9.7 非血管植物
Section outline
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Do all plants have roots?
::所有植物都有根吗?The massive moss covering these branches seems to be dominating its habitat . And maybe it is. Mosses, being nonvascular plants, don't need to grow, so they can easily cover moist areas. Mosses commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations. You may even have mats of moss growing in your backyard.
::覆盖这些树枝的巨苔似乎正在支配着它的栖息地。 也许是这样。 蚊子是非血管植物,不需要生长,因此它们可以很容易地覆盖潮湿地区。 通常,蚊子在潮湿或阴暗的地块中聚集在一起,或堆垫相近。 甚至,在你的后院里,还可能生长着苔子的垫子。Nonvascular Plants
::非血管植物Nonvascular plants are . Despite the dominance of today, more than 17,000 of bryophytes still survive. They include liverworts , hornworts , and mosses.
::尽管今天占主导地位,但超过17 000名血友病患者仍然存活下来,其中包括肝脏、角状植物和苔胱。Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants
::非血管植物的特点Most bryophytes are small. They not only lack ; they also lack true leaves, seeds , and flowers . Instead of roots, they have hair-like rhizoids to anchor them to the ground and to absorb and minerals (see Figure ). Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats, but, as they lack vascular tissue, they are not very efficient at absorbing water.
::大部分血友体是小的。 它们不仅缺乏,而且缺乏真正的叶子、种子和鲜花。 它们没有根部,而是有毛发般的犀利剂将它们固定在地上,吸收它们和矿物(见图 ) 。 血友体在潮湿的生境中占据着位置,但是,由于缺乏血管组织,它们吸收水的效率不高。The rhizoids of a bryophyte may be so fine that they are just one cell thick.
::血友病的犀牛可能非常精细 以至于它们只是一块厚厚的细胞Bryophytes also depend on moisture to reproduce. produced by a male gametophyte must swim through a layer of rainwater or dew to reach an egg produced by a female gametophyte. The tiny, diploid sporophyte generation then undergoes to produce haploid spores. The spores may also need moisture to disperse.
::Bryophites(Breyophites)还取决于繁殖的湿度。 由男性的游戏植物所生成的植物必须游过一层雨水或露水才能到达由女性的游戏植物所产的蛋。 小型的、稀释的花生植物代代代人随后会进行繁殖,以产生发泡的螺旋。 螺旋也可能需要湿度来驱散。Evolution of Nonvascular Plants
::非血管植物的演变Nonvascular plants were the first plants to evolve. Compared to other plants, their small size and lack of specialized structures, such as vascular tissue, , leaves, or flowers, explains why these plants evolved first. The first nonvascular plants to evolve were the liverworts. The hornworts evolved somewhat later, and mosses apparently evolved last. Of all the bryophytes, mosses are most similar to vascular plants. Presumably, they share the most recent common ancestor with vascular plants.
::非血管植物是最早进化的植物。与其他植物相比,它们体积小,缺乏诸如血管组织、叶子或花卉等专门结构,这解释了这些植物首先进化的原因。最早进化的非血管植物是肝脏结壳。角状植物稍稍晚进化,苔类表面上是最后进化的。在所有植物中,苔类与血管植物最为相似。大概,它们与血管植物有最新的共同祖先。Diversity of Nonvascular Plants
::非血管植物多样性The three types of modern nonvascular plants are pictured in Figure .
::图3描绘了三种现代非血管植物。-
Liverworts are tiny nonvascular plants that have leaf-like, lobed, or ribbon-like photosynthetic
tissues
rather than leaves. Their rhizoids are very fine, they lack stems, and they are generally less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) tall. They often grow in colonies that carpet the ground.
::肝脏是细小的非血管植物,其叶类、斜带或丝带类光合组织而非叶类。 它们的非常精细,没有根茎,通常不到10厘米(4英寸)高。 它们往往生长在地毯地的聚居地中。 -
Hornworts are minute nonvascular plants, similar in size to liverworts. They also have very fine rhizoids and lack stems. Their sporophytes are long and pointed, like tiny horns. They rise several centimeters above the gametophytes of the plant.
::喇叭是微小的无血管植物,大小与肝脏不相上下。它们也有非常精细的犀牛和细茎。它们的麻黄素长而尖,像小角一样。它们比植物的植物植物多出几厘米。 -
Mosses are larger nonvascular plants that have coarser, multicellular rhizoids that are more like roots. They also have tiny, photosynthetic structures similar to leaves that encircle a central stem-like structure. Mosses grow in dense clumps, which help them retain moisture.
::蚊子是较大的非血管植物,它们有粗糙的多细胞性类植物,更像根。它们也有细小的光合结构,类似于将中央干类结构围起来的叶子。 蚊子生长在稠密的团块中,有助于它们保持湿度。
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are modern bryophytes. Liverworts are named for the liver-shaped leaves of some species. Hornworts are named for their horn-like sporophytes.
::肝脏、角状和苔胱是现代的血道动物。 肝脏被命名为某些物种的肝状叶。 角状动物被命名为角状的。Summary
::摘要-
Nonvascular plants are called bryophytes.
::非血管植物被称为血眼植物。 -
Nonvascular plants include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. They lack roots, stems, and leaves.
::非血管植物包括肝脏、角状植物和苔胱,它们缺乏根、根和叶。 -
Nonvascular plants are low-growing, reproduce with spores, and need a moist habitat.
::非血管植物生长缓慢,有螺旋状物繁殖,需要湿润的栖息地。
Review
::回顾-
Describe nonvascular plants.
::描述非血管植物。 -
What is a rhizoid?
::什么是犀牛? -
Why were nonvascular plants the first plants to evolve?
::为什么非血管植物是最早进化的植物?
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Liverworts are tiny nonvascular plants that have leaf-like, lobed, or ribbon-like photosynthetic
tissues
rather than leaves. Their rhizoids are very fine, they lack stems, and they are generally less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) tall. They often grow in colonies that carpet the ground.
