章节大纲

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  • Cyclic 行为行为

    Wildebeests crossing a river during the annual Masai Mara migration.

    The seventh greatest wonder in the world. Really?
    ::世界上第七大奇迹,真的吗?

    The Masai Mara Wildebeest . The annual wildebeest migration in Kenya and Tanzania is arguably the most spectacular natural event in Africa. More than 3 million large mammals have made the vast Masai Mara and Serengeti plains their home, and each summer they migrate, looking for greener pastures. And yes, some call it "the seventh greatest wonder in the world."
    ::Masai Mara Wildebeest 。 肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚每年的野生动物迁徙可以说是非洲最壮观的自然事件。 300多万大型哺乳动物将广阔的Masai Mara和Serengeti平原变成了他们的家园,每年夏天他们都迁徙,寻找更绿色的牧场。 是的,有人称之为“世界第七大奇迹 ” 。

    Cyclic Behaviors
    ::Cyclic 行为行为

    Many occur in a regular cycle. Two types of cyclic behaviors are and migration.
    ::许多人在正常周期中出现,两种循环行为和移徙是两种类型的循环行为。

    Circadian rhythms are regular changes in biology or behavior that occur in a 24-hour cycle. In humans, for example, and body temperature change in a regular way throughout each 24-hour day. may eat and drink at certain times of day as well. Humans have daily cycles of behavior, too. Most people start to get sleepy after dark and have a hard time sleeping when it is light outside. In many , including humans, circadian rhythms are controlled by a tiny structure called the biological clock . This structure is located in a gland at the base of the brain . The biological clock sends signals to the body. The signals cause regular changes in behavior and body processes. The amount of light entering the helps control the biological clock. The clock causes changes that repeat every 24 hours.
    ::环曲节奏是24小时周期生物学或行为周期的定期变化。 例如,在人类中,24小时24小时的正常身体温度变化。 也可以在一天的某些时间吃喝。 人类也有日常的行为周期。 大多数人在天黑后开始睡觉,在外表亮时睡觉困难。 许多人,包括人类在内, 环曲节奏受到一个叫做生物钟的小结构的控制。 这种结构位于大脑底部的腺体中。 生物钟向身体发出信号。 这些信号导致行为和身体过程的经常变化。 进入时钟的光量有助于控制生物钟。 时钟每24小时都会导致重复。

    Migration refers to seasonal movements of animals from one area to another. Migrants typically travel long distances, and travel the same paths each seasonal cycle. Usually, the migrants move to another area in order to find food or mates. Many , , and migrate. Mammals such as whales and caribou migrate as well. Figure shows the migration route of a bird called a godwit. Another example of a behavior with a yearly cycle is hibernation . Hibernation is a state in which an animal’s body processes are slower than usual, and its body temperature falls. An animal uses less energy than usual during hibernation. This helps the animal survive during a time of year when food is scarce. Hibernation may last for weeks or months. Animals that hibernate include species of bats, squirrels, and snakes. Most people think that bears hibernate. In fact, bears do not go into true hibernation. In the winter, they go into a deep sleep. However, their body processes do not slow down very much. Their body temperature also remains about the same as usual. Bears can be awakened easily from their winter sleep.
    ::迁徙是指动物从一个地区到另一个地区的季节性迁徙。 迁徙者通常长途旅行, 并且每个季节性周期都走同样的路程。 通常, 迁徙者迁移到另一个地区寻找食物或伴侣。 许多移民, 并且移民。 鲸鱼和驯鹿等哺乳动物也迁徙。 图中显示了叫“ 神虫”的鸟类的迁徙路线。 另一个每年循环行为的例子就是冬眠。 休眠是动物身体过程比平常慢,身体温度下降的状态。 动物在冬眠期间使用比通常少的能量。 这帮助动物在食物稀少的一年中生存。 休眠可能持续数周或数月。 冬眠的动物包括蝙蝠、 松鼠和蛇等种类。 多数人认为有冬眠。 事实上, 它们不会进入真正的冬眠。 但是, 他们的身体过程不会减慢很多。 他们的体温也和通常一样。 熊可以从冬眠中轻易醒来。

    Map showing the migration routes of godwits from the Arctic to Antarctica.

    Godwit Migration Route. Godwits make this incredibly long journey twice a year. In the fall, they migrate from the Arctic to Antarctica. They make the return flight in the spring.
    ::天杀的迁徙路线,天杀的每年两次长途旅行。在秋天,他们从北极迁移到南极洲。他们在春天返回。

    KQED: Flyways: The Migratory Routes of Birds
    ::KQED: 飞行:鸟类迁徙路线

    For thousands of years and countless generations, migratory birds have flown the same long-distance paths between their breeding and feeding grounds. Understanding the routes these birds take, called flyways , helps efforts and gives scientists better knowledge of global changes, both natural and man-made.
    ::数千年来,无数代以来,迁徙鸟类在繁殖地和喂养地之间的长途航线上飞行。 了解这些鸟类的路线,即所谓的飞行路线,帮助科学家们作出努力,让科学家们更好地了解自然和人为的全球变化。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Types of animal behavior include cyclic behaviors such as circadian rhythms and migration.
      ::动物行为的类型包括循环行为,如环形节律和迁徙。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are circadian rhythms? Give an example.
      ::环礁的节奏是什么?举个例子。
    2. Why is migration considered a cyclic behavior?
      ::为什么移徙被视为循环行为?