Section outline

  • General

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  • 科学界

    A diverse group of scientists posing with a prominent figure in a formal setting.

     

    Can only a genius be a scientist?
    ::只有天才才能成为科学家吗?

    Of course not! Scientists come from all backgrounds. They have many interests and talents. Scientists have many different reasons for pursuing  science . Most scientists are intelligent, creative and logical people. They are open to new ideas but require evidence to accept them. Women and racial minorities are becoming scientists more than ever before. Diversity brings in more ideas and more ways of solving problems. This makes science stronger.
    ::当然不是!科学家来自各种背景,他们有许多兴趣和才能。科学家追求科学有许多不同的理由。大多数科学家都是聪明、有创造力和符合逻辑的人。他们愿意接受新想法,但需要证据才能接受这些想法。妇女和少数种族正在比以往更加成为科学家。多样性带来了更多的想法和解决问题的更多方法。这使得科学更加强大。

    Funding Science
    ::筹资科学

    Scientific research is expensive. So the scientific community controls the type of research that is done. They do this by allotting money. Scientists must write a proposal to an agency or private organization. Two examples are the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The scientists outline their project and list what they need in equipment, supplies, and salaries. Scientific proposals are evaluated by other scientists in that field of science. In many fields, the funding rate is low. The money goes only to the most worthy research projects. Once the scientists get the money, they can do their research.
    ::科学研究是昂贵的。 因此科学界控制了研究的种类。 他们通过分配资金来进行。 科学家们必须向一个机构或私人组织写建议。 两个例子是国家科学基金会和国家航空和航天局(美国航天局)。 科学家们概述了他们的项目并列出了他们在设备、供应品和工资方面需要什么。 科学建议由科学领域的其他科学家来评估。 在许多领域,资金水平很低。 钱只花在最有价值的研究项目上。 一旦科学家们拿到钱,他们就可以做他们的研究。

    Working Environment
    ::工作环境

    Scientists may work in colleges and universities. They may work in research institutions or government agencies. Businesses and industries hire scientists in a variety of fields. There are many opportunities for well-trained scientists.
    ::科学家可以在大专院校工作,也可以在研究机构或政府机构工作,企业和工业在各个领域雇用科学家,对训练有素的科学家来说有许多机会。

    Scientists may work together on a project. One reason is that they can share equipment and personnel. Another reason is that they can share ideas. Scientists may also work separately. Even then, they use each other's  data  and interpretations. When one scientist publishes a paper, others will replicate the work to make sure they get the same result. If they do, the work is valid. If they don't, someone needs to find the  source  of the problem. Scientists openly communicate with each other on their results. They also discuss and sometimes disagree on their interpretations. If scientists do disagree, they will look for evidence so that they may resolve the disagreement.
    ::科学家们可以合作开发一个项目。 其中一个原因是他们可以共享设备和人员。 另一个原因是他们可以共享想法。 科学家们也可以单独工作。 即使这样, 他们也可以使用彼此的数据和解释。 当一位科学家发表一篇论文时, 其他人会复制作品以确保他们获得同样的结果。 如果他们这样做, 工作是有效的。 如果他们不这样做, 需要找到问题的根源。 科学家们就结果公开交流, 他们也讨论, 有时在解释上意见不一。 如果科学家们有分歧, 他们会寻找证据, 以便解决分歧。

    Sharing Results
    ::分享成果成果

    A  hypothesis  will not be fully accepted unless it is supported by the work of many scientists. Although a study may take place in a single laboratory, a scientist must present her work to the community of scientists in her field.
    ::假设除非得到许多科学家工作的支持,否则是无法被完全接受的。 尽管一项研究可能在一个实验室进行,但科学家必须将其工作介绍给本领域的科学家。

    Participants engage in discussion and present findings at a scientific conference.

     

    Participants share their results at a scientific conference.
    ::与会者在一次科学会议上分享其成果。

    The scientist may present her data and conclusions at a scientific conference ( Figure   ). She will talk with many other scientists to see what they think of her work. Scientists will openly discuss and criticize the work. The scientist may need to gather more data to resolve the problems. Later, she will write a paper to be published in a scientific journal. Several scientists will review the paper. This process is called  peer review . They will make sure the researcher used  . They will make sure her interpretations follow logically from the data. The scientists may then recommend that she does further work. Or they may deny the paper for publication. Once the paper is published, other scientists will use her results in their own work.
    ::科学家可以在一次科学会议上提出她的数据和结论(图 ) 。 她将与许多其他科学家交谈,看看他们对她的工作的看法。 科学家将公开讨论和批评这项工作。 科学家可能需要收集更多的数据来解决这些问题。 稍后, 她将撰写一篇论文, 发表在一份科学期刊上。 几位科学家将审查这份文件。 这个过程被称为同侪审查。 他们会确保使用的研究者能够顺理成章地了解数据。 他们会确保她的解释符合数据。 然后, 科学家可以建议她做进一步的工作。 或者他们可能拒绝发表论文。 一旦论文发表, 其他科学家将利用她的成果来自己的工作。

    Scientific ideas are advanced after many papers on a topic are published.
    ::在发表了许多关于一个专题的论文之后,提出了科学思想。

    The Outcomes of a Scientific Study
    ::科学研究成果

    Sometimes a study will support an idea. This may bring the idea closer to acceptance in the scientific community. Sometimes new methods or procedures may be developed for a study to be performed. This may assist other scientists with their investigations. Any of these things may lead to new investigations and new data.
    ::有时,一项研究会支持一种想法,这可能会使这个想法在科学界更接近于被接受。有时,可以为进行研究制定新的方法或程序。这可能会帮助其他科学家进行调查。任何这类事情都可能导致新的调查和新的数据。

    Scientific Integrity
    ::科学廉正

    The scientific community monitors scientific integrity. During their training, students learn how to conduct good scientific  experiments . They learn not to fake, hide, or selectively report data. They learn how to fairly evaluate data. They learn how to interpret the work of other scientists. Scientists who do not have scientific integrity are strongly condemned by the scientific community. Sometimes scientists are hired by private companies to do studies. Often these scientists find what the company wants them to find. These studies should be evaluated very carefully before the results are used. However, often the studies are taken seriously by the media. It is important to know who funded the research to know how to evaluate the results of a study.
    ::科学界对科学完整性进行监测。在培训期间,学生学会如何进行良好的科学实验;学会不假造、隐藏或选择性地报告数据;学会如何公平评估数据;学会如何解释其他科学家的工作;没有科学完整性的科学家受到科学界的强烈谴责;有时科学家被私营公司雇用进行研究;这些科学家往往发现公司希望他们找到的东西;这些研究在使用结果之前应该进行非常仔细的评估;然而,这些研究往往被媒体认真对待。重要的是,要知道谁资助了这项研究,才能知道如何评价研究结果。

    Nothing is perfect, and science isn't either. Still, considering all the scientific research that is done, there are few incidences of scientific dishonesty. When they do occur, they are often reported with great vehemence by the media. This may cause the public to mistrust scientists in ways that are unwarranted.
    ::没有什么是十全十美的,科学也不是十全十美的。 尽管如此,考虑到所有的科学研究,科学不诚实的发生率仍然很少。 当它们发生时,媒体常常以强烈的愤慨来报道它们。 这可能导致公众以毫无道理的方式不信任科学家。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • If science is done well, other scientists who replicate the same work will get the same results.
      ::如果科学做得好, 复制同样作品的其他科学家 也会得到同样的结果。
    • Scientists peer review a scientific paper before it is published. This is done to be sure the work was done using the scientific method.
      ::科学家们在发表前对一份科学论文进行同行评审,这样做是为了确定工作是使用科学方法完成的。
    • There are lots of controls in science. Scientists communicate and replicate each other's work. The scientific community has control of the projects that get funded.
      ::科学家相互交流和复制彼此的工作。科学界对获得资助的项目有控制权。
    • The checks and balances assure that nearly all scientists operate with a great deal of integrity.
      ::制衡制衡确保几乎所有科学家都秉公行事。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How do scientists keep quality control high in scientific research?
      ::科学家如何在科学研究中保持高度的质量控制?
    1. How does funding keep quality high in scientific research?
      ::资金如何使科学研究质量保持高水平?
    1. What procedures are present in science to ensure scientific integrity?
      ::科学中有哪些程序可确保科学完整性?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用资源回答以下问题。

    1. Why aren't scientists infallible? How are scientists different from theologians or other experts?
      ::为什么科学家不是无可救药?科学家与神学家或其他专家有何不同?
    1. What is peer review?
      ::什么是同侪审查?
    1. What is the importance of peer review?
      ::同行审议的重要性是什么?
    1. What makes a person a scientist?
      ::是什么使一个人成为科学家?
    1. Why must science be reviewed by people who are trained in that science?
      ::为什么科学必须由受过科学培训的人来审查?