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  • General

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  • 内生行为行为

    A Blue-footed Booby displays its blue feet while dancing and spreading its wings.

    Is this Blue-footed Booby actually dancing?
    ::这个蓝脚宝宝真的在跳舞吗?

    The of the Blue-footed Booby consists of the male flaunting his blue feet and dancing to impress the female. During the dance, the male will spread his wings and stamp his feet on the ground. Are these born with this skill, or do they learn it?
    ::《蓝脚靴》由男子组成,他炫耀蓝脚和跳舞,以打动雌鸟。在舞蹈期间,雄鸟会张开翅膀,把脚踩在地上。这些是天生的,还是学会的?

    Innate Behavior
    ::内生行为行为

    Behaviors that are closely controlled by genes with little or no environmental influence are called innate behaviors . These are behaviors that occur naturally in all members of a whenever they are exposed to a certain stimulus . Innate behaviors do not have to be learned or practiced. They are also called instinctive behaviors. An instinct is the ability of an to perform a behavior the first time it is exposed to the proper stimulus. For example, a dog will drool the first time—and every time—it is exposed to food .
    ::由很少或没有环境影响的基因密切控制的行为被称为先天行为。这些是每个成员一旦受到某种刺激就自然发生的行为。先天行为不必学习或实践。它们也被称为本能行为。本能行为是指一种行为在第一次受到适当的刺激时即有能力实施。例如,狗第一次流口水,每次接触食物时都会流口水。

    Significance of Innate Behavior
    ::内在行为的意义

    Innate behaviors are rigid and predictable. All members of the species perform the behaviors in the same way. Innate behaviors usually involve basic life functions, such as finding food or caring for offspring. Several examples are shown in Figure . If an animal were to perform such important behaviors incorrectly, it would be less likely to survive or reproduce.
    ::原生行为是僵硬和可预测的。 物种的所有成员都以同样的方式进行行为。 原生行为通常涉及基本的生命功能, 如寻找食物或照料后代。 图中列举了几个例子。 如果动物错误地进行这些重要行为, 它生存或繁殖的可能性就会降低。

    Examples of innate behaviors in spider, bird, caterpillar, and dolphin illustrating survival strategies.

    Examples of Innate Behavior. These innate behaviors are necessary for survival or reproduction. Can you explain why each behavior is important?
    ::内特行为的例子。 这些内在行为是生存或生殖所必需的。 你能解释为什么每种行为都很重要吗?

    Intelligence and Innate Behavior
    ::情报和内在行为

    Innate behaviors occur in all animals. However, they are less common in species with higher levels of intelligence. Humans are the most intelligent species, and they have very few innate behaviors. The only innate behaviors in humans are reflexes . A reflex is a response that always occurs when a certain stimulus is present. For example, a human infant will grasp an object, such as a finger, that is placed in its palm. The infant has no control over this reaction because it is innate. Other than reflexes such as this, human behaviors are learned–or at least influenced by experience—rather than being innate.
    ::所有动物都有先天行为。然而,在智力水平较高的物种中,先天行为不那么常见。人类是最聪明的物种,其先天行为很少。人类唯一的先天行为是反射。反射是某一刺激因素出现时总是出现的反应。例如,人类婴儿会抓住放在其手掌中的一个物体,如手指。婴儿无法控制这种反应,因为它是先天反应。除了这种反射外,人类的行为是学习的,或者至少是经验的影响,而不是内在的影响。

    Innate Behavior in Human Beings
    ::人类固有行为

    All animals have innate behaviors, even human beings. Can you think of human behaviors that do not have to be learned? Chances are, you will have a hard time thinking of any. The only truly innate behaviors in humans are called reflex behaviors . They occur mainly in babies. Like innate behaviors in other animals, reflex behaviors in human babies may help them survive.
    ::所有动物都有天生的行为,甚至人类。你能想到不需要学习的人类行为吗? 机会是,你会很难思考任何行为。 人类中唯一真正天生的行为被称为反应行为。 它们主要发生在婴儿身上。 与其他动物的天生行为一样, 人类婴儿的反反应行为可以帮助他们生存。

    An example of a reflex behavior in babies is the sucking reflex. Newborns instinctively suck on a nipple that is placed in their mouth. It is easy to see how this behavior evolved. It increases the chances of a baby feeding and surviving. Another example of a reflex behavior in babies is the grasp reflex ( Figure ). Babies instinctively grasp an object placed in the palm of their hand. Their grip may be surprisingly strong. How do you think this behavior might increase a baby’s chances of surviving?
    ::婴儿反应行为的一个实例就是吸吸反应。新生儿本能地吸吸放在他们嘴里的乳头。很容易看出这种行为是如何演化的。这增加了婴儿喂养和存活的机会。婴儿反应行为的另一个例子是握住反应(Figure ) 。婴儿本能地抓住放在他们手掌上的物体。它们的握力可能惊人地强大。你认为这种行为会如何增加婴儿的存活机会?

    A sleeping baby grasping a finger, illustrating the grasp reflex in infants.

    One of the few innate behaviors in human beings is the grasp reflex. It occurs only in babies.
    ::人类的少数内在行为之一 在于掌握的反射,它只发生在婴儿身上。

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Innate behaviors are instinctive. They are controlled by genes and always occur in the same way.
      ::天生的行为是本能的,它们受基因控制,并且总是以同样的方式发生。
    • Innate behaviors do not have to be learned or practiced.
      ::天生的行为不必学习或实践。
    • Innate behaviors generally involve basic life functions, so it’s important that they be performed correctly.
      ::自然行为通常涉及基本生命功能, 所以重要的是正确履行这些功能。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are innate behaviors? Give an example.
      ::什么是天生的行为?举个例子。
    2. What would happen to an individual who poorly performs innate behaviors?
      ::一个表现不佳的人会怎样?
    3. What is an instinct?
      ::什么是直觉?