章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 植物分类

    A Japanese garden featuring a red bridge, stone lantern, pond, and various plants.

    How do you know which group one particular plant belongs to?
    ::你怎么知道哪类植物属于哪类植物?

    So many different types of plants. Does the plant have ? Or flowers ? Or just seeds ? Or roots and but not seeds? These are all characteristics used to classify plants. How many different types of plants do you see in this Japanese garden?
    ::植物种类如此之多。植物有或有?花呢?还是只有种子?还是只有种子呢?根,而不是种子?这些都是用来分类植物的特征。在日本花园里,你看到多少种不同的植物?

    Classification of Plants
    ::工厂分类

    The scientific of modern land plants is under constant revision. Informally, land plants can be classified into the groups listed in Table . Major divisions and types of modern land plants are organized in this table. Why do the first five types of plants require a moist habitat ?
    ::现代土地工厂的科学正在不断修订,在非正式情况下,土地工厂可以归入表中所列类别。本表中列出了现代土地工厂的主要种类和种类。为什么头五类工厂需要潮湿的生境?

    The most basic division is between and . Vascular plants are further divided into those that reproduce without seeds and those that reproduce with seeds. , in turn, are divided into those that produce seeds in cones and those that produce seeds in the ovaries of flowers. Seed plants are called gymnosperms . Seed plants called produce seeds in the ovaries of flowers .
    ::最根本的分化是两种和两种。血管植物被进一步划分为没有种子的繁殖植物和种子的繁殖植物。 反过来,又被划分为以锥形种种和花卵种种的植物。 种子植物被称为体操植物。 种子植物被称为以花卵种种种的种子。

    Major Division Types of Plants No. of Living Species Description
    Nonvascular Plants      

    Close-up of liverworts with lobed, photosynthetic tissues growing on a rocky surface.

    		Liverworts 7,000 Most possess leaf-like, lobed, or ribbon-like photosynthetic tissues rather than leaves. They have very fine rhizoids , lack stems, and they are generally less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) tall. They often grow in colonies that carpet the ground.

    Hornworts with slender, pointed sporophytes emerging from gametophytes on the ground.

    		Hornworts 150 Minute nonvascular plants, similar in size to liverworts. They have very fine rhizoids and lack stems. Their sporophytes are long and pointed, like tiny horns, which rise several centimeters above the gametophytes of the plant.

    A field covered with various mosses, displaying low, lush greenery in a moist habitat.

    		Mosses 10,000 They lack leaves and roots. They have no stems, so they grow low to the ground. They reproduce with spores. They need a moist habitat.
    Vascular Plants      

    Clubmosses with spore-bearing structures, growing low among green foliage on the ground.

    		Clubmosses 1,200 They have roots and tiny leaves. They have no stems, so they grow low to the ground. They reproduce with spores. They need a moist habitat.

    Close-up of a green fern leaf with elongated fronds against a textured background.

    		11,000 They have large leaves in fronds . They have stiff stems, so they are tall growing; some are trees. They reproduce with spores. They need a moist habitat.

    A large Ginkgo biloba tree with vibrant yellow leaves in a residential area.

    		Ginkgoes 1 There is only one living (Ginkgo biloba); some living trees are more than 2000 years old; they originated in Asia but now are cultivated all over the world; they have been used for medicines for thousands of years.

    Cycads with stout trunks and fern-like leaves in a tropical setting.

    		Cycads 300 Most are trees with stout trunks and fern-like leaves; they live only in and subtropical climates; they have large, brightly-colored seed cones to attract pollinators .

    A tall conifer tree against a blue sky in a forest setting.

    		Conifers 700 There are more than 700 living species; most are trees such as pines with needle-like leaves; they are often the dominant plants in their habitats; they are valuable to humans for paper and timber.

    A plant with broad leaves and round structures on sandy soil, resembling a succulent.

    		Gnetae 70 Most are woody vines with evergreen leaves; they live mainly in tropical climates; they are the least well known gymnosperms but the most similar to angiosperms.

    A close-up of a blooming white lily with pink speckles against a green background.

    		Flowering Plants 258,650 They have tremendous diversity in size, shape, and other characteristics. They reproduce with seeds and pollen . They produce seeds in the ovaries of flowers. Ovaries may develop into fruits , which enhance seed dispersal .

       

     

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    The most basic division of living plants is between nonvascular and vascular plants.
    ::生命植物的最基本划分是非血管植物和血管植物。

    • Vascular plants are further divided into seedless and seed plants.
      ::血管植物进一步分为无种子植物和种子植物。
    • Seed plants called gymnosperms produce seeds in cones.
      ::被称为体操植物的种子植物 生产锥形种子。
    • Seed plants called angiosperms produce seeds in the ovaries of flowers.
      ::种子植物叫做血管植物 在花的卵巢里生产种子

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Compare the different types of plants in the Table . Which type of plants would you say is most successful? Support your answer with data from the table.
      ::比较表格中不同种类的植物。 您会说哪种植物最成功? 用表格中的数据支持您的回答 。