章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 社会行为行为

    Two deer engaging in a fierce fight, indicating aggression over territory or mates.

    Playing or fighting?
    ::玩游戏还是打架?

    This display of aggression may be over a mate or land. But they definitely are not playing. This fight will continue until one is badly injured and flees, or the fight may continue to the death.
    ::这种侵略行为可能发生在配偶或土地之上,但他们绝对不会玩耍。这场战斗将持续到伤势严重并逃离,或者战斗可能继续到死亡为止。

    Social Behaviors
    ::社会行为行为

    Different types of behavior evolved in because the behaviors helped them survive or reproduce. In many , animals live together in a close-knit group with other members of their species. Such a group is referred to as a society . Animals that live in a society are known as social animals . They live and work together for the good of the group. This is called cooperation . Generally, each member of the group has a specific role that it plays in the society. Cooperation allows the group to do many things that a lone animal could never do. Look at the ants in Figure . By working together, they are able to carry a large insect back to the nest to feed other members of their society.
    ::不同类型的行为是因行为帮助他们生存或繁殖而演变的。在很多情况下,动物与其他物种成员一起生活在一个紧密的团体中。这个团体被称为社会。生活在一个社会中的动物被称为社会动物,他们为群体的利益而共同生活和工作。这叫合作。一般而言,每个团体的成员都具有它在社会中的特殊作用。合作使得该团体能够做一个独生动物无法做的事情。看看图中的蚂蚁。通过共同努力,它们能够把一个大昆虫带回巢里喂养社会其他成员。

    Ants working together to carry a large insect to their nest for support.

    Cooperation in a Social Insect. These ants are cooperating in a task that a single ant would be too small to do alone.
    ::在社会昆虫的合作中,这些蚂蚁正在合作完成一项任务,即一只蚂蚁太小,单靠一只无法完成的任务。

    Communication
    ::通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯通讯

    For individuals to cooperate, they need to communicate . Animals can communicate with sounds, chemicals, or visual cues. For example, to communicate with sounds, sing and frogs croak. Both may be communicating that they are good mates. Ants communicate with chemicals called pheromones . For example, they use the chemicals to mark trails to food sources so other ants can find them. Male dogs use pheromones in urine to mark their territory. They are “telling” other dogs to stay out of their yard. You can see several examples of visual in Figure .
    ::动物可以与声音、化学物质或视觉提示进行交流,例如,与声音、唱歌和青蛙进行交流。两者可能都是很好的伴侣。蚂蚁可以与被称为费洛蒙的化学品进行交流。例如,它们使用化学物质标记通往食物来源的路径,以便其他蚂蚁能够找到它们。雄性狗在尿液中使用费洛蒙来标记它们的领地。它们“告诉”其他狗不要离开他们的院子。你可以在图中看到几个可见的例子。

    Examples of visual communication in humans and animals, illustrating various facial expressions and display behaviors.

    Visual Communication in Animals. Many animals use visual cues to communicate.
    ::动物的视觉交流。许多动物使用视觉提示进行交流。

    Aggression
    ::侵略

    Aggression is behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain. It may involve physical violence against other individuals. For example, two male gorillas may fight and use their canine teeth to inflict deep wounds. Expressing aggression this way may lead to serious injury and even death.
    ::侵略是指意在造成伤害或痛苦的行为,它可能涉及对他人的人身暴力。例如,两只雄性大猩猩可能会用犬牙来打和打深处的伤口。 以这种方式表示侵略可能导致严重伤害甚至死亡。

    In many species display behaviors , rather than actual physical attacks, are used to show aggression. This helps prevent injury and death. Male gorillas, for example, are more likely to put on a display of aggression than to attack another male. In fact, gorillas have a whole series of display behaviors that they use to show aggression. They beat on their chest, dash back and forth, and pound the ground with their hands.
    ::在许多物种中,显示行为,而不是实际的人身攻击,被用来显示侵犯性。这有助于防止伤害和死亡。例如,男性大猩猩更可能显示侵犯性,而不是攻击另一个男性。事实上,大猩猩用一系列的显示行为来显示侵犯性。他们打胸部、反弹和反弹,用手敲地。

    Competition
    ::竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争

    Aggressive behavior often occurs when individuals compete for the same resources. Animals may compete for territory, , food, or mates. There are two basic types of : intraspecific and interspecific.
    ::当个人竞争同一资源时,往往会发生侵略行为。动物可以竞争领土、食物或伴侣。有两种基本类型:特定和特定。

    • Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same species. For example, two male deer may compete for mates by clashing their antlers together.
      ::同一物种的成员之间发生具体竞争,例如,两只雄鹿可能通过相互碰撞鹿角来竞争伴侣。
    • Interspecific competition occurs between members of different species. For example, one species of ant may attack and take over the colony of another ant species.
      ::例如,一种蚂蚁可能攻击并接管另一个蚂蚁物种的种群。

      

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Types of animal behavior include social behaviors such as cooperation and communication.
      ::动物行为的类型包括合作和交流等社会行为。
    • Competition may lead to aggressive behaviors or displays of aggression.
      ::竞争可能导致侵略行为或侵略表现。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Explain why communication is necessary for social living.
      ::解释为什么交流是社会生活所必需的。
    2. Describe communication in ants.
      ::描述蚂蚁的交流情况。
    3. What is aggression?
      ::什么是侵略?
    4. What type of competition occurs between two dogs?
      ::两只狗之间哪一种竞争?
    5. Create a bulletin board or brief video to demonstrate the role of facial expressions in human communication.
      ::创建公告栏或短片,以展示面部表情在人际交流中的作用。