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  • General

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  • 学习行为

    Two young tigers playfully splashing in water, demonstrating learned behaviors through play.

    Fighting or playing?
    ::打架还是玩游戏?

    You might think that these young tigers are fighting, but they’re really just playing. Like most other young mammals , tigers like to play. Why do mammals play? Is playing just for fun, or does it serve some other purpose as well? Playing is actually an important way of learning . By playing, these tigers are learning moves that will help them become successful predators as adults. Playing is just one of many ways that mammals and other learn how to behave.
    ::你也许认为这些年轻的老虎在战斗,但其实他们只是玩耍。像其他大多数年轻的哺乳动物一样,老虎喜欢玩耍。为什么哺乳动物玩耍?为什么哺乳动物玩耍?玩耍只是为了玩乐,还是也是为了其他目的?玩耍实际上是一种重要的学习方式。玩耍让这些老虎学习有助于他们成为成年成功捕食者的动作。玩耍只是哺乳动物和其他学会如何行为的许多方法之一。

    Learned Behavior
    ::学习行为

    Learning is a change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. Compared with , learned behaviors are more flexible. They can be modified to suit changing conditions. This may make them more adaptive than innate behaviors. For example, drivers may have to modify how they drive (a learned behavior) when roads are wet or icy. Otherwise, they may lose control of their vehicle.
    ::学习是因经验而产生的行为变化。 与学习行为相比, 学习行为更灵活。 它们可以被修改以适应不断变化的条件。 这可能使它们比天生行为更具适应性。 比如, 司机可能不得不改变道路湿润或冰冷时的驾驶方式( 学习行为 ) 。 否则, 他们可能会失去对车辆的控制 。

    Animals may learn behaviors in a variety of ways. Some ways are quite simple. Others are more complex. Several types of learning are described in Figure .
    ::动物可以以多种方式学习行为。有些方法很简单,有些则比较复杂。图中描述了几种类型的学习。

    Different learning behaviors in animals: habituation, insight, conditioning, playing, and observation.

    Types of Learning. Five different ways that animals may learn behaviors are shown here. What have you learned in each of these ways? (a) habituation (b) insight learning (c) conditioning (d) playing (e) observation
    ::学习类型类型 。 这里展示了动物可以学习行为的五种不同方法 。 您在每种方法中都学到了什么 ? (a) 习惯(b) 洞察学习(c) 适应(d) 玩(e) 观察(e)

    Insight Learning
    ::洞见学习

    Insight learning , which is based on past experience and reasoning, is a hallmark of the human animal. Humans have used insight learning to solve problems ranging from starting a fire to traveling to the moon. It usually involves coming up with new ways to solve problems. Insight learning generally happens quickly. An animal has a sudden flash of insight. Insight learning requires relatively great intelligence. Human beings use insight learning more than any other . They have used their intelligence to solve problems ranging from inventing the wheel to flying rockets into space.
    ::以过去的经验和推理为依据的洞察力学习是人类动物的标志。人类利用洞察力学习来解决从起火到月球等问题。通常需要找到解决问题的新办法。洞察力学习一般会很快发生。动物有突然的洞察力。洞察力学习需要相对较高的智慧。人类比任何其他动物更多地利用洞察力学习。他们利用自己的智慧来解决从制造轮子到发射火箭到太空的问题。

    Think about problems you have solved. Maybe you figured out how to solve a new type of math problem or how to get to the next level of a video game. If you relied on your past experiences and reasoning to do it, then you were using insight learning.
    ::想想你已经解决了哪些问题。 也许你会想出如何解决新型数学问题,或者如何进入下一级电子游戏。如果你依靠过去的经验和推理来做,那么你就会使用洞察力学习。

    One type of insight learning is making tools to solve problems. Scientists used to think that humans were the only animals intelligent enough to make tools. In fact, tool-making was believed to set humans apart from all other animals.
    ::一种洞察力的学习是制造解决问题的工具。 科学家过去认为人类是唯一聪明的动物来制造工具。 事实上,工具制造被认为把人类与所有其他动物区分开来。

    In 1960, primate expert Jane Goodall discovered that chimpanzees also make tools. She saw a chimpanzee strip leaves from a twig. Then he poked the twig into a hole in a termite mound. After termites climbed onto the twig, he pulled the twig out of the hole and ate the clinging to it. The chimpanzee had made a tool to “fish” for termites. He had used insight to solve a problem. Since then, chimpanzees have been seen making several different types of tools. For example, they sharpen sticks and use them as spears for hunting. They use stones as hammers to crack open nuts.
    ::1960年,灵长类专家Jane Goodall发现黑猩猩也制造工具。 她看到一只黑猩猩从树枝上摘下来的脱叶叶。 然后他把树枝插到白蚁洞中的洞里。 在白蚁爬到树枝上之后,他把树枝从洞里拉出来,吃了粘着它的东西。黑猩猩用一种工具来“钓鱼 ” 。 他用洞见来解决问题。 从那以后,黑猩猩就用多种不同的工具来制造。例如,他们用棍子来磨棍,用它们作为猎枪。他们用石头作为锤子来敲开坚果。

    Scientists have also observed other species of animals making tools to solve problems. A crow was seen bending a piece of wire into a hook. Then the crow used the hook to pull food out of a tube.
    ::科学家们还观察到其他种类的动物在制造工具解决问题。 一只乌鸦被看到把一根铁丝钉在钩子上。 然后乌鸦用钩子把食物从管子上拉出来。

    An example of a gorilla using a walking stick is shown below ( Figure ). Behaviors such as these show that other species of animals can use their experience and reasoning to solve problems. They can learn through insight.
    ::大型猩猩使用手杖的例子见下文(图 ) 。 此类行为表明,其他动物可以使用他们的经验和推理来解决问题。它们可以通过洞察力学习。

    A gorilla using a branch to balance while fishing in swampy water.

    This gorilla is using a branch as a tool. She is leaning on it to keep her balance while she reaches down into swampy water to catch a fish.
    ::这只大猩猩用树枝作为工具 她靠树枝维持平衡

      

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Learning is a change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
      ::学习是因经验而产生的行为变化。
    • Learned behaviors are adaptive because they are flexible. They can change if the environment changes.
      ::学习行为具有适应性,因为它们是灵活的。如果环境发生变化,它们可以改变。
    • Behaviors can be learned in several different ways, including through play.
      ::行为可以通过几种不同的方式学习,包括通过玩耍来学习。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is learning?
      ::什么是学习?
    2. Name three types of learning in animals.
      ::列出三种动物学习类型。
    3. Compare and contrast instinct and learning.
      ::比较和对比本能和学习。