social Order
::墨西哥社会秩序The early European control of the land, the economy, and the political system created conflict for the people of Mexico. The country has experienced domination followed by revolution at various times, starting with colonial domination, then economic domination, and lastly political domination. In each historic cycle, revolution and conflict were followed by change. The result was a mixing and acculturation of the Europeans and the Amerindians, which created the current mestizo mainstream society.
::欧洲对土地、经济和政治制度的早期控制为墨西哥人民制造了冲突。 墨西哥经历了各种时期的统治,随后发生了革命,首先是殖民统治,然后是经济统治,最后是政治统治。 在每一个历史循环中,革命和冲突都随之而来。 结果是欧洲人和美洲印第安人的混合和培养,形成了目前的混血儿主流社会。Mestizos make up about 60 percent of the current population, Europeans make up about 9 percent, and Amerindians make up about 30 percent. More than 60 indigenous languages spoken by Amerindian groups are recognized in Mexico. At least 17 indigenous languages are spoken by more than 100,000 people or more in Mexico, most of them living in the southern part of the country.
::Mestizos约占目前人口的60%,欧洲人约占9%,美洲印第安人约占30%,美洲印第安人群体使用的60多种土著语言在墨西哥得到承认,墨西哥至少有10万以上的人使用17种土著语言,其中多数居住在墨西哥南部。Mexican society is regionally and ethnically diverse, with sharp socioeconomic divisions. Many rural communities have strong ties with their regions and are often referred to as patrias chicas (“small homelands”), which helps to perpetuate the cultural diversity. The large number of indigenous languages and customs, especially in the southern parts of Mexico, further emphasize cultural diversity. Idigenismo (“pride in the indigenous heritage”) has been a unifying theme of Mexico since the 1930's.
::墨西哥社会在区域和种族上是多元的,社会经济差异很大,许多农村社区与所在地区有着密切的联系,并常常被称为 " 小家园 " ,这有助于文化多样性的延续,大量土著语言和习俗,特别是在墨西哥南部,进一步强调文化多样性,自1930年代以来,土著遗产的主要地位一直是墨西哥的一个统一主题。Daily life in Mexico can be dramatically different according to socioeconomic class, gender, ethnicity, rural or urban settlements, and other cultural differences. A peasant farmer in the rainforests of the Yucatán will lead a very different life than a museum curator in Mexico City or a lower-middle-class auto factory worker in Monterrey.
::墨西哥的日常生活可能因社会经济阶级、性别、种族、农村或城市住区以及其他文化差异而大不相同。 尤卡坦雨林中的农民将过着与墨西哥城博物馆馆长或蒙特雷中产阶级汽车厂工人截然不同的生活。
This graphic illustrates the socioeconomic classes in Mexico and most of Latin America.
::该图说明了墨西哥和拉丁美洲大部分地区的社会经济阶层。
Those of European descent are at the top of the pyramid and control a higher percentage of the wealth and power even though they are a minority of the population. The small middle class is largely mestizo, including managers, business people, and professionals. The working poor make up most of the population at the bottom of the pyramid. The lower class contains the highest percentage of people of Amerindian descent.
::欧洲血统的人在金字塔顶端,控制着更高比例的财富和权力,尽管他们是人口中的少数,但中产阶级中小的主要是混血人,包括经理、商人和专业人员,在金字塔底部工作的穷人占人口的大多数,在美洲血统的人中,低阶层占最高比例。The most desirable type of social structure is illustrated by the diamond shape below. In the middle is a large, employed middle class that pays most of the taxes and purchases consumer goods that help bolster the economy. The narrow top is made up of the wealthiest, and the narrow bottom is made up of people who live in poverty. This type of social structure does not happen in Mexico, where about 40 percent of the population lives in poverty.
::下面的钻石形状说明了最理想的社会结构类型。 中间是一个庞大的、就业的中产阶级,支付大部分税收和购买有助于支撑经济的消费品。 最狭窄的上层由最富有的人组成,最狭窄的下层由生活在贫困中的人组成。 这种社会结构在墨西哥不会发生,那里约有40%的人口生活在贫困中。
This graphic illustrates the ideal socioeconomic class structure with a large middle-class tax base.
::这个图示显示了具有庞大中产阶级税基的理想社会经济阶级结构。
Over the past century, the people of Mexico have been working through a demographic transition. As the rural regions of Mexico continued to have a high fertility rate, death rates declined, and the country’s population grew exponentially. In 1970, the population of Mexico was about 50 million. By the year 2000, it had more than doubled. However, the population estimate for 2017 was more than 124 million. As Mexico urbanizes and industrializes, family size and fertility rates have been in decline, and population growth has slowed.
::上个世纪以来,墨西哥人民经历了人口结构转型,墨西哥农村地区生育率居高不下,死亡率下降,人口急剧增长,1970年墨西哥人口约为5 000万,2000年人口翻了一番多,2017年人口估计数超过1.24亿,而墨西哥城市化和工业化、家庭规模和生育率下降,人口增长放缓。
Age Structure of Mexico: 0-14 years: 26.93 percent (male 17,155,689/female 16,390,913); 15-24 years: 17.54 percent (male 11,065,927/female 10,778,382); 25-54 years: 40.81 percent (male 24,550,848/female 26,282,836); 55-64 years: 7.64 percent (male 4,362,868/female 5,160,514); 65 years and over: 7.09 percent (male 3,949,823/female 4,876,995)
::墨西哥年龄结构:0-14岁:26.93%(男性17 155 689/女性16 390 913);15-24岁:17.54%(男性11 065 992/女性10 778 382);25-54岁:40.81%(男性24 550 848/女性26 282 836);55-64岁:7.64%(男性4 362 868/女性5 160 514);65岁及以上:7.09%(男性3 949 823/女性4 876 995)
The rural-to-urban shift has increased the population of Mexico City. Rural Amerindian groups in the isolated and remote mountainous regions of Mexico have historically been self-sufficient for their daily needs and have relied on the land for their livelihoods. In the past few decades, however, large family sizes have forced many young people to look to the cities for employment.
::向城市的农村转变增加了墨西哥城的人口,墨西哥偏远和偏远山区的美洲印第安人农村群体历来能够满足日常需要,依靠土地维持生计,但在过去几十年中,家庭规模大,迫使许多年轻人到城市找工作。NAFTA and Maquiladoras
::北美自由贸易协定和马基拉多拉斯The is a 1994 economic agreement with Canada, the United States, and Mexico that eliminated or reduced the tariffs, taxes, and quotas in these countries. This agreement created the world’s largest trading bloc to compete with the European Union and the global economy. This theoretically allows more corporate investments across borders and increases foreign ownership of business facilities. It stimulated a shift in the location of industrial activity and in the migration patterns of people in Mexico.
::1994年与加拿大、美国和墨西哥达成的经济协议废除或削减了这些国家的关税、税收和配额。 该协议创建了世界上最大的贸易集团,与欧盟和全球经济竞争。 从理论上讲,这允许更多的公司跨国投资,并增加了外国对商业设施的所有权。 它刺激了墨西哥工业活动地点和人口移徙模式的转变。Capitalizing on the old industrial locations of northern Mexico, such as Monterrey, corporations started to relocate manufacturing plants from the United States to Mexico to benefit from the low-cost labor. Cheap labor inflated corporate profits and reduced product costs. The United States is one of the world’s largest consumer markets, so these manufacturing plants, called maquiladoras (also known as maquilas ), benefited both countries.
::在墨西哥北部的旧工业地点(如蒙特雷 ) , 公司开始将制造业工厂从美国迁至墨西哥,以从低成本劳动力中获益。 廉价劳动力夸大了企业利润和降低产品成本。 美国是世界上最大的消费市场之一,因此这些制造业工厂(又称出口加工厂 ) , 也称出口加工厂(也称出口加工厂 ) , 使两国都受益。Maquiladoras are foreign-owned factories that import most of the raw materials or components needed for the products they manufacture, assemble, or process with local cheap labor. The finished products are exported for profit. US corporations own more than half of the maquiladoras in Mexico, and about 80 percent of the finished goods are exported back to the United States. Although most maquiladoras are located near the US-Mexican border, additional factories are located around Monterrey and other cities with easy access to the United States. A major trade corridor is developing between Monterrey and Dallas/Ft. Worth, which acts as a gateway to the US markets.
::马基拉多拉斯(Maquiladoras)是外国拥有的工厂,进口大部分原材料或零部件,这些原料或部件是它们用当地廉价劳动力制造、组装或加工的产品所需要的。 成品出口是为了盈利。 美国公司拥有墨西哥一半以上的加工厂,大约80%的成品出口回美国。 虽然大多数加工厂位于美国-墨西哥边境附近,但更多工厂位于蒙特雷和其他容易进入美国的城市周围。 蒙特雷和达拉斯/福特(Dallas/Ft)之间的主要贸易走廊正在发展,这是通向美国市场的通道。
Import/Export System of a Maquiladora Operation
::马基拉多洛行动进出口系统
Thousands of maquiladoras exist along the US-Mexican border, although the Mexican government has also promoted maquiladoras in other parts of Mexico. Maquiladoras provide jobs for workers in Mexico and provide inexpensive products for US consumers. There are some problems with this system, however.
::美墨边境沿线有数千个出口加工厂,尽管墨西哥政府也在墨西哥其他地区推广出口加工厂。 马奎拉多拉斯为墨西哥的工人提供工作,为美国消费者提供廉价产品。 然而,这一体系存在一些问题。Labor unions in the United States complain that the high-paying industrial jobs that support the US middle class are being lost to cheap Mexican labor. Labor laws in Mexico are less rigorous than laws in the United States. Maquiladora employees typically work longer hours and have less benefits than the average worker in the United States. Moreover, pollution standards in Mexico are not as restrictive as those in the United States, giving rise to environmental concerns.
::美国工会抱怨说,支持美国中产阶级的高薪工业工作正被廉价墨西哥劳动力所取代。 墨西哥的劳动法不如美国的法律那么严格。 马奎拉多拉雇员通常工作时间更长,福利也比美国普通工人低。 此外,墨西哥的污染标准没有美国那么严格,引发了环境问题。The central US-Mexican border region has arid type B climates with fresh water in short supply. This is a problem because water is in high demand in industrial processes. With the rapid increase in employment along the border, many of the people who work in the factories do not have adequate housing or utilities. Extensive slum areas have grown around maquiladora zones, which have little law enforcement, high crime, and few services.
::美国-墨西哥中部边境地区的B型气候干旱,淡水短缺,这是个问题,因为工业流程对水的需求很大。 随着边境就业的迅速增加,许多在工厂工作的人没有适足的住房或公用设施。 在边境加工业区周围,贫民窟面积扩大,执法不力,犯罪率高,服务少。The US-Mexican border region has become a strong pull factor, attracting poor people who seek greater opportunities and advantages to move from Mexico City and other southern regions of Mexico to the border region to look for work. When they do not find work, they are compelled to cross the US border illegally. The United States is considered a land of opportunity and attracts immigrants—both legal and illegal—from Mexico. For political and economic reasons, the US political parties have not adequately addressed the problem of illegal immigrants from Mexico.
::美国-墨西哥边境地区已成为一个强大的拉动因素,吸引了寻求更多机会和优势的穷人从墨西哥城和墨西哥其他南部地区前往边境地区寻找工作,当他们找不到工作时,他们被迫非法跨越美国边境,美国被视为一个充满机会的地方,吸引了来自墨西哥的移民,无论是合法移民还是非法移民。 出于政治和经济原因,美国政党没有充分解决来自墨西哥的非法移民问题。
Opportunities and advantages drive the push-pull of migrants searching for improved economic conditions.
::机会和优势驱动着移民寻求改善经济条件的推动和拉动。
It is not only US corporations that have taken advantage of the explosion in the number of maquiladoras in Mexico. European and Japanese companies have also engaged in the market. Capitalism thrives on cheap labor and accessible raw materials. With much of this industrial activity located in the northern sector of Mexico, it becomes easier to understand the difficult issues that confront Mexico’s southernmost state of Chiapas, where there is little benefit from this growth of economic activity.
::不仅美国公司利用了墨西哥边境加工厂数量的爆炸。 欧洲和日本公司也参与了市场。 资本主义依靠廉价劳动力和无障碍原材料蓬勃发展。 随着墨西哥北部大部分工业活动,人们更容易理解墨西哥最南端的恰帕斯州所面临的困难问题。 恰帕斯州从经济活动的这种增长中获益甚少。In 1995, Chile was considered a possible addition to the countries participating in NAFTA. However, US congressional differences have prevented Chile from being accepted as a full member. As a result, Chile remains a “silent partner” and conducts business according to similar rules. Agreements with Chile block Asian goods from making their way into the United States through Chile and Mexico. The United States, Mexico, and Canada all have full-fledged independent free-trade agreements with Chile.
::1995年,智利被认为是参加北美自由贸易协定国家的一种可能补充。 但是,美国国会的分歧使得智利无法被接纳为正式成员。 因此,智利仍然是“沉默的伙伴 ” , 并且按照类似的规则开展业务。 与智利签订的协议阻止亚洲商品通过智利和墨西哥进入美国。 美国、墨西哥和加拿大都与智利签订了完全独立的自由贸易协定。The is a plan to integrate the entire Western Hemisphere into one giant trading bloc. The same concerns that the European Union faced regarding currency, language, and law confront this proposal. A new currency called the Eagle was proposed as early as the 1990s to replace the Canadian dollar, the US dollar, and the Mexican peso.
::这是将整个西半球融入一个巨大的贸易集团的计划。 欧盟在货币、语言和法律方面所面临的同样担忧也与这一建议相提并论。 早在1990年代,就提出了一种名为鹰的新货币,以取代加拿大元、美元和墨西哥比索。In later years, a currency called the Amero was proposed for the same purpose, but its implementation is unlikely. Any change in the US dollar would affect a great number of countries. Puerto Rico (a territory of the United States) and the countries of , , and already use the US dollar as their standard currency. A one-currency solution might become a more viable option if the US dollar were to crash or significantly lose its value in the world marketplace.
::几年后,一个称为阿梅罗(Amero)的货币也是为了同一目的而提出的,但实施起来是不可能的。 美元的任何变化都会影响到许多国家。 波多黎各(美国领土 ) 和 、 以及 、 和 、 和 、 已经使用美元作为标准货币的国家。 如果美元在世界市场上崩溃或大幅贬值,单一货币解决方案可能会成为更可行的选择。A goal of NAFTA is to exploit cheap labor until the Mexican economy rises to a level similar to that of the United States and Canada, equalizing migration patterns and eventually bringing about a situation in which the border checkpoints between the countries could be eliminated, as they have been within the European Union. Through the development of a larger middle class in Mexico, NAFTA countries would have similar standards of living. Mexico has a long way to go to arrive at this status but is making progress.
::北美自由贸易协定的一个目标是剥削廉价劳动力,直到墨西哥经济上升到与美国和加拿大相似的水平,实现移民模式的均衡,并最终导致两国间边境检查站能够像在欧盟内部那样被消除的局面。 通过墨西哥一个较大的中产阶级的发展,北美自由贸易协定国家将拥有类似的生活水平。 墨西哥要达到这一地位还有很长的路要走,但正在取得进展。Critics of NAFTA claim that the term free trade really means corporate trade. NAFTA is also viewed as a component of globalization in the form of corporate colonialism, which only benefits those wealthy enough to hold investments at the corporate level. The exploitation of cheap labor has increased immigration across the US-Mexican border, bringing millions of illegal workers into the United States. The Mexican government has not adequately addressed Mexico’s economic conditions to provide jobs and opportunities for the people or to use the wealth held or controlled by the elite minority to enhance economic opportunities for the middle- and lower-class majority.
::北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)的批评者们声称自由贸易一词实际上意味着公司贸易。 北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)也被视为以公司殖民主义形式的全球化的一个组成部分,它只会让那些富足到足以在公司一级持有投资的富人受益。 廉价劳动力的剥削增加了美国-墨西哥边境的移民,将数百万非法移民带入美国。 墨西哥政府没有适当解决墨西哥的经济条件,为人民提供就业机会和机会,或者利用精英少数持有或控制的财富增加中低等多数的经济机会。
Slave labor was prominent during the European colonial era, whereas cheap labor is the target in neocolonial activity—that is, corporate colonialism.
::在欧洲殖民时代,奴隶劳动是突出的,而廉价劳动是新殖民主义活动的目标,即公司殖民主义。
Chiapas and NAFTA
::恰帕斯和北美自由贸易协定The state of Chiapas in Mexico has an unequal distribution of wealth, a situation evident in most core-peripheral spatial relationships. Located in the rural highlands of Mexico and inhabited by a minority group that holds to the Mayan' language and traditions, Chiapas has few economic opportunities for its people. Wealthy landowners and the ruling elite who have long held power have routinely taken advantage of peasant farmers. The aristocracy uses the best land and pays low wages to local workers. Medical care, education, and government assistance have been slow in coming to this region and its people.
::墨西哥恰帕斯州财富分配不均,这种情况在大多数核心-外围空间关系中显而易见。 恰帕斯州位于墨西哥农村高地,居住着一个坚持玛雅语言和传统的少数民族群体。 恰帕斯州人民几乎没有经济机会。 长期掌权的财富地主和统治精英经常利用农民。 贵族阶层使用最好的土地,向当地工人支付低工资。 医疗保健、教育和政府援助来该地区及其人民的速度缓慢。In the past few decades, various Amerindian groups have organized in the rural areas of Mexico in an attempt to counter the power of the political elite. In Chiapas, a group calling itself the organized to coordinate an offensive against the Mexican government in various towns in the region. The ZNLA was organized to coincide with the implementation of NAFTA among the United States, Canada, and Mexico in January of 1994.
::在过去几十年里,各种美洲印第安人团体在墨西哥农村地区组织起来,试图对抗政治精英的权力,在恰帕斯,一个自称为协调在该地区各城镇对墨西哥政府的进攻的组织起来的团体,1994年1月在美国、加拿大和墨西哥执行《北美自由贸易协定》的同时,组织了ZNLA。As each country claimed benefits from this agreement, the peripheral region of Chiapas sought to receive their share of those benefits. The Mexican military was quick to react to the ZNLA offensive and rapidly drove them out of the towns they had occupied. The publicity and the international press coverage assisted the ZNLA in getting their message out to the rest of the world.
::正如每个国家声称从这项协定中受益一样,恰帕斯外围地区寻求获得它们应得的份额,墨西哥军方对ZNLA的进攻迅速作出反应,迅速将他们赶出他们占领的城镇,宣传和国际新闻报道帮助ZNLA向世界其他地区传达了他们的信息。Since 1994, the ZNLA’s guerrilla forces have used their familiarity with the mountains for sanctuary and have faced off against the Mexican military when negotiations with the federal government have broken down. The ZNLA want greater recognition of their rights and their heritage and more autonomy over their region and lands. This devolutionary process resembles that of various European regions desiring similar recognition of rights.
::自1994年以来,ZNLA的游击队利用对山区的熟悉作为避难所,并在与联邦政府谈判破裂时与墨西哥军队对抗。 ZNLA希望他们的权利和遗产得到更大的承认,对地区和土地拥有更大的自主权。 这一移交过程类似于希望同样得到承认权利的欧洲地区。Similar conflicts are ongoing in other rural states of Mexico with the majority of Amerindian populations. There is a direct relationship between social status, wealth, and skin color in most regions of Mexico. The skin tone is directly related to a person’s social status. On the one hand, Aztec and Mayan heritage is celebrated. On the other hand, their identity and darker skin relegate them to a lower socioeconomic status.
::墨西哥其他农村地区也存在类似的冲突,美洲印第安人人口占大多数。 墨西哥大部分地区的社会地位、财富和肤色之间存在直接关系。 肤色与一个人的社会地位直接相关。 一方面,庆祝阿兹特克和玛雅遗产。 另一方面,他们的身份和皮肤更深,导致其社会经济地位低下。Illegal Drug Trafficking in Mexico
::墨西哥的非法毒品贩运The illegal drug trade is a multi-billion-dollar industry. Mexico has traditionally been the transitional area or stop-off point between the South American drug producing areas and entrance into US markets. Cocaine, marijuana, and heroin were produced in the Andes Mountains of South America and shipped north to the United States. Colombian cartels were once the main controllers of illegal drugs in the Western Hemisphere. However, in recent decades, organized crime units in Mexico have gained some control of drugs coming through Mexico. They make deals with their South American counterparts to become the main traffickers of drugs into the United States.
::非法毒品贸易是一个数十亿美元的行业,墨西哥历来是南美毒品生产区与美国市场进入之间的过渡区或中转点。可卡因、大麻和海洛因产自南美洲的安第斯山脉,运往美国北部。哥伦比亚卡特尔曾经是西半球非法毒品的主要控制者。然而,近几十年来,墨西哥的有组织犯罪单位对通过墨西哥的毒品进行了一些管制。它们与南美的对口单位进行交易,成为毒品进入美国的主要贩运者。The influence and power of Mexican drug cartels have increased immensely since the demise of the Colombian cartels in the 1990s. Enormous profits fuel the competition for control. Just as the United States has declared a war on drugs and has used its as the main arm in combating the industry, Mexico has had to address its own issues in the illegal drug trade.
::自1990年代哥伦比亚卡特尔垮台以来,墨西哥毒品卡特尔的影响力和力量大增,利润丰厚助长了控制竞争,正如美国向毒品宣战并利用其作为打击毒品行业的主要部门一样,墨西哥也不得不解决自己在非法毒品贸易中的问题。Illegal drug income flowing into Mexico has become a major part of the economy in specific areas. Drug kingpins have used their economic power to buy off local police forces and silence opposition. They have also been known to provide poor neighborhoods with funding for services that would normally be designated as government obligations. These actions have often provided a mixed reaction within the population in local areas. The drug cartels have become an integrated part of the fabric of Mexico.
::非法流入墨西哥的毒品收入已成为墨西哥特定地区经济的一个主要部分,毒品头目利用自己的经济实力购买当地警察部队和压制反对派,他们也向贫穷社区提供资金,用于通常定为政府义务的服务,这些行动往往在当地居民中造成混合反应,毒品卡特尔已成为墨西哥结构的一个组成部分。In an attempt to combat the situation, the Mexican government has been engaged in its own internal war against the illegal drug trade. The battles between the drug cartels and the Mexican government have created a serious internal conflict in the country, killing thousands of innocent bystanders in the crossfire. Armed conflicts between rival cartels or local gangs have increased the violence that has been intensifying since the year 2000. Mexican cities near the US border have experienced increased incidences of major drug-related murders and gang violence. Higher volumes of firearms trafficking from the United States and abroad into Mexico have been fueling the armed conflicts. Military and police casualties have increased and the number of drug-related shootings is on the rise.
::为了对付这种情况,墨西哥政府参与了反对非法毒品贸易的国内战争,贩毒卡特尔与墨西哥政府之间的战斗在国内造成了严重的内部冲突,造成数千名无辜的旁观者在交火中丧生,敌对卡特尔或地方帮派之间的武装冲突加剧了自2000年以来不断加剧的暴力,墨西哥靠近美国边境的城市发生了与毒品有关的重大谋杀和帮派暴力事件,从美国和国外向墨西哥贩运的枪支数量有所增加,助长了武装冲突,军队和警察伤亡增加,与毒品有关的枪击事件也在增加。
The drug cartels in Mexico have been a major influence on the economics and culture of the region.
::墨西哥的毒品卡特尔对该区域的经济和文化产生了重大影响。
Cartels have been known to use jet airliners, semi-trucks, and even submarines in their attempts to ship illegal drugs into the United States. Large tunnels have been found beneath the US-Mexican border that were used to smuggle drugs. Intimidation and corruption have been standard practices used by drug traffickers to protect their interests. Bribes and corruption have been difficult to battle in a country with a high percentage of the population living in poor conditions.
::众所周知,卡特尔利用喷气客机、半卡车甚至潜艇将非法毒品运入美国。 在美国-墨西哥边境下发现了用来走私毒品的大型隧道。 恐吓和腐败是贩毒者用来保护自身利益的标准做法。 在一个人口比例高的贫困国家,难以打击贿赂和腐败。
Key Takeaways
::密钥外出-
Mexico possesses extensive natural resources that provide for a wide range of biodiversity and economic activities.
::墨西哥拥有丰富的自然资源,可以开展广泛的生物多样性和经济活动。 -
Mexico portrays a clear core-periphery spatial relationship. Mexico City and its urban neighbors anchor the core, while the northern border region and states such as Chiapas represent the rural periphery.
::墨西哥描绘了清晰的核心 — — 周边空间关系。 墨西哥城及其城市邻居将核心作为核心,而北部边境地区和恰帕斯等州则代表了农村周边。 -
People of European heritage continue to hold positions of power and privilege in Mexico’s socioeconomic class structure. Amerindian populations exist at the lowest level with the fewest economic opportunities.
::在墨西哥社会经济阶级结构中,欧洲遗产的欧洲人继续占据着权力和特权地位。 美洲印第安人人口处于最低水平,经济机会最少。 美洲印第安人的经济状况也很低。 -
Economic reforms that coincide with NAFTA have greatly enhanced the industrial capacity of Mexico and helped integrate the country into the global economy.
::与《北美自由贸易协定》相一致的经济改革大大提高了墨西哥的工业能力,帮助墨西哥融入全球经济。 -
Mexican drug traffickers have become the major controllers of illegal drugs entering the United States from the south. Drug cartels in Mexico reap enormous profits and have become a major problem for the Mexican government and the country.
::墨西哥贩毒者已成为从南方进入美国的非法毒品的主要控制者,墨西哥的毒品卡特尔获得巨额利润,成为墨西哥政府和国家的一个主要问题。
Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 4.2 Mexico
::第4.2章 墨西哥Aztecs
::阿兹特克A Mesoamerican Native American Empire who lived in Mexico. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshiped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521
::住在墨西哥的中美洲土著美洲帝国,首都是Tenochtitlan,他们崇拜周围的一切,特别是太阳,科特斯在1521年征服了他们。maquiladoras
::出口加工业M anufacturing plants/factories located in Mexico, usually along the US/Mexico border
::设在墨西哥的制造厂/工厂,通常沿美国/墨西哥边境Mayans
::玛雅人A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E.
::中美洲和墨西哥南部的中美洲文明,成就包括数学、建筑学和每年365天的日历。 这些成就在中世纪第四世纪和十二世纪之间蓬勃发展。Mestizo
::梅斯蒂索People of mixed S panish and native decent
::西班牙人和当地人混居的西班牙人和当地人体面NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement.
::北美自由贸易协定-北美自由贸易协定。A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries
::加拿大、美国和墨西哥之间的贸易协定,鼓励这些北美国家之间自由贸易Tenochtitlan
::特诺赫蒂特兰Aztec capital built on an island in 1325 , located where present-day Mexico City is located
::Aztec 首都建在1325年的一个岛屿上,目前墨西哥城所在Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Interactive Notebook Activities
::互动笔记活动-
Describe
the physical geography of Mexico, identifying the core and peripheral areas.
::描述墨西哥的实际地理,确定核心和外围地区。 -
List
the socioeconomic classes in Mexico and
explain
the ethnic differences of each.
::列出墨西哥的社会经济阶层,并解释每个阶层的种族差异。 -
Explain
how the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and maquiladoras have influenced the economic and employment situations in Mexico.
::解释北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)和出口加工厂如何影响墨西哥的经济和就业状况。 -
Summarize
in a few sentences how the drug cartels have become an integrated part of the Mexican economy and political situation.
::在几句话中总结一下毒品卡特尔如何成为墨西哥经济和政治局势的一个组成部分。
Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
What are the main physical features of Mexico?
::墨西哥的主要物理特征是什么? -
How does the core-periphery spatial relationship apply to Mexico?
::核心-周边空间关系如何适用于墨西哥? -
How can the socioeconomic pattern of Mexico be illustrated?
::如何说明墨西哥的社会经济模式? -
How are maquiladoras structured to make them attractive to corporations?
::出口加工厂的结构如何使其对公司具有吸引力? -
What are the current push-pull migration dynamics in Mexico?
::墨西哥目前的推动-拉动移徙动态是什么? -
What change would bring about an open border between the United States and Mexico similar to that of the European Union?
::什么样的变化将带来类似于欧洲联盟的美国和墨西哥之间的开放边界? -
How are trade agreements and political unions reshaping our global community?
::贸易协定和政治联盟如何重新塑造我们的全球社会? -
How is NAFTA similar to the European Union and how is it different?
::北美自由贸易协定与欧盟有何相似之处,与欧盟有何不同? -
How is Chiapas caught in the politics between the core and the periphery?
::恰帕斯是如何陷入政治的? -
How has the illegal drug trade affected Mexico?
::非法毒品贸易对墨西哥产生了何种影响?
Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习Using , locate the places listed below. Next, u sing , determine the latitude and longitude for each location. Be prepared to share your answers.
::使用 , 定位下面列出的位置 。 接下来, 使用 , 确定每个位置的纬度和经度 。 准备分享您的答案 。-
Baja California Peninsula
::下加利福尼亚半岛 -
Chiapas
::恰帕斯州 -
Chihuahuan Desert
::奇吉瓦省沙漠 -
Cordillera Neovolcánica
::尼诺伏尔卡尼卡 -
Mexican Altiplano
::墨西哥阿尔图诺 -
Monterrey
::蒙特雷,蒙特雷 -
Sierra Madre Occidental
::西缅里山省 -
Sierra Madre Oriental
::东方山区 -
Yucatán Peninsula
::尤卡坦半岛
Mapping Exercise
::绘图绘制作业ESRI Geo Inquiries
::ESRI 地 地 地 地 问 问: Students will use ArcGIS Online to evaluate migration at the global, regional, and local scales. The activity uses a web-based map
:::学生将使用ArcGIS在线评估全球、区域和地方规模的移徙情况。: Students will explore the factors leading to the independence movement of Latin American colonies.
::学生们将探讨导致拉丁美洲殖民地独立运动的因素。Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that deliver topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。Explore the factors leading to the independence movement of Latin American colonies.Mexico -
Describe the physical geography of Mexico, identifying the core and peripheral areas.
