章节大纲

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  • 鸟类生态学

    Emperor penguins and chicks in a snowy habitat, illustrating their natural living environment.

    Where do birds live?
    ::鸟儿住在哪里?

    Practically anywhere they want. From some of the coldest regions on the planet to the warmest. Look at these penguins and where they live. Would you want to live there?
    ::从地球上最寒冷的区域到最温暖的区域。看看这些企鹅和它们住的地方。你想住在那里吗?

    Ecology of Birds
    ::鸟类生态学

    live and breed in most habitats on all seven continents, from the to Antarctica. Because they are endothermic, birds can live in a wider range of climates than or , although the greatest diversity of birds occurs in regions. Birds are important members of every in which they live, occupying a wide range of ecological positions.
    ::鸟类在所有七大洲,从南极到南极,大多数栖息地都有生命和繁殖。由于鸟类是终极热源,因此它们可以生活在比或更广泛的气候中,尽管鸟类的多样性在各区域最为广泛。鸟类是它们所生活的每一个地区的重要成员,占据着广泛的生态位置。

    Bird Diets
    ::鸟类饮食

    Some birds are generalists . A generalist is an organism that can eat many different types of food . Other birds are highly specialized in their food needs and can eat just one type of food.
    ::有些鸟类是泛泛的鸟类。 泛泛的鸟类是一种可以食用多种不同种类食物的有机体。 其他鸟类在食物需求方面高度专业化,只能吃一种食物。

    Raptors such as hawks and owls are carnivores . They hunt and eat mammals and other birds. Vultures are scavengers . They eat the remains of dead , such as roadkill. birds generally eat or plants. Perching birds may eat , fruit , honey, or nectar . Many fruit-eating birds play a key role in seed dispersal , and some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators .
    ::象鹰和猫头鹰这样的猛禽是食肉动物,它们捕食哺乳动物和其他鸟类,捕食哺乳动物和其他鸟类,捕食拾食动物,食用动物,食用死亡的残骸,如行尸走肉,鸟类通常吃食或植物,捕食鸟类可以吃、吃、吃、吃、吃、吃或吃花蜜,许多吃水果的鸟类在种子散布方面起着关键作用,一些食蜜鸟类是重要的授粉者。

    Bird beaks are generally adapted for the food they eat. For example, the sharp, hooked beak of a raptor is well suited for killing and tearing apart prey . The long beak of the hummingbird in Figure co-evolved with the tube-shaped flowers from which it sips nectar.
    ::鸟嘴一般都适合它们吃的食物。 比如,猛禽的尖锐、上钩的嘴口非常适合杀死和撕裂猎物。 图中蜂鸟的长嘴口口与它吸花蜜的管状花朵共同演变。

    A hummingbird sipping nectar from a brightly colored flower.

    Hummingbird Sipping Nectar. A hummingbird gets nectar from flowers and pollinates the flowers in return. What type of relationship exists between the bird and the flowering plant?
    ::蜂鸟从花朵中获取花蜜并授粉给花朵作为回报。鸟和花卉之间有什么关系?

    Birds at Risk
    ::风险鸟类

    Hundreds of of birds have gone extinct as a result of human actions. A well-known example is the passenger pigeon. It was once the most common bird in North America, but overhunting and led to its extinction in the 1800s. Habitat destruction and use of the pesticide DDT explain the recent extinction of the dusky seaside sparrow. This native Florida bird was declared extinct in 1990.
    ::数百只鸟类由于人类行为而灭绝。一个众所周知的例子就是乘客鸽。它曾经是北美最常见的鸟类,但是在1800年代被过度猎杀并导致灭绝。 生境破坏和使用滴滴涕杀虫剂是最近二星海边麻雀灭绝的原因。 这只佛罗里达本地鸟类于1990年被宣布灭绝。

    Today, some 1,200 species of birds are threatened with extinction by human actions. Humans need to take steps to protect this precious and important natural resource . What can you do to help?
    ::人类需要采取措施保护这一宝贵和重要的自然资源。 你能做些什么呢?

    The Golden Eagle
    ::金鹰

    Although not as famous as its bald cousin, Golden Eagles are much easier to find in Northern California - one of the largest breeding for Golden Eagles. The largest of the raptors, Golden Eagles weigh typically between 8 and 12 pounds, and their wing span is around 6 to 7 feet. These eagles dive towards earth to catch prey, and can reach speeds of up to 200 mph! 
    ::金鹰虽然没有秃头表弟那么出名,但在北加州却更容易找到金鹰,而北加州是金鹰最大的繁殖地之一。 金鹰是最大的猛禽,其重量通常在8到12磅之间,其翼宽在6到7英尺左右。 这些鹰向地球下潜捕猎物,速度可达200米!

    The Great Horned Owl
    ::大角猫头鹰

    Owls are amazing creatures. They have many adaptations that allow them to thrive in their environments. Their claws are enormous and powerful, they have excellent hearing , and fantastic in low light. And the Great Horned Owl can fly almost silently due to "fringes" on their feathers that help to break up the sound of air passing over their wings.
    ::猫头鹰是惊人的生物。它们有许多适应性能,允许它们在环境中繁衍。它们的爪子是巨大而强大的,它们的听力很好,在低光下也很棒。 大角猫子几乎可以无声飞翔,因为羽毛上有“折伤 ” , 帮助打破飞过翅膀的空气声。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats on all seven continents. They occupy a wide range of ecological positions.
      ::鸟类在所有七大洲大多数陆地生境中生活和繁殖,占据广泛的生态位置。
    • Raptors are carnivores; aquatic birds eat fish or water plants; and perching birds may eat insects, fruit, honey, or nectar.
      ::猛禽是食肉动物;水生鸟类食用鱼类或水植物;捕食鸟类可以食用昆虫、水果、蜂蜜或花蜜。
    • Some birds are pollinators that co-evolved with plants.
      ::有些鸟类是授粉者 与植物共同作用
    • Human actions have caused the extinction of hundreds of species of birds, and some 1,200 species are threatened with extinction today.
      ::人类行动已导致数百种鸟类灭绝,今天约有1 200种鸟类濒临灭绝。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a generalist?
      ::什么是泛泛论?
    2. Why did the hummingbird pictured sipping nectar above evolve such a long, pointed beak?
      ::蜂鸟为什么画出吸食花蜜上面的蜂鸟 进化了这么长的尖嘴?
    3. What bird would eat insects, fruit, honey, or nectar?
      ::什么样的鸟会吃昆虫、水果、蜂蜜或花蜜?
    4. Draw a sketch of a hypothetical bird that preys on small mammals. The bird must exhibit traits that suit it for its predatory role.
      ::绘制一个捕食小型哺乳动物的假想鸟类的草图。 鸟类必须表现出适合其捕食作用的特质。