5.2 欧洲历史发展模式(2天)
Section outline
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Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Summarize briefly how the Roman Empire and the Viking era contributed to European development.
::简要总结一下罗马帝国和维京时代对欧洲发展的贡献。 -
Describe how European colonialism changed or influenced other countries.
::说明欧洲殖民主义如何改变或影响其他国家。 -
Explain the major developments that prompted the Industrial Revolution.
::解释引发工业革命的主要事态发展。 -
Describe the impact of the rural-to-urban shift and its impact on urbanization specifically.
::具体描述农村向城市的转变的影响及其对城市化的影响。 -
Define the concept of a nation-state and explain how this applies to Europe.
::界定民族国家的概念,并解释这如何适用于欧洲。 -
Explain how cultural forces can positively or negatively influence political units.
::解释文化力量如何能积极或消极地影响政治单位。 -
List the three main language groups and the three main religious denominations of Europe.
::列出欧洲三个主要语言群体和三个主要宗教派别。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional World Geography Unit 05: Chapter 5.2 European Historical Development Patterns
::TERS 区域世界地理股05:第5.2章欧洲历史发展模式WG.1A Analyze the effects of physical and human geographic patterns and processes on events in the past and describe their effects on present conditions, including significant physical features and environmental conditions that influenced migration patterns in the past and shaped the distribution of culture groups today.
::WG.1A 分析物理和人类地理模式和过程对过去事件的影响,并描述其对目前状况的影响,包括影响过去移徙模式并影响当今文化群体分布的重大物理特征和环境条件。WG.2B Assess how people’s changing perceptions of geographic features have led to changes in human societies.
::WG.2B 评估人们对地理特征的不断变化的认识如何导致人类社会的变化。WG.5A Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural characteristics.
::WG.5A 分析一个地方的特征如何与其政治、经济、社会和文化特征相关。WG.6A Locate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.
::WG.6A 确定并描述影响定居点规模和分布的人文和物理特征。WG.16C Compare life in a variety of cities and nations in the world to evaluate the relationships involved in political, economic, social, and environmental changes.
::WG.16C 比较世界上各种城市和国家的生活,以评价政治、经济、社会和环境变化所涉及的关系。WG.16D Compare life in a variety of urban and rural areas in the world to evaluate political, economic, social, and environmental changes.
::WG.16D 比较世界不同城市和农村地区的生活,以评价政治、经济、社会和环境变化。WG.17A Describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, systems of education, and customs that make Europe distinctive.
::WG.17A 描述和比较诸如语言、宗教、土地使用、教育制度和使欧洲与众不同的习俗等文化模式。WG.21A Analyze and evaluate the validity and utility of multiple sources of geographic information such as primary and secondary sources, aerial photographs and maps.
::WG.21A 分析和评价多种地理资料来源,例如主要和次要资料来源、航空照片和地图的有效性和效用。WG.21B Locate places of contemporary geopolitical significance on a map.,
::WG.21B 在地图上标出具有当代地缘政治意义的地点。WG.22A Design and draw appropriate graphics, such as maps, diagrams, tables, and graphs to communicate geographic features, distributions, distributions, and relationships.
::WG.22A 设计和绘制适当的图形,如地图、图表、表格和图表,以交流地理特征、分布、分布和关系。WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。European Historical Development Patterns
::欧洲历史发展模式Europe did not become a center for world economics with high standards of living by accident. Historical events in global development have favored this realm because of its physical geography and cultural factors. In southern Europe, the Greeks provided ideas, philosophy, and organization. Greek thinkers promoted the concept of democracy. The Romans carried the concept of an empire to new levels.
::欧洲并非偶然地成为世界生活水平高的经济学中心。 全球发展的历史事件因其地理和文化因素而有利于这个领域。 在南欧,希腊人提供了思想、哲学和组织。 希腊思想家倡导民主概念。 罗马人将帝国的概念推向了新的水平。From about 150 B.C.E. to 475 C.E., the Romans brought many ideas together and controlled a large portion of Europe and North Africa. The Roman Empire introduced a common infrastructure to Europe. The Romans connected their world by building roads, bridges, aqueducts, and port facilities. They understood how to rule an empire. By taking advantage of the best opportunities of each region they controlled, they encouraged the best and most-skilled artisans to focus on what they did best.
::从公元前150年到公元前475年,罗马人汇集了许多思想并控制了欧洲和北非的很大一部分。罗马帝国为欧洲引入了共同的基础设施。罗马人通过修建道路、桥梁、水渠和港口设施将世界连接起来。他们懂得如何统治帝国。他们利用他们控制的每一地区的最佳机会,鼓励最优秀和最熟练的工匠关注他们做得最好的。The focus on encouraging the work of skilled artisans created the specialization of goods and a market economy. No longer did everyone have to make everything for themselves. They could sell in the market what they produced and purchase products made by others, which would be of higher quality than what they could make at home. Regions that specialized in certain goods due to local resources or specialty skills could transport those goods to markets long distances away. The Roman Empire connected southern Europe and North Africa.
::重点鼓励熟练工匠的工作创造了商品专业化和市场经济,不再需要每个人都为自己创造一切,他们可以在市场上销售他们生产的产品和购买其他人生产的产品,这些产品的质量将高于他们在国内生产的产品的质量。 由于当地资源或特殊技能而专门生产某些货物的地区可以将这些货物运往遥远的市场。罗马帝国连接了南欧和北非。
This map illustrates the extent of the Roman Empire, 117 CE.
::该地图显示了罗马帝国117的面积。
The Vikings of Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; 900–1200 C.E.) are often referred to as rogue bands of armed warriors who pillaged and plundered northern Europe. Though they were fierce warriors in battle, they were farmers, skilled craftsmen, and active traders. They developed trade routes throughout the north. Using their seafaring knowledge and skills, the Vikings used Europe’s waterways for transportation.
::斯堪的纳维亚的维京人(挪威、瑞典和丹麦;900-1200中东欧 ) , 常常被称为掠夺和掠夺北欧的武装战士的流氓团伙。 尽管他们是战斗中的英勇战士,但他们是农民、熟练工匠和活跃的贸易商。 他们开发了整个北方的贸易路线。 维京人利用其航海知识和技能,利用欧洲的水道进行运输。The Vikings were the early developers of the northern world from Russia to Iceland and even to North America. They developed colonies in Iceland, Greenland, and what is present-day Canada. Their longships were renowned for versatility and provided an advantage on the sea. The Vikings made advances deep into Europe—all the way to Constantinople. The records of history show that the Byzantine Empire employed Scandinavian Vikings as mercenaries.
::维京人是北方世界的早期开发者,从俄罗斯到冰岛,甚至到北美,他们在冰岛、格陵兰和今天的加拿大建立了殖民地,他们的长船以多功能闻名,在海上提供了优势。维京人深入欧洲,一路通向君士坦丁堡。历史记录显示,拜占庭帝国雇用斯堪的纳维亚维京人充当雇佣军。In a general sense, the regions to the west of Scandinavia—such as Iceland, Scotland, Ireland, and Greenland—were targeted by the Norwegian Vikings. Southern regions such as England and France were more often destinations of the Danish Vikings. Russia and areas of Eastern Europe were standard trading grounds for the Swedish Vikings, though the different Viking groups could occasionally be found in the same destinations. The present-day Scandinavian countries were established after the main Viking period. The Vikings connected northern Europe with trade during the Dark Ages.
::一般而言,斯堪的纳维亚以西的地区,如冰岛、苏格兰、爱尔兰和格陵兰等,是挪威维京群岛的目标,英格兰和法国等南部地区是丹麦维京群岛的目的地,俄罗斯和东欧地区是瑞典维京群岛的标准贸易地,虽然不同的维京集团偶尔也在同一目的地出现,但今天斯堪的纳维亚国家是在主要维京时期之后建立的,维京群岛将北欧与黑暗时代的贸易连接起来。Colonialism
::殖民主义 殖民主义It wasn’t until after the Dark Ages of Europe ended that a rebirth of ideas, technology, and progress took hold. The Renaissance of the late 15th century prompted activity in Europe that changed the world. In 1492, Columbus and his three ships crossed the Atlantic to land on the shores of the Americas. This event symbolized the beginning of the era of European colonialism.
::直到欧洲黑暗时代结束之后,思想、技术和进步的重生才得以维持。 15世纪末的复兴促使欧洲改变了世界。 1492年,哥伦布和他的三艘船穿越大西洋在美洲海岸登陆。 这一事件象征着欧洲殖民主义时代的开始。Colonialism’s effects remain in the colonies or protectorates that European countries still possess. Colonialism was fueled by the economic concept of mercantilism that included the drive of governments to control trade, promoting the acquisition of wealth by the quick gain of gold or silver from their colonies.
::殖民主义的影响仍然存在于欧洲国家仍然拥有的殖民地或保护地。 殖民主义因种族分裂主义的经济概念而火上浇油,其中包括政府控制贸易、通过迅速从殖民地获得黄金或银子来推动财富的获取。Colonialism included the development of colonies outside the home country, usually for the expansion of imperial power and the exploitation of material gain. The building of larger ships and an understanding of sea travel allowed an exchange of new goods and ideas between continents. North and South America were opened up to the European explorers for colonial expansion. European colonialism brought newfound wealth from the colonies back to Europe.
::殖民主义包括在本国境外发展殖民地,通常是为了扩大帝国势力和利用物质收益;建造大型船只和了解海上旅行,使各大洲之间能够交流新的货物和思想;北美和南美洲向欧洲探险家开放,以扩大殖民;欧洲殖民主义将殖民地中新发现的财富带回欧洲。All the regions of the world outside of Europe were targeted for colonialism. Africa was divided up, Latin America was created, and Asia became a location for resources and trade. The few powerful countries along the Atlantic coast of Europe began the drive to dominate their world. If you live in the Western Hemisphere, consider the language you speak and the borders of your country. Both were most likely products of European colonialism. Most of the current political geographic boundaries were drawn up or shaped through colonial conflict or agreement
::欧洲以外的世界所有地区都成为殖民主义的目标,非洲被分裂,拉丁美洲被建立,亚洲成为资源和贸易的场所,欧洲大西洋沿岸的少数强国开始主导其世界。如果你生活在西半球,你想想你所说的语言和贵国的边界。两者都很可能是欧洲殖民主义的产物。目前政治地理边界大部分是通过殖民冲突或协议划定或形成的。
The founding of Santiago de Chile in 1541.
::智利圣地亚哥在1541年成立。The Agrarian Revolution
::农业革命The post-Renaissance era introduced a number of agricultural changes that impacted European food production. Before this time, most agricultural methods were primitive and labor intensive, but new technologies were introduced that greatly enhanced agricultural production. Plows, seeders, and harvesting technologies were introduced. Land reform and land ownership transitioned to adapt to the changing times.
::后侦察时代引入了一些影响欧洲粮食生产的农业变革。 在此之前,大多数农业方法都是原始的、劳动密集型的,但引进了大大提升农业生产的新技术。 引入了犁、种子和收割技术。 土地改革和土地所有权转型适应了不断变化的时代。These innovations supported the expanding port cities that created urban markets for agricultural surpluses. Colonial ships returned from the colonies with new crops such as potatoes. This era’s progress in agricultural advancements is often referred to as the agrarian revolution. The agrarian revolution led to industrial developments such as the steam tractor and steel implements that further advanced agricultural production worldwide.
::这些创新支持了为农业盈余创造城市市场的不断扩大的港口城市。 殖民船只从殖民地返回,种植土豆等新作物。 这个时代在农业进步方面的进展常常被称为农业革命。 农业革命导致了工业的发展,如蒸汽拖拉机和钢铁工具,从而进一步提升了全世界的农业生产。The Industrial Revolution
::工业革命Great Britain, being an island country, developed the world’s largest navy and took control of the seas. Their colonial reach extended from what is now Canada to Australia. The Industrial Revolution, initiated in northern England in the late 1700s, introduced an industrial period that changed how humans produced products. The shift to coal for energy, the use of the steam engine for power, the smelting of iron, and the concept of mass production changed how goods were produced.
::英国作为一个岛国,发展了世界上最大的海军并控制了海洋。 它们的殖民势力范围从现在的加拿大延伸到澳大利亚。 工业革命始于英国北部,始于1700年代末,引入了改变人类生产产品的工业时期。 转向煤炭换能源、使用蒸汽引擎发电、铁熔炼以及大规模生产的概念改变了商品的生产方式。
Mass production during the Industrial Revolution prompted a rural-to-urban shift in the population. Coal for energy and steam for power energized industrial activities.
::工业革命期间的大规模生产促进了农村人口向城市的转变,煤炭用于能源和电蒸汽用于刺激工业活动。
The development of the steam-powered engine provided a mobile power source. Waterwheels powered by steep-flowing rivers or streams were an early source of power. With coal for fuel and steam for power, the engines of industry were mobile and moved full speed ahead. Power looms converted textiles such as cotton and wool into cloth. Powered by a steam engine, a power loom could operate 24 hours a day and could be located anywhere. Industrialization with cheap labor and adequate raw materials brought enormous wealth to the industrial leaders and their home countries,
::蒸汽动力发动机的发展提供了一种移动动力源,水轮由陡峭的河流或溪流驱动,是早期的电力来源;煤炭作为燃料和电蒸汽,工业引擎是移动的,并全速前进;电轮将棉花和羊毛等纺织品转换成布料,由蒸汽机驱动,电轮每天24小时运转,可以停在任何地方;廉价劳动力和充足的原材料的工业化为工业领导人及其母国带来了巨大的财富,With the mass production of goods and advancements in technology, there was a major shift in human labor. Fewer people were needed on the farms, and more workers were needed in factories. There was a large rural-to-urban shift in the human population. Europe experienced the development of the major cities of its realm during this period. In Britain, for example, in 1800 only 9 percent of the population lived in urban areas. By 1900, about 62 percent were urban dwellers. As of 2010, it is more than 90 percent. Europe, as a whole, is about 75 percent urban. As a comparison, the population in the United States is approximately 80 percent urban.
::随着商品的大规模生产和技术的进步,人类劳动力发生了重大变化。农场需要的人数减少,工厂需要的工人增加。人口从农村向城市的大规模转变。在此期间,欧洲经历了其国土上的主要城市的发展。例如,在英国,1800年,只有9%的人口生活在城市地区。到1900年,城市居民约占62%。截至2010年,城市居民超过90%。整个欧洲大约为75%的城市人口。相比之下,美国的人口大约为80%的城市人口。The Industrial Revolution, which started in northern England’s Pennine mountain chain, rippled through Europe and across the Atlantic to the United States. The majority of countries in Europe are currently in stage 5 of the index of economic development. The five stages of the index of economic development illustrate a pattern of development and population dynamics for a country or region.
::工业革命始于英格兰北部的潘尼山脉链,它横跨欧洲,横跨大西洋到美国。 大部分欧洲国家目前正处于经济发展指数第5阶段。 经济发展指数的五个阶段显示了一个国家或地区的发展和人口动态模式。The model outlines how rural societies with an agrarian economy in stage 1 can make the transition to stage 5, which is the stage that indicates an urban society with a consumer economy. As a general trend, when a country’s levels of industrial activity and urban growth rise, the outcome is usually a higher standard of living and smaller family sizes. Additionally, the rural-to-urban shift takes place, driven by the pull of opportunities and advantages in the industrializing and urbanizing areas. Countries in stage 5 of the index have small families with a fertility rate below the replacement level. Their incomes, based on a consumer economy, are generally at high levels.
::该模型概述了农业经济处于第1阶段的农村社会如何向第5阶段过渡,而第5阶段是显示有消费经济的城市社会的一个阶段。 总体趋势是,当一个国家的工业活动和城市增长水平上升时,结果通常是生活水平提高,家庭规模缩小。 此外,在工业化和城市化地区机遇和优势的拉动下,从农村向城市的转变发生了。 处于第5阶段的国家的生育率低于替代水平,家庭规模小,以消费经济为基础的家庭收入普遍处于较高水平。As Europe industrialized and progressed through the stages of the index of economic development, certain core regions reached the postindustrial stages earlier than others. Western Europe established a core industrial region with an extended periphery. The postindustrial activity in this core area continues today in four main centers of innovation:
::随着欧洲工业化并进入经济发展指数的各阶段,某些核心区域比其他核心区域更早地进入后工业阶段。 西欧建立了一个核心工业区域,其外围范围扩大了。 今天,这一核心领域的后工业活动继续在四个主要创新中心进行:-
Stuttgart in southern Germany
::德国南部斯图加特 -
Lyon in southeastern France
::法国东南部的里昂 -
Milan in northern Italy
::意大利北部米兰市 -
Barcelona in northeastern Spain.
::西班牙东北部巴塞罗那。
These four industrial centers have been referred to as the Four Motors of Europe because they promote business and industry for the European community. The European core region extends as far as Stockholm in the north to Barcelona in the south.
::这四个工业中心被称为欧洲四汽车公司,因为它们为欧洲社会促进工商业。 欧洲核心地区一直延伸到北面的斯德哥尔摩,南面的巴塞罗那。
Attractive “pull” forces draw immigrants to the core economic area of Europe, seeking opportunity and advantage. “Push” forces cause people to leave an area due to negative cultural or environmental forces, and/or the lack of opportunity and advantage.
::具有吸引力的“拉动”力量将移民吸引到欧洲的核心经济地区,寻找机会和优势。 “推动”力量导致人们因为消极的文化或环境力量和(或)缺乏机会和优势而离开该地区。Central Business Districts and Primate Cities
::中央商业区和原始城市European urban development centered on port cities that had industrial activity. Ships could import raw materials, the factories could manufacture the goods, and the ships could export the products. A central business district (CBD) developed around these activities. Since walking was the main transportation mode, all business activities had to be located in the same vicinity. Banks, retail shops, food markets, and residential dwellings had to be close to the factories and port facilities. Modern cities emerged from this industrialization process, and Europe is one of the more urban realms on the planet.
::欧洲城市发展以拥有工业活动的港口城市为中心。 船舶可以进口原材料,工厂可以制造货物,船舶可以出口产品。 围绕这些活动发展了一个中心商业区(CBD ) 。 由于步行是主要的运输方式,所有商业活动都必须位于同一地点。 银行、零售商店、食品市场和住宅必须靠近工厂和港口设施。 现代城市从这一工业化进程中诞生,欧洲是地球上更多的城市领域之一。Many European countries have one main primary city that is more than twice as large as their second city. The term primate city indicates a city that is more than twice as large as their second city and exceptionally expressive of national feeling and heritage. One may think that the primate city is the same as the capital city of a country. However, this is not always the case.
::许多欧洲国家有一个主要主要城市,其面积是第二座城市的两倍多。 灵长类城市一词是指一个比第二座城市大一倍多的城市,它特别体现了民族感知和传统。 人们可能会认为灵长类城市与一个国家的首都相同。 然而,情况并非总是如此。Primate cities represent a country and are symbolic of the country’s heritage and character. Though common, not all countries of the world have a primate city. Financial and business centers in cities such as London, Rome, or Paris support the industrial activity that led to their development as primate cities. Most primate cities are ports or are located on a major river.
::原始城市代表着一个国家,象征着这个国家的遗产和特征。 尽管世界并非所有国家都有一个灵长类城市,但这些国家都是普通城市。 伦敦、罗马或巴黎等城市的金融和商业中心支持工业活动,导致它们作为灵长类城市的发展。 大多数灵长类城市都是港口或位于一条主要河流上。The Rural-to-Urban Shift and Population Growth
::农村对城市的转变和人口增长Consider the trend that the Industrial Revolution brought to Europe. Do you remember the population growth principle? This principle states that as countries industrialize and urbanize, family size naturally goes down and incomes traditionally go up. Integrate this with the rural-to-urban shift that occurs when countries progress through the five stages of the index of economic development. By understanding these basic trends, one can determine the average family size in Europe and why it is declining.
::想想工业革命给欧洲带来的趋势。 你还记得人口增长原则吗? 这一原则指出,随着国家工业化和城市化,家庭规模自然下降,收入历来增加。 将这一点与随着国家进入经济发展指数的五个阶段而发生的农村向城市的转变结合起来。 通过理解这些基本趋势,人们可以决定欧洲的平均家庭规模及其为何下降。Because Europe is an urbanized realm, one can understand why family size in Europe is small. Various countries in Europe have negative population growth rates. Family size in Spain and Italy is around 1.2, with the average family size in all of Europe at 1.4 children. The replacement rate to maintain an even population-growth pattern would be a fertility rate of about 2.1 children.
::由于欧洲是一个城市化的领域,人们可以理解为什么欧洲的家庭规模很小。 欧洲许多国家的人口增长率为负数。 西班牙和意大利的家庭规模约为1.2,全欧洲平均家庭规模为1.4个子女。 维持人口平均增长模式的更替率将是2.1个子女的生育率。Small families do not provide enough young people to cover the available entry-level service jobs. Europe is in stage 5 of the index of economic development and is facing low or negative population growth and a lack of a cheap labor supply. As a core economic global power, Europe has experienced an increase in immigration. With a lower fertility rate and an increase in postindustrial activity, Europe draws people from poorer peripheral countries and peripheral regions within Europe who are looking for opportunities and advantages.
::小型家庭无法提供足够的年轻人来承担现有的初级服务工作。 欧洲正处于经济发展指数的第五阶段,面临低或负人口增长和廉价劳动力供给的缺乏。 作为核心经济全球力量,欧洲经历了移民的增加。 随着生育率的降低和工业后活动的增加,欧洲吸引了来自欧洲内较贫穷外围国家和外围地区的人寻找机会和优势。With the planet’s human population increasing overall, one might think that a smaller family size is a positive trend. However, if there are fewer young people in a community—fewer children and fewer people of employment age—consider how this affects the economic situation. With a declining European population, who will apply for the entry-level jobs? Economic core areas attract immigrants seeking opportunities and advantages, and Europe follows this pattern.
::随着全球人口的总体增长,人们可能会认为家庭规模缩小是一个积极趋势。 但是,如果社区年轻人减少 — — 低龄儿童和就业年龄人口减少 — — 将考虑这如何影响经济形势。 随着欧洲人口减少,谁将申请初级就业? 经济核心地区吸引了寻求机会和优势的移民,欧洲也遵循了这一模式。There has been increasing tension between the long-standing European cultural groups and immigrants from developing countries who often speak non-European languages or follow religions other than Christianity. The main religion of immigrants from North Africa or the Middle East is Islam, which is the fastest-growing religion in Europe.
::长期存在的欧洲文化群体和来自发展中国家的移民之间日益紧张,他们经常说非欧洲语言或信奉基督教以外的宗教,北非或中东移民的主要宗教是伊斯兰教,这是欧洲增长最快的宗教。
Declining Family Size in Europe
::欧洲家庭规模下降There are six main reasons for the declining family size in Europe:
::欧洲家庭规模下降有六个主要原因:-
The high cost of living makes supporting a large family expensive.
::生活费用高昂使得养家糊口费用昂贵。 -
Confined living spaces in urban areas are expensive for larger families.
::城市地区的封闭居住空间对大家庭来说是昂贵的。 -
Young people are naturally putting off marriage and family until they are older.
::年轻人自然会推迟婚姻和家庭,直到他们长大成人。 -
Family planning and health care for women is available.
::妇女可以获得计划生育和保健。 -
More people are earning an education and putting off having children.
::更多的人正在赚取教育和推迟生孩子。 -
More women choose professional careers and have fewer children.
::更多妇女选择专业职业,子女较少。
The following problems arise with the decline in family size in Europe:
::随着欧洲家庭规模的缩小,出现了下列问题:-
Fewer children result in a shrinking workforce for entry-level jobs.
::儿童人数较少导致从事起职工作的劳动力减少。 -
The workforce is getting older and more professionals are retiring.
::劳动力正在老化,更多的专业人员正在退休。 -
Pension costs are increasing and there are fewer younger workers to pay for them.
::养恤金费用正在增加,支付养恤金的年轻工人较少。 -
The tax burden is shifting to fewer younger professionals in the workplace.
::税收负担正转移到工作场所较少的年轻专业人员身上。 -
More revenues are needed to pay for the health care of a larger population of senior citizens.
::需要增加收入,以支付更多老年公民的保健费用。 -
Immigrants seeking employment may not share the same cultural heritage or values.
::寻求就业的移民可能不拥有相同的文化遗产或价值观。
Nation-States and Devolution
::民族国家和权力下放The agrarian revolution and the Industrial Revolution were powerful movements that altered human activity in many ways. New innovations in food production and the manufacturing of products transformed Europe, which in turn impacted the rest of the world. Even before the agrarian revolution was under way, other transitions in European political currents were undermining the established empire, such as warfare and territorial disputes.
::农业革命和工业革命是在许多方面改变人类活动的强大运动。 粮食生产和产品制造的新创新改变了欧洲,转而影响到世界其他地区。 甚至在农业革命之前,欧洲政治潮流的其他转型正在破坏已经建立的帝国,例如战争和领土争端。The political revolution that transformed Europe was a result of ending continual warfare and introducing peaceful agreements that recognized the sovereignty of representative government. Various treaties and revolutions continued to shift the power from dictators and monarchs to the general population. The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 and those that followed helped establish a sense of peace and stability for Central Europe. The French Revolution (1789–95) was an example of the political transformation taking place across Europe to establish democratic processes for governance.
::改变欧洲的政治革命是结束持续战争和引入承认代议制政府主权的和平协议的结果。 各种条约和革命继续将权力从独裁者和君主转移到普通民众手中。 1648年的《威斯特伐利亚条约》及其后的条约有助于建立中欧的和平与稳定感。 法国革命(1789-95)是整个欧洲为建立民主施政进程而进行政治变革的范例。The political revolution laid the groundwork for a sense of nationalism that transformed Europe into nation-states. The term nation refers to a homogeneous group of people with a common heritage, language, religion, or political ambition. The term state refers to the government. When nations and states come together, there is a true nation-state, wherein most citizens share a common heritage and a united government.
::政治革命为将欧洲转变为民族国家的民族主义感奠定了基础。 民族一词指具有共同遗产、语言、宗教或政治野心的同质群体。 国家一词指政府。 当民族和国家走到一起时,就有一个真正的民族国家,在这个民族国家中,大多数公民拥有共同遗产和联合政府。European countries are at the point where the concept of forming or remaining a nation-state is a driving force in many political sectors. Most Europeans want to be a member of a nation-state, where there is a shared culture, heritage, and government. The result of the drive for nation-states in Europe is an Italy for Italians, a united Germany for Germans, and a France for the French, for example. Though the political borders of many European countries resemble nation-states, creating a nation-state is unlikely because of the diversity.
::在欧洲,建立或保持一个民族国家的概念是许多政治领域的推动力。 多数欧洲人希望成为民族国家的成员,那里有着共同的文化、遗产和政府。 欧洲民族国家运动的结果是意大利的意大利,德国的德国统一,法国的法国统一。 尽管许多欧洲国家的政治边界与民族国家相似,但由于多样性,建立民族国家的可能性不大。Various ethnic populations in Europe desire their own nation-states within their countries of residence. They want to devolve or separate from the larger state. The term devolution refers to the process where regions or people within a state demand independence and autonomy at the central government’s expense. There are now a number of cases where devolution is occurring in Europe. For example, Scotland and Wales seek to devolve from the United Kingdom. The Basque region between Spain and France would like to have its own nation-state. Former Yugoslavia broke up into seven smaller nation-states. Various other minority groups in Europe seek similar arrangements. Thus, cohesive cultural forces and divisive cultural forces are active in the European community.
::欧洲各族人民希望在其居住国拥有自己的民族国家,他们希望从更大的国家中转移或分离出去。权力移交一词指的是国家内的地区或人民要求独立和自治的过程,费用由中央政府承担。现在欧洲正在发生一些权力移交的情况。例如,苏格兰和威尔士寻求从联合王国转移出去。西班牙和法国之间的巴斯克地区希望拥有自己的民族国家。前南斯拉夫分裂成七个较小的民族国家。欧洲其他少数群体也寻求类似的安排。因此,欧洲共同体中活跃着团结的文化力量和分裂的文化力量。Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces
::离心和离心部队Cultural forces continually apply pressure on a country. Some of these cultural forces pull the nation together (centripetal forces) and others pull it apart (centrifugal forces). Primary sources of these cultural forces include religion, language, ethnicity, politics, and economic conditions.
::文化力量不断对一个国家施加压力,其中一些文化力量将国家拉在一起(核心力量),另一些文化力量将国家拉在一起(离心力量),这些文化力量的主要来源包括宗教、语言、族裔、政治和经济条件。
Centrifugal Forces vs. Centripetal Forces
::离心力对离心力Centrifugal Forces Divide a State
::一国分裂的离心力-
Ethnic Conflict
::种族冲突 -
Social Injustice
::社会不公正 -
Poverty
::贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷贫穷 -
Dictatorial Leadership
::司级领导 -
Religious Intolerance
::宗教不容忍 -
Nationalism
::民族主义 民族主义 -
Loss of Rights
::权利丧失 -
Any Other Divisive Force
::任何其他分裂力
Centripetal Forces Hold a State Together
::共同维护国家-
Ethnic Unity and Tolerance
::种族团结和容忍 -
Social/Economic Equity
::社会/经济公平 -
Just and Fair Legal System
::公正和公平的法律制度 -
Charismatic Leadership
::机能领导力 -
Religious Acceptance
::宗教接受 -
Nationalism
::民族主义 民族主义 -
Common Heritage
::共同遗产 -
Common Language
::共同语言 -
Any Other Unifying Force
::任何其他统一部队
Centrifugal forces happen when there is division, conflict, or confrontation. Centripetal forces happen when there is unification, agreement, or nationalism. The sources that tie a country together can also be the sources that divide a country. Ethnic unity can be a positive force, while ethnic division and conflict can be a divisive force. If centrifugal forces become strong, the result may be war. Unity can also be evident through national struggles, such as the nationalism displayed immediately after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States. After the attacks, an outpouring of goodwill and agreement strengthened the bonds within the United States.
::离心力量发生于分裂、冲突或对抗时; 离心力量发生于出现分裂、冲突或对抗时; 离子力量发生于出现统一、协议或民族主义时; 将一个国家联系在一起的来源也可能是分裂一个国家的来源; 族裔团结可以是一支积极的力量,而族裔分裂和冲突可以是分裂的力量; 如果离心力量变得强大,结果可能是战争; 团结也可以通过民族斗争来证明,例如美国911恐怖袭击后立即出现的民族主义; 攻击发生后,善意和协议的膨胀加强了美国内部的纽带。To understand our world, it is helpful to understand the cultural forces that are active in any one location. Disagreement, inequity, or injustice related to the cultural factors of ethnicity, religion, language, and economics of a region or country is the cause of most conflicts. The strong personalities that provide leadership can similarly prove to be powerful forces that either divide or unite a nation. An example of cultural forces in conflict in Europe can be found in Northern Ireland, where political forces use religious differences as a means of social division.
::为了理解我们的世界,理解在任何一个地方都活跃的文化力量是有益的。 与一个区域或国家种族、宗教、语言和经济等文化因素有关的分歧、不平等或不公正是大多数冲突的根源。 提供领导力的强者同样可以证明是分裂或团结一个国家的强大力量。 欧洲冲突中的文化力量的一个例子可见于北爱尔兰,那里的政治力量利用宗教差异作为社会分裂的手段。Religion and Language in Europe
::欧洲宗教和语言组织Europe has historically been considered a Christian realm. The three main branches of Christianity in Europe are Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox. Rome has been the geographical base for the Roman Catholic Church since the Roman Empire. Operating on the Romance language, Latin, the Catholic Church has provided southern Europe with a common religion for over 1,500 years.
::欧洲历史上一直被视为基督教王国,欧洲基督教的三个主要分支是罗马天主教、新教和东方东正教。 罗马自罗马帝国以来一直是罗马天主教会的地理基地。 罗马天主教会以罗马语、拉丁语和天主教会为南欧提供了1500多年的共同宗教。The Roman Catholic Church split when Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), gained preeminence. The Eastern Orthodox Church launched itself as the primary organization in the Slavic lands of Eastern Europe and Russia. The reformation of the 14th century, led by people such as Martin Luther, brought about the Protestant Reformation and a break with the Roman Catholic Church. Protestant churches have dominated northern Europe to this day.
::罗马天主教会在君士坦丁堡(现今的伊斯坦布尔)获得显赫地位后分裂。 东东正教会成为东欧和俄罗斯斯拉夫土地上的主要组织。 由马丁·路德(Martin Luther)等人领导的14世纪改革导致了新教改革,并打破了罗马天主教会。 新教教会至今一直主导着北欧。Three Main Language Groups
::三个主要语文组Germanic Language Group ( Found Mainly in Northern Europe )
::德语组(主要在北欧)Romance Language Group ( Latin Based ; Found Mainly in Southern Europe )
::罗马语组(拉丁语组;主要在南欧成立)Slavic Language Group ( Found Mainly in Eastern Europe )
::斯拉夫语组(主要以东欧为总部)English, Dutch, German
::英语、荷兰语、德语French, Italian, Spanish
::法语、意大利语、西班牙语Polish, Russian, Czech
::波兰语、俄语、捷克语Danish, Norwegian, Swedish
::丹麦、挪威、瑞典Portuguese, Romanian, Walloon
::葡萄牙文、罗马尼亚文、瓦隆Ukrainian, Slovak, Slovene
::乌克兰、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚Icelandic, Faroese, Frysian
::冰岛、法罗、弗赖西亚Romancsh, Catalan, Provencal
::罗马语、加泰罗语、普罗韦卡尔语Belarussian, Serbo-Croatian, Lusatian
::白俄罗斯、塞尔维亚-克罗地亚、卢萨提安Macedonian, Bulgarian
::马其顿语、保加利亚语
This map depicts the three dominant languages groups and the three Christian denominations of Europe.
::该地图描绘了欧洲三大主要语言群体和三个基督教教派。
Three main Indo-European language groups dominate Europe. Though there are additional language groups, the dominant three coincide with the three main religious divisions. In the east, where the Eastern Orthodox Church is dominant, the Slavic language group prevails. In the north, along with Protestant Christianity, one finds the Germanic language group. In southern Europe, where Roman Catholicism is dominant, the Romance languages are more commonly spoken.
::三大印度-欧洲语言群体在欧洲占主导地位。 虽然还有其他语言群体,但占优势的三大宗教群体与三大宗教派别相同。 在东部,东东正教占主导地位,斯拉夫语群体占主导地位。 在北部,与新教基督教一起,人们也拥有德意志语群体。 在罗马天主教占主导地位的南欧,罗姆语更为常见。
Key Takeaways
::密钥外出-
The Roman Empire connected southern Europe and created an infrastructure to help promote trade and intercultural connections.
::罗马帝国连接了南欧,建立了一个基础设施,帮助促进贸易和文化间联系。 -
The Vikings connected northern Europe through trade and exploitation.
::维京人通过贸易和剥削将北欧连接起来。 -
Technological advancements helped European colonialism dominate other countries and exploit their labor and resources.
::技术进步帮助欧洲殖民主义统治其他国家,剥削它们的劳动力和资源。 -
Coastal European countries created colonies and external sources of wealth.
::沿海欧洲国家建立了殖民地和外部财富来源。 -
The Industrial Revolution was promoted by the development of steam power with coal as a fuel source.
::以煤作为燃料来源的蒸汽发电的发展推动了工业革命。 -
The mass production of goods gave the European countries an advantage in the world marketplace.
::商品的大规模生产使欧洲国家在世界市场上占有优势。 -
The Industrial Revolution prompted a shift in population from the rural agricultural regions to the urban centers.
::工业革命促使人口从农村农业地区向城市中心转移。 -
More people were needed in the factories and fewer workers were required on the farms because of improved agricultural methods. This shift resulted in smaller families and more women entering the workplace.
::由于农业方法的改进,工厂需要更多的人,农场需要的工人也更少,这种转变导致家庭规模较小,妇女进入工作场所的人数更多。 -
The early empires of Europe gave way to the concept of a similar people (the nation) unifying under a common government (the state) to create nation-states.
::早期的欧洲帝国让位于一个类似民族(民族)统一在一个共同政府(国家)下建立民族国家的概念。 -
Divisive centrifugal cultural forces tend to divide and separate people in a state, whereas cohesive centripetal cultural forces tend to unify a state.
::分裂的离心文化力量往往分裂和分离一个州的人民,而具有凝聚力的子宫文化力量则倾向于统一一个州。 -
The Indo-European language family has three dominant groups in Europe: Germanic in the north, Romance in the south, and Slavic in the east.
::印欧语家庭在欧洲有三大主导群体:北部的德意志语、南部的罗姆语和东部的斯拉夫语。 -
The Christian religion has three main divisions in Europe: a Protestant north, Catholic south, and an Orthodox east.
::基督教在欧洲分为三大教派:北新教、南天主教和东东正教。
Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 5.2 European Historical Development Patterns
::第5.2章 欧洲历史发展模式central-b usiness -district (CBD)
::中央商业区(CBD)The core of a city, which is almost always based on commercial activity.
::城市的核心几乎总是以商业活动为基础。colonialism
::殖民主义和殖民主义A system in which another country controls another area as a colony The ruling colony controls tra de with i ts colony for its own benefit
::一种制度,使另一个国家控制另一个区域作为殖民地。 统治着的殖民地控制着为自身利益与其殖民地贸易的贸易。devolution
::权力下放To the process whereby regions or people within a state demand independence and autonomy at the central government’s expense
::国家内的地区或人民要求独立和自治的过程,由中央政府出资Fascism
::法西斯主义A totalitarian form of government where one person rules
::一个人统治的极权政府形式feudalism
::封建主义A type of social system in Europe that thrived during the 9th and 15th centuries in which the holding of land was used in exchange for labor and military services
::欧洲的一种社会制度在第九和十五世纪蓬勃发展,当时拥有土地被用来换取劳动和军事服务。im perialism
::帝国主义When a country takes over or controls another country by domination or force
::一国以统治或武力接管或控制另一国m ilitarism
::军国主义The belief or desire to have a strong military within one's country
::在国内拥有强大军队的信念或愿望nation -state
::民族国家The name of a territory when a nation and state occupy the same territory
::民族和国家占领同一领土时的领土名称nationalism
::民族主义民族主义The belief or ideology of strongly identifying with one nation
::强烈认同一个国家的信念或意识形态Germanic
::日耳语One of the three major language families in Europe
::欧洲三大语言家庭之一Germanic languages
::德语German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian
::德语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语和挪威语Indo-European
::印度-欧洲The base of languages in Europe
::欧洲语言的基础Romance
::罗姆One of the three major language families in Europe
::欧洲三大语言家庭之一Romance languages
::罗姆语Romanian, Italian, French, Spanish, and Portug u ese
::罗马尼亚语、意大利语、法语、西班牙语和葡萄牙语Slavic
::斯拉夫斯拉夫语NameOne of the three major language families in Europe
::欧洲三大语言家庭之一Slavic languages
::斯拉夫语言Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, and Czech
::俄文、乌克兰文、波兰文和捷克文Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Interactive Notebook Activities
::互动笔记活动-
Summarize
how the Roman Empire and the Viking era contributed to European development.
::概述罗马帝国和维京时代对欧洲发展的贡献。 -
Describe
how European colonialism changed or influenced other countries.
::说明欧洲殖民主义如何改变或影响其他国家。 -
Explain
the major developments that prompted the Industrial Revolution.
::解释引发工业革命的主要事态发展。 -
Describe
the impact of the rural-to-urban shift and its impact on urbanization specifically.
::具体描述农村向城市的转变的影响及其对城市化的影响。 -
Define
the concept of a nation-state and
explain
how this applies to Europe.
::界定民族国家的概念,并解释这如何适用于欧洲。 -
Explain
how cultural forces can positively or negatively influence political units.
::解释文化力量如何能积极或消极地影响政治单位。 -
List
the three main language groups and the three main religious denominations of Europe.
::列出欧洲三个主要语言群体和三个主要宗教派别。
Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
Why do you think the Industrial Revolution started where it did?
::你认为为什么工业革命 开始于当时? -
How did the Industrial Revolution affect Europe’s population and employment opportunities?
::工业革命如何影响欧洲人口和就业机会? -
What was the relationship between industrial activity and urbanization?
::工业活动与城市化之间的关系是什么? -
What is a CBD? Where would you find it in your closest city?
::《生物多样性公约》是什么? -
How does Europe’s fertility rate impact employment opportunities?
::欧洲的生育率如何影响就业机会? -
Why is family size declining in Europe?
::为什么欧洲的家庭规模在下降? -
What are the three dominant language branches of the Indo-European language family in Europe?
::在欧洲,印欧语家庭的三大主要语言分支是什么? -
How are the three main branches of Christianity distributed in Europe?
::基督教的三个主要分支在欧洲的分布如何? -
What are some examples of centrifugal and centripetal cultural force where you live?
::您所居住的离心力和子宫文化力量的一些例子是什么? -
Why do people gravitate toward a nation-state structure as a political unit?
::为什么人们会把民族国家结构当作一个政治单位而向这个民族国家结构倾斜呢?
Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习Using , find the capital of each country below. Calculate the approximate distance from your house to each capital. Next, go to and find out what the air pollution index is for each capital. What impact do you think the air quality has on the citizens of each capital? Be prepared to share your answers.
::使用 , 找到下面每个国家的首都。 计算从你家到每个首都的大致距离。 下一步, 查看每个首都的空气污染指数是什么。 您认为空气质量对每个首都的公民有什么影响? 准备分享您的答案 。-
Spain
::西班牙 西班牙 西班牙 西班牙 西班牙 西班牙 -
Denmark
::丹麦 丹麦 丹麦 -
France
::法国 法国 法国 法国 法国 法国 -
Italy
::意大利 意大利 意大利 意大利 -
Norway
::挪威 挪威 挪威 挪威 -
Germany
::德国 德国 -
Sweden
::瑞典 瑞典 瑞典 瑞典
Mapping Exercise
::绘图绘制作业Mapping Our World Module 4 Lesson 1
::绘制我们的世界单元4第1课: In this activity students will use GIS to identify the world’s largest cities at different times during the past 2000 years. Students will look for patterns in their locations and speculate on reasons for changes in the patterns.
:::在这项活动中,学生将使用地理信息系统在2000年的不同时间识别世界上最大的城市。 学生将寻找他们所在地点的模式,并猜测改变模式的原因。Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health; shapes the research agenda on health; and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::他们的网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。WG.1A Analyze the effects of physical and human geographic patterns and processes on events in the past and describe their effects on present conditions, including significant physical features and environmental conditions that influenced migration patterns in the past and shaped the distribution of culture groups today.
::WG.1A 分析物理和人类地理模式和过程对过去事件的影响,并描述其对目前状况的影响,包括影响过去移徙模式并影响当今文化群体分布的重大物理特征和环境条件。WG.2B Assess how people’s changing perceptions of geographic features have led to changes in human societies.
::WG.2B 评估人们对地理特征的不断变化的认识如何导致人类社会的变化。WG.5A Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural characteristics.
::WG.5A 分析一个地方的特征如何与其政治、经济、社会和文化特征相关。WG.6A Locate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.
::WG.6A 确定并描述影响定居点规模和分布的人文和物理特征。WG.16C Compare life in a variety of cities and nations in the world to evaluate the relationships involved in political, economic, social, and environmental changes.
::WG.16C 比较世界上各种城市和国家的生活,以评价政治、经济、社会和环境变化所涉及的关系。WG.16D Compare life in a variety of urban and rural areas in the world to evaluate political, economic, social, and environmental changes.
::WG.16D 比较世界不同城市和农村地区的生活,以评价政治、经济、社会和环境变化。WG.17A Describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, systems of education, and customs that make Europe distinctive.
::WG.17A 描述和比较诸如语言、宗教、土地使用、教育制度和使欧洲与众不同的习俗等文化模式。WG.21A Analyze and evaluate the validity and utility of multiple sources of geographic information such as primary and secondary sources, aerial photographs and maps.
::WG.21A 分析和评价多种地理资料来源,例如主要和次要资料来源、航空照片和地图的有效性和效用。WG.21B Locate places of contemporary geopolitical significance on a map.,
::WG.21B 在地图上标出具有当代地缘政治意义的地点。WG.22A Design and draw appropriate graphics, such as maps, diagrams, tables, and graphs to communicate geographic features, distributions, distributions, and relationships.
::WG.22A 设计和绘制适当的图形,如地图、图表、表格和图表,以交流地理特征、分布、分布和关系。WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。 -
Summarize briefly how the Roman Empire and the Viking era contributed to European development.
