8.2 北非和非洲过渡区(1天)
Section outline
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Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Summarize the historical geography of North Africa, identify the major physical features and the main cities, and understand who the people are and where most of the population lives in the region.
::总结北非的历史地理,确定主要自然特征和主要城市,了解该地区人民是谁,大多数人住在哪里。 -
Understand the unique geographic qualities of the Maghreb and explain how this region is connected to Europe.
::了解马格里布独特的地理特征, 并解释这个区域与欧洲的联系。 -
Outline the political issues in North Africa and understand the transitions and conflicts occurring in the governments of the region.
::概述北非的政治问题,了解该区域各国政府的过渡和冲突。 -
Describe the main qualities of the African Transition Zone and explain how the dynamics of this zone are affecting the country of Sudan.
::描述非洲过渡区的主要特点,并解释该区的动态如何影响苏丹国家。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional Unit 08 Africa: Chapter 8.2 North Africa and the African Transition Zone
::非洲:第8.2章 北非和非洲过渡区WG.1A Analyze the effects of physical and human geographic patterns and processes on the past and describe their impact on the present, including significant physical features and environmental conditions that influenced migration patterns and shaped the distribution of culture groups today.
::WG.1A 分析物理和人类地理模式和过程对过去的影响,并描述其对目前的影响,包括影响移徙模式并影响当今文化群体分布的重要物理特征和环境条件。WG.2A Describe the human and physical characteristics of the same regions at different periods of time to evaluate relationships between past events and current conditions.
::WG.2A 描述不同时期同一区域的人的和自然的特征,以评估过去事件与当前状况之间的关系。WG.2B Explain how changes in societies have led to diverse uses of physical features.
::WG.2B 解释社会变化如何导致对物理特征的多种利用。WG.4B Describe different landforms and the physical processes that cause their development.
::WG.4B 描述不同的土地形态和导致其发展的物理过程。WG.5A Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.
::WG.5A 分析一个地方的特性如何与其政治、经济、社会和文化因素相关。WG.6A Locate and Describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.
::WG.6A 定位和描述影响定居点规模和分布的人的特征和物理特征。WG.10C Compare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as subsistence agriculture versus commercial agriculture or cottage industries versus commercial industries.
::WG.10C 比较人们通过生产商品和服务满足其基本需要的方式,如自给农业,而不是商业农业或家庭手工业,而不是商业工业。WG.11A Understand the connections between levels of development and economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).
::WG.11A 了解发展水平与经济活动(初等、中等、高等教育和四年级)之间的联系。WG.11B Identify the factors affecting the location of different types of economic activities, including subsistence and commercial agriculture, manufacturing, and service industries.
::WG.11B 查明影响不同类型经济活动地点的因素,包括生计和商业农业、制造业和服务业。WG.13A Interpret maps to explain the division of land, including man-made and natural borders, into separate political units such as cities, states, or countries.
::WG.13A 解释地图,解释土地划分,包括人造边界和自然边界,分为不同的政治单位,如城市、州或国家。WG.14A Analyze current events to infer the physical and human processes that lead to the formation of boundaries and other political divisions.
::WG.14A 分析当前事件,以推断导致形成边界和其他政治分裂的物质和人类过程。WG.15B Explain how citizenship practices, public policies, and decision making may be influenced by cultural beliefs, including nationalism and patriotism.
::WG.15B 解释公民身份做法、公共政策和决策如何受文化信仰,包括民族主义和爱国主义的影响。WG.16B Describe elements of culture, including language, religion, beliefs and customs, institutions, and technologies.
::WG.16B 描述文化要素,包括语言、宗教、信仰和习俗、机构和技术。WG.16C Explain ways various groups of people perceive the characteristics of their own and other cultures, places, and regions differently.
::WG.16C 解释不同群体对自身和其他文化、地方和区域特征的不同看法。WG.17A Describe and Compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that make specific regions of the world distinctive.
::WG.17A 描述和比较使世界特定区域具有独特性的语言、宗教、土地使用、教育和习俗等文化模式。WG.21C Create and Interpret different types of maps to answer geographic questions, infer relationships, and analyze change.
::WG.21C 创建和解释不同类型的地图,以回答地理问题、推断关系和分析变化。WG.22A Design and draw appropriate graphics such as maps, diagrams, tables, and graphs to communicate geographic features, distributions, and relationships.
::WG.22A 设计和绘制适当的图形,如地图、图表、表格和图表,以交流地理特征、分布和关系。WG/22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
::WG/22C 正确使用地理术语。WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。North Africa and the African Transition Zone
::北非和非洲过渡区North Africa’s primary connection with the Middle East and Central Asia is that Islam diffused to North Africa from the Middle East and Central Asia. Today, it is a Muslim-dominated realm with Arabic as its primary language. Historically, the ethnicity of North Africa was predominantly Berber with the nomadic Tuareg and other local groups interspersed. When Islam diffused into North Africa, the Arab influence and culture were infused with it.
::北非与中东和中亚的主要联系是伊斯兰教从中东和中亚传播到北非。 如今,伊斯兰教是一个以阿拉伯语为主要语言的穆斯林主导国家。 从历史上看,北非的种族主要是柏柏尔族,游牧的图阿雷格和其他地方群体相互渗透。 当伊斯兰教扩散到北非时,阿拉伯的影响和文化随之而来。Modern has become the cornerstone of the Arab world. More Arabs live in Cairo than in any other city on Earth. The three main areas of interest are the Maghreb of the northwest; the Nile River valley in the east; and the African Transition Zone, where the Sahara Desert transitions into the tropical type A climates of Central Africa’s equatorial region.
::现代已成为阿拉伯世界的基石。 居住在开罗的阿拉伯人比居住在地球上任何其他城市的阿拉伯人都多。 三个主要关注领域是西北部的马格里布;东部的尼罗河谷;以及非洲过渡区,在那里撒哈拉沙漠向中非赤道地区的热带A型气候过渡。The Maghreb traditionally includes Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, but Libya is also considered part of the Maghreb by many inhabitants of the region.
::马格里布传统上包括摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚和突尼斯,但该地区许多居民也认为利比亚是马格里布的一部分。
Islam diffused through North Africa to the Berber people of the Maghreb and entered Europe across the Strait of Gibraltar to the Iberian Peninsula. The Arab-Berber alliance, called the Moors, invaded Spain in 711 C.E. The Islamic influence thrived in Iberia and would have continued into mainland Europe if not stopped by Christian forces such as Charles Martel’s army in the famous Battle of Tours. Islam was eventually pushed out of the Iberian Peninsula and held south of the Strait of Gibraltar. Islamic architecture and influence remain part of the heritage of Iberia.
::伊斯兰的影响在伊贝里亚兴起,如果不受到查尔斯·马尔特尔(Charles Martel)在著名的旅游战役中的军队等基督教势力的阻止,伊斯兰的影响就会持续到欧洲大陆。 伊斯兰最终被从伊贝里亚半岛推出直布罗陀半岛,并被直布罗陀海峡以南控制着。 伊斯兰建筑和影响力仍然是伊贝里亚遗产的一部分。The historical geography of North Africa is not complete without an understanding of the European influences that have controlled this region for centuries. The Roman Empire controlled much of the coastal area of the Mediterranean during its high point. The Romans built ports, aqueducts, roads, and infrastructure. After the fall of the Roman Empire, common bonds of religion and language were created for the people through the invasion of the Arabs, who introduced the Islamic faith.
::如果不了解几个世纪以来控制着这一地区的欧洲影响,北非的历史地理就不完整。罗马帝国在高点控制着地中海沿海地区的大部分地区。罗马人建造了港口、水渠、道路和基础设施。 在罗马帝国垮台后,通过入侵引入伊斯兰信仰的阿拉伯人,为人民建立了共同的宗教和语言纽带。North Africa was later dominated by European colonialism. France controlled and colonized the region of the Barbary Coast along North Africa’s western waterfront, including Algeria, Tunisia, and parts of Morocco. Italians colonized the region that is now Libya. The Barbary Coast of the Mediterranean was once a haven for pirates and a danger to shipping during the colonial era. Even the United States involved itself with wars against the pirates off the coast of the Berber states of North Africa during the early 1800s.
::北非后来被欧洲殖民主义统治。 法国控制并殖民了北非西部滨海沿岸的巴尔巴里海岸地区,包括阿尔及利亚、突尼斯和摩洛哥部分地区。 意大利殖民了现在的利比亚地区。 地中海的巴尔巴里海岸曾经是海盗的避风港,在殖民时代对航运构成危险。 即使是美国也卷入了1800年代初期对北非伯伯伯尔州沿岸海盗的战争。After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Britain controlled Egypt and parts of Sudan. The Spanish colonized parts of Morocco and Western Sahara. In due time, resistance movements were successful in defeating the colonial powers and declaring independence for all the countries of North Africa. However, the European influence remains through the region’s dependence on trade and economic partnerships with Europe.
::奥斯曼帝国倒台后,英国控制了埃及和苏丹部分地区。 西班牙殖民统治了摩洛哥和西撒哈拉部分地区。 适时,抵抗运动成功地击败了殖民国家并宣布北非所有国家独立。 然而,欧洲的影响仍然通过该地区对与欧洲的贸易和经济伙伴关系的依赖而存在。North Africa is separated from Sub-Saharan Africa by the African Transition Zone, a transitional area between Islamic-dominated North Africa and animist- and Christian-dominated Sub-Saharan Africa. It is also a transition between the Sahara Desert and the tropical type A climates of Africa’s equatorial region.
::非洲过渡区将北非与撒哈拉以南非洲分隔开来,非洲过渡区是伊斯兰占多数的北非与原教旨主义和基督教占多数的撒哈拉以南非洲之间的一个过渡区。 非洲赤道地区的撒哈拉沙漠和热带A型气候也从撒哈拉沙漠和热带A型气候转型出来。This is a zone subject to shifting boundaries. The region was once a major trade route between the Mali Empire of the west and the trade centers of Ethiopia in the east. Camel caravans have crossed this sector of Africa for centuries. Many nomadic groups continue to herd their livestock across the region in search of grazing.
::该地区曾经是西部马里帝国与东部埃塞俄比亚贸易中心之间的主要贸易路线,数世纪以来,骆驼大篷车横跨非洲这一地区,许多游牧团体继续放牧牲畜到全区域寻找放牧。The Maghreb: “Isle of the West”
::马格里布:“西部问题”The Maghreb is a region extending from Morocco to Libya that is distinguished by the main ranges of the Atlas Mountains, which reach elevations of near 13,000 thousand feet. The main Atlas range is often snow-covered at higher elevations. The name Maghreb , which in Arabic means “Isle of the West,” receives between 10 and 30 inches of rainfall per year. This is substantially more rainfall than what is received in the Sahara Desert to the south.
::马格里布是一个从摩洛哥延伸到利比亚的区域,以阿特拉斯山脉的主要山脉为特征,该山脉的高度接近13 000英尺。 主要的阿特拉斯山脉往往在高海拔处被雪覆盖。 以阿拉伯语表示的马格里布每年降雨量在10至30英寸之间。 这比南部撒哈拉沙漠的降雨量要多得多。The Atlas Mountains extract precipitation from the air in the form of rain or snow, which allows fruits and vegetables to be grown in the fertile mountain valleys of the Maghreb. To the south of this region is the vast Sahara Desert with lower precipitation and warmer temperatures. Libya is actually outside the range of the Atlas Mountains but is associated with the Maghreb by most local inhabitants.
::阿特拉斯山脉以雨水或雪的形式从空气中提取降水,使水果和蔬菜能够在马格里布肥沃的山谷中生长,在这一地区南部是大撒哈拉沙漠,降水较少,气温更暖,利比亚实际上不在阿特拉斯山脉范围之内,但大多数当地居民与马格里布有关。The Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb extend to the east and west of the main ranges.
::马格里布阿特拉斯山脉延伸到主要山脉的东面和西面。
Aided by a moderate type C climate, the northern coastal region of the Maghreb and the mountain valleys are a center for agricultural production, including grapes, dates, oranges, olives, and other food products. Think about how geography affects the population. Which climate type do most human groups gravitate toward? What conditions will you find when you combine this climate type and generous quantities of water and food?
::在中度C型气候的帮助下,马格里布北部沿海地区和山谷是农业生产的中心,包括葡萄、椰枣、橘子、橄榄和其他食品。想想地理对人口的影响。哪些气候类型是大部分人类群体向哪类气候倾斜的?如果将这种气候类型与大量水和食物结合起来,你会发现什么条件?As you fit the pieces of the geographic puzzle together, you can understand why populations centralize in some places and not in others. The Maghreb is an attractive place for human habitation, but it borders on the inhospitable vastness of the Sahara Desert. Most of the Maghreb’s residents live in cities along the Mediterranean coast. There are few people in the vast desert interior of these countries. The exceptions are groups such as the Tuareg, which are found in the Sahara.
::将地理拼图的碎片拼凑在一起,你可以理解为什么人口集中在某些地方而不是其他地方。 马格里布是人类居住的一个吸引人的地方,但它与撒哈拉沙漠的荒漠相邻。 大部分马格里布居民居住在地中海沿岸的城市中。 在这些国家辽阔的沙漠内陆地区,很少有人。 例外的是像图阿雷格这样的群体,这些在撒哈拉地区都有。The Maghreb is an expansive region encompassing the physically large countries of Algeria, Libya, and Morocco. Algeria, Africa's largest country, is similar in area to the entire United States east of the Mississippi River. Libya is larger than the state of Alaska. Morocco is the size of the state of California.
::马格里布是一个幅员辽阔的区域,包括阿尔及利亚、利比亚和摩洛哥等幅员辽阔的国家,非洲最大的国家阿尔及利亚与密西西比河以东的整个美国地区相似,利比亚比阿拉斯加州大,摩洛哥是加利福尼亚州的大小。A large percentage of Algeria south of the Maghreb and the area south of the Mediterranean coastline in Libya fit the classification of desert conditions. The largest cities of Libya are along the coast, but other Libyan cities are positioned in the desert region. Tunisia, the smallest of the countries on the Mediterranean, is about the same size as the US state of Wisconsin and has mountains in its north and desert areas to the southwest.
::在马格里布以南的阿尔及利亚和利比亚地中海海岸线以南的利比亚地区有很大比例符合沙漠条件的分类,利比亚最大的城市位于沿海,但利比亚的其他城市则位于沙漠地区。 突尼斯是地中海最小的国家,与美国威斯康辛州大致相同,北部有山脉,西南部有沙漠地区。All the countries of the Maghreb have former connections to Europe. These ties have strengthened in recent years because of an increase in trade and the economic dependencies that have been created between Europe and the Mediterranean. North Africa can grow fruit and vegetable crops that are not as plentiful in the colder northern latitudes. In the last half of the 20th century, an enormous amount of oil was discovered in the Maghreb, and Europe has a growing need for energy. Oil and natural gas exports now make up 95 percent of the export income for Algeria and Libya.
::马格里布各国以前都与欧洲有联系,这些联系近年来由于欧洲和地中海之间的贸易和经济依赖性增加而得到加强。北非可以在较冷的北纬地区种植不多的水果和蔬菜作物。 在20世纪后半叶,马格里布发现了大量石油,欧洲对能源的需求也越来越大。 石油和天然气出口现在占阿尔及利亚和利比亚出口收入的95%。Economic Geography of the Maghreb
::马格里布经济地理Europe, which is in the higher stages of the index of economic development, has small families with fewer young people to fill entry-level service jobs, and North Africa has a growing population of young people seeking employment. Many people from North Africa speak the same languages spoken in Europe. Therefore, the transition to a European lifestyle is straightforward. Migration from the shores of North Africa to Europe is not difficult. The Strait of Gibraltar, for example, is only about nine miles across from Morocco to Spain.
::处于经济发展指数较高阶段的欧洲,有小家庭,年轻人较少,无法从事初级服务工作,北非有越来越多的年轻人寻求就业,北非的许多人讲与欧洲相同的语言,因此,向欧洲生活方式的转变是直截了当的,从北非海岸向欧洲的移民并不困难。 例如,直布罗陀海峡从摩洛哥到西班牙只有9英里。
North Africa is separated from the Iberian Peninsula by the Strait of Gibraltar, which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. The distance from Morocco to Spain across the strait is about nine miles, making immigration to Europe from North Africa only a matter of a short boat ride.
::北非被直布罗陀海峡与伊比利亚半岛隔开,直布罗陀海峡将地中海与大西洋连接起来,从摩洛哥到西班牙在海峡两岸的距离约为9英里,因此从北非移民到欧洲只是短暂的船程而已。
European countries have attempted to implement measures to halt the tide of illegal immigration into their continent from North Africa but have not been successful. The need for cheap labor in European countries is a major economic factor in this equation. The core-periphery spatial relationship creates the push-pull forces of migration based on opportunities and advantages. Europe needs cheap labor and more energy, provides employment opportunities, and has an advantage in its higher standards of living.
::欧洲国家试图采取措施阻止非法移民从北非涌入其大陆,但并未成功。 欧洲国家对廉价劳动力的需求是这一等式中的一个主要经济因素。 核心 — — 外围空间关系创造了基于机遇和优势的推拉移民力量。 欧洲需要廉价劳动力和更多的能源,提供就业机会,并在更高的生活水平方面拥有优势。North Africa can supply labor and oil, has high levels of unemployment, and suffers from poor economic conditions. These factors push people to emigrate from North Africa to places where conditions are more attractive. Europe is the core economic region, and North Africa is the peripheral economic region. People usually shift from periphery to core in their migration patterns, and this is the case across the Mediterranean.
::北非可以提供劳动力和石油,失业率高,经济条件差。 这些因素迫使人们从北非移民到条件更具吸引力的地方。 欧洲是核心经济区域,北非是外围经济区域。 移民模式通常从外围向核心转移,整个地中海都是如此。European and American influences have been strong in North Africa. Western culture continues to compete with fundamental Islamic tendencies in the region, especially in urban centers. In Morocco, which is the farthest country from Mecca, democratic reforms have opened the country to more opportunities for women and have led to exposure to Western fashions, ideas, and products.
::欧洲和美国的影响在北非非常强烈。 西方文化继续在该地区,特别是在城市中心与伊斯兰基本趋势竞争。 在摩洛哥(距离麦加最远的国家 ) , 民主改革为妇女打开了更多的机会,并导致西方的时尚、思想和产品。Tunisia has a supportive Westernized society. In Libya, birth control or family planning products have not always been supported by the government, so family size remained relatively high until about 1985 when it began to decline. Women are allowed to go to college in Libya, but a smaller percentage are enrolled compared to men. More than 90 percent of Libyans live in urban areas.
::突尼斯是一个支持西方化的社会。 在利比亚,计划生育或计划生育产品并不总是得到政府的支持,因此家庭规模一直相对较高,直到1985年左右开始下降。 在利比亚,妇女被允许上大学,但与男性相比比例较低。 90%以上的利比亚人生活在城市地区。Exposure to Western concepts, along with urbanizing and industrializing of the economy, has caused a drop in family size in Libya. According to the , the birthrate has dropped from 7.5 children in 1975 to about 4.0 children in 1990, to 3.0 children in 2010, to an estimated 2.04 in 2017. More women are trading traditional dress for Western-style clothing and are entering the workforce to the extent they are allowed.
::接触西方概念,加上经济的城市化和工业化,导致利比亚家庭规模下降,据利比亚人口出生率从1975年的7.5个孩子下降到1990年的4.0个孩子,到2010年下降到2010年的3.0个孩子,到2017年估计为2.04个孩子,更多的妇女以传统服装换西式服装,并在允许的范围内进入劳动力大军。Political Geography of the Maghreb
::马格里布政治地理Economic and political pressures are building across North Africa. Toward the end of 2010 and the spring of 2011, activists called for the governments in North Africa to implement change and address the push of North Africans for stronger democratic openness, less government corruption, and the sharing of wealth accumulated by those in power. Leaders have been reluctant to relinquish power and are being challenged by protests and revolution. The driving forces for the people have been high unemployment rates, high food prices, and the lack of adequate housing.
::北非各地的经济和政治压力正在形成。 到2010年底和2011年春季,积极分子呼吁北非各国政府实施变革,应对北非政府推动更强大的民主开放、减少政府腐败和分享掌权者积累的财富。 领导人一直不愿放弃权力,并正受到抗议和革命的挑战。 人民的推动力是高失业率、高粮价和缺乏适足住房。Western Sahara and Morocco
::西撒哈拉和摩洛哥Western Sahara is the region south of . In the latter half of the 1970s, Morocco annexed and took control of this region following the withdrawal of Mauritanian control. A local resistance group called the Polisario Front challenged Morocco’s claim to Western Sahara and staged a guerrilla war to fight for the independence of Western Sahara. By 1991, the United Nations (UN) had stepped in, brokered a halt to the fighting, and worked to resolve the matter.
::在1970年代后半期,摩洛哥吞并并并控制了这一地区,因为毛里塔尼亚撤出了控制。 一个称为波利萨里奥阵线的地方抵抗团体挑战摩洛哥对西撒哈拉的主张,并发动游击战争,争取西撒哈拉的独立。 到1991年,联合国介入,促成停止战斗,并努力解决这个问题。Both sides have offered proposals to the UN. Morocco’s plan advocates for annexation, and Polisario’s plan is for independence. Western Sahara is mainly desert terrain and only has about 300,000 people. The UN delegation has indicated that independence is not realistic. However, talks continue between the factions to work out a solution.
::双方都向联合国提出了建议。 摩洛哥的吞并计划主张吞并,波利萨里奥阵线的计划是独立。 西撒哈拉主要是沙漠地带,只有大约30万人。 联合国代表团表示独立是不现实的。 然而,各派之间继续谈判以找到解决办法。
Morocco and Western Sahara.
::摩洛哥和西撒哈拉。Algeria
::阿尔及利亚 阿尔及利亚 阿尔及利亚has also experienced its share of violent clashes. The clashes are between Islamic fundamentalist groups and the democratically elected government. In the 1990s, the Islamic Salvation Front, which advocates for a fundamentalist Islamic state in Algeria, challenged the secular political mainstream. The electoral process was interrupted, and the government found itself fighting an Islamic insurgency within the country. By 1998, more than 100,000 people had been killed.
::这场冲突是伊斯兰原教旨主义团体与民主选举的政府之间的冲突。 1990年代,主张在阿尔及利亚建立原教旨主义伊斯兰国的伊斯兰救世阵线挑战世俗政治主流。 选举进程中断,政府发现自己与国内的伊斯兰叛乱作战。 到1998年,超过10万人被杀害。The horror of the violence received international attention. Islamic extremists widened their attacks and massacred entire villages. By the end of the decade, government forces gained control of the country, and the Islamic Salvation Front officially disbanded. Smaller extremist groups continued to operate. They joined forces with Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaeda group to create an insurgent group called al-Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb. This group has continued a campaign of terror and violence against the Algerian government and people in the region who have Western interests.
::暴力的恐怖受到国际关注;伊斯兰极端分子扩大了攻击范围,屠杀了整个村庄;到本十年末,政府军控制了国家,伊斯兰救世阵线正式解散;较小的极端主义团体继续活动;他们与乌萨马·本·拉丹的基地组织组织联合起来,在伊斯兰马格里布土地上建立一个称为“基地”的叛乱团体;这一团体继续对阿尔及利亚政府和人民进行恐怖和暴力攻击,他们有西方利益。Coinciding with similar protests across North Africa, during 2010 and 2011, there was an insurgence of protests and demonstrations against the government of Algeria by its people, who wanted better living conditions. The government made some concessions to address the issues, but the political climate in Algeria continues to be tense as the government struggles to find ways to satisfy the needs of the people.
::在2010年和2011年期间,随着北非各地类似的抗议活动,阿尔及利亚人民爆发了反对阿尔及利亚政府的抗议和示威活动,他们希望改善生活条件。 政府为解决上述问题作出了一些让步,但阿尔及利亚的政治气氛仍然紧张,政府正在努力寻找满足人民需求的方法。Tunisia
::突尼斯 突尼斯 突尼斯 突尼斯 突尼斯was once an outpost of the Roman Empire. In 1956, at the end of the colonial era, France recognized Tunisia’s independence, and the country established its own government. The political problems in Tunisia today stem from the fact that little has changed in the government since the time of independence. The country’s second president, Ben Ali, led the country for 24 years (1987–2011).
::1956年,在殖民时代结束时,法国承认突尼斯的独立,并建立了自己的政府。 今天,突尼斯的政治问题源于自独立以来政府几乎没有发生什么变化这一事实。 该国第二任总统本·阿里(Ben Ali)领导了24年(1987-2011年 ) 。Ben Ali worked to stem the tide of Islamic fundamentalism, opened the country to establishing rights for women, and allowed more tolerance of religious diversity. However, under his leadership, the government struggled to find a balance between democratic openness and authoritarian measures to keep the country moving forward with economic development and social services for a growing population.
::本·阿里努力遏制伊斯兰原教旨主义的浪潮,开放国家以确立妇女的权利,并允许更多容忍宗教多样性。 但是,在他的领导下,政府努力在民主开放和专制措施之间找到平衡,以保持国家经济发展和为不断增长的人口提供社会服务方面取得进展。
Protests in Cairo’s Tahrir Square on March 4, 2011, were in support of demonstrations in Egypt and in Libya, which followed the protests in Tunisia.
::2011年3月4日在开罗塔里尔广场抗议支持埃及和利比亚的示威活动,
Beginning in 2010, corruption, unemployment, and a lack of personal freedoms prompted Tunisians to take to the streets in massive protests. Their protests grew into a revolution. By the end of the year, President Ben Ali was removed from power and an interim government was formed. Protests continued as the government shifted to adapt to the conditions. In 2011, a new constitutional assembly was formed to address changes in the government. Economic conditions have remained unstable during the transition.
::从2010年开始,腐败、失业和缺乏个人自由促使突尼斯人在大规模抗议中走上街头。 他们的抗议活动演变成一场革命。 到年底,本·阿里总统下台,临时政府成立。 随着政府转向适应条件,抗议活动仍在继续。 2011年,成立了新的制宪会议,以解决政府变革问题。 转型期间的经济状况仍然不稳定。Libya
::利比亚利比亚利比亚利比亚Muammar Gadhafi came to power in in 1969 by overthrowing the king. He used Libya’s oil revenues to build up the country’s infrastructure, strengthen his military, and create an anti-Western terrorist network with weapons production. Personal freedoms have been limited in Libya, and there has been no free speech, freedom of the press, or freedom of assembly.
::1969年穆阿迈尔·加扎菲通过推翻国王而掌权。 他利用利比亚的石油收入建设国家基础设施,加强军队,并创建武器生产反西方恐怖分子网络。 个人自由在利比亚受到限制,没有言论自由、新闻自由或集会自由。Gadhafi supported various Islamic terrorist groups and nationalized all the oil assets of international corporations in Libya in the early 1980s. This action of nationalism directly opposed and angered many corporations. His policies caused the international oil companies, which operated much of the oil industry there, to pressure the US government to conduct a series of devastating military bombing raids on Libya in 1986 in an attempt to kill Gadhafi.
::20世纪80年代初,卡扎菲支持了各种伊斯兰恐怖主义集团,并将国际公司在利比亚的所有石油资产国有化。 这一民族主义行动直接反对和激怒了许多公司。 他的政策迫使在那里经营大部分石油工业的国际石油公司迫使美国政府于1986年对利比亚进行一系列毁灭性的军事轰炸袭击,企图杀害卡扎菲。Gadhafi deployed his military along Libya’s southern border with Chad in a zone called the Aozou Strip. This border territory was the site of a boundary dispute over land that was reported to hold uranium reserves. Libyan forces controlled the Aozou Strip for a number of years before Chad forced them out. In 1994, the UN ruled that the zone belonged to Chad, and the dispute was finally resolved.
::Gadhafi在利比亚南部与乍得接壤的边境沿利比亚南部边境部署军队,位于一个称为Aozou地带的地区。 这个边境地区是有关据称拥有铀储量的土地的边界争端地点。 利比亚部队在乍得驱逐Aozou地带之前控制了好几年。 1994年,联合国裁定该地带属于乍得,最终解决了这一争端。In other events, Libyan agents were accused of planting bombs on passenger airlines. Two tragic events that were blamed on Libya happened in 1988 when an explosion on Pan Am flight over Scotland killed 270 people, and in 1989, when an explosion of UTA flight 772 over Niger killed 170 people. After the 9/11 tragedy in New York, Gadhafi retreated from his aggressive anti-Western activities and agreed to dismantle some of his weapons production facilities and comply with international trade agreements. Libya then denounced terrorism, and the United States lifted economic sanctions against Libya and exchanged ambassadors.
::在其他事件中,利比亚特工被指控在客运航空公司上安放炸弹。 1988年发生了两起指责利比亚的悲剧事件:泛美航空公司在苏格兰上空的航班发生爆炸,270人丧生;1989年,UTA772号航班在尼日尔上空爆炸,170人死亡。 在纽约发生911悲剧后,Gadhafi退出了侵略性的反西方活动,同意拆除他的一些武器生产设施和遵守国际贸易协定。 利比亚随后谴责恐怖主义,美国解除了对利比亚的经济制裁并交换了大使。Unrest in Libya surfaced again in 2011, coinciding with protests in neighboring Tunisia, Algeria, and Egypt. Factions in Libya that opposed Gadhafi’s regime advocated for his removal from office and for more democratic freedoms. Based in Libya’s second-largest city of Benghazi, in the eastern sector of the country, the resistance movement gained momentum and pushed for an all-out civil war that split the country in half.
::2011年,利比亚再次出现动荡,同时邻国突尼斯、阿尔及利亚和埃及也同时爆发了抗议活动。 反对卡扎菲政权的利比亚宗派主张解除他的职务并争取更加民主的自由。 以利比亚第二大城市班加西(班加西 ) 为基础,在利比亚东部地区,抵抗运动获得了势头,并引发了一场将国家一分为二的全面内战。Forces loyal to Gadhafi in the capital city of Tripoli in the western part of the country faced off against the separatists under the structure of the National Transitional Council (NTC). In 2011, Gadhafi had been in power for more than 42 years. His family controlled much of the country’s wealth from the export of oil. Gadhafi’s control of Libya did not allow for the establishment of strong administrative divisions within the government to share power.
::忠于卡扎菲的部队在该国西部首都的黎波里的首都的黎波里面临全国过渡委员会(NTC)结构下的分裂分子。 2011年,加扎菲执政42年多,他的家人控制了该国大部分石油出口财富。 穆扎菲控制利比亚不允许在政府内部建立强大的行政分裂以分享权力。The UN, through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), implemented a no-fly zone over Libya and allowed military strikes against Gadhafi’s forces to stop the massacre of civilians in the civil war. By the end of the summer of 2011, the resistance forces headquartered in Benghazi had pushed across to the western part of Libya and took control of Tripoli. Gadhafi was no longer in control of the country, as the NTC became the transitional power base.
::联合国通过北大西洋公约组织(北约)对利比亚实施禁飞区,允许对卡扎菲部队进行军事打击,以阻止内战中屠杀平民的行为。 到2011年夏末,总部设在班加西的抵抗力量向利比亚西部推进并控制了的黎波里。 随着全国过渡委员会成为过渡权力基地,卡扎菲不再控制利比亚。Muammar Gadhafi was killed in October of 2011. Libya after Gadhafi will most likely be very different from the past four decades when he was in power. Nation building will become a major focus for North Africa, which may be more difficult for Libya than its neighbors because of the lack of government structure.
::穆阿迈尔·加扎菲在2011年10月被杀,卡扎菲之后的利比亚很可能与他执政的过去40年大不相同。 国家建设将成为北非的一个主要焦点,因为由于缺乏政府结构,对利比亚来说可能比邻国更加困难。
This map illustrates the control of cities in Libya based on the civil war as of June 5, 2011.
::该地图说明了2011年6月5日利比亚内战对利比亚城市的控制情况。The Nile River and Egypt
::尼罗河和埃及The Nile River originates in East Africa from Lake Victoria and in Ethiopia from Lake Tana. The White Nile flows north from Lake Victoria through Uganda and into Sudan, where it converges with the Blue Nile at the city of Khartoum, Sudan’s capital. The Blue Nile originates in Lake Tana in Ethiopia. From Khartoum, the Nile River flows north through the Nubian Desert into Egypt, where it eventually reaches the Mediterranean Sea. The fresh water of the Nile enables agriculture and transportation and supports a growing human population in the region.
::尼罗河起源于东非维多利亚湖,埃塞俄比亚起源于塔纳湖。白尼罗河从维多利亚湖向北流经乌干达和苏丹,与苏丹首都喀土穆市的青尼罗河交汇。青尼罗河起源于埃塞俄比亚塔纳湖。从喀土穆,尼罗河从努比亚沙漠向北流入埃及,最终到达地中海。尼罗河的淡水使农业和运输得以进行,并支助了该地区越来越多的人口。The White Nile originates in Lake Victoria, and the Blue Nile originates in Lake Tana. They converge at Khartoum.
::白尼罗河起源于维多利亚湖,青尼罗河起源于塔纳湖,汇合于喀土穆。
Until the Aswan High Dam was completed in 1968, the river flooded its banks yearly, depositing silt and nutrients onto the soil but causing enormous damage to infrastructure. As far back as when the pharaohs ruled Egypt, the people used flood irrigation to grow their crops. Today, water is pumped from the controlled Nile River onto the fields to water the crops. This change has increased the number of crops that can be grown per year. However, it has also caused a buildup of salt in the soil, resulting in declining soil quality. Without annual flooding, the salts cannot be dissolved away but remain in the soil, reducing yields. Almost one-third of Egypt’s population works in agriculture and about one-half of the population is rural.
::直到1968年阿斯旺大坝竣工,河水每年淹没其河岸,将淤泥和养分埋入土壤,但对基础设施造成巨大破坏。早在法老统治埃及时,人们就利用洪水灌溉种植作物。今天,水从尼罗河控制区抽水到田地浇灌作物。这一变化增加了每年可种植的作物数量。然而,它也造成土壤盐的积聚,导致土壤质量下降。 没有每年的洪水,盐不能溶解,而是留在土壤中,减产。 近三分之一的埃及人口务农,大约一半的人口务农。The Aswan High Dam is an embankment dam built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970.
::Aswan高坝是1960年至1970年在埃及Aswan建造的跨越尼罗河的堤坝。Population Dynamics
::人口动态Cairo, Egypt’s capital, lies at the northern end of the Nile River. With a population of more than 10 million, it is the largest North African city and home to more Arabs than any other city in the world. It is considered the cornerstone city of Arab culture. Cairo is so crowded that more than one million people live in its old cemetery, the City of the Dead. Cairo’s residents, and the millions of people in Egypt depend on the Nile River for their survival.
::埃及首都开罗位于尼罗河北端,人口超过1 000万,是北非最大的城市,比世界上任何其他城市都多。 开罗被认为是阿拉伯文化的基石城市。 开罗是如此拥挤,以至于超过100万人生活在老墓地“死亡之城 ” 。 开罗的居民和数百万埃及人依靠尼罗河生存。The City of the Dead is an Islamic necropolis and cemetery below the Mokattam Hills in southeastern Cairo, Egypt.
::死亡之城是位于埃及开罗东南部Mokattam山下的一个伊斯兰幽灵和墓地。About 95 percent of Egypt’s population lives within 15 miles of the Nile River. As the population has grown, urban expansion has encroached on the farmland of the Nile Valley. Egypt can no longer produce enough food for its people. About 15 percent of its food comes from other countries, mainly the United States.
::埃及95%的人口生活在尼罗河15英里以内。 随着人口的增长,城市扩张侵蚀了尼罗河谷的农田。 埃及不能再生产足够的粮食给人民。 约15%的粮食来自其他国家,主要是美国。Conflicts between democratic reforms and Islamic fundamentalism are evident in Egypt. The growing population of about 97 million is a major concern. In Egypt’s case, democratic reformers were able to promote a strong program of family planning and birth control to help reduce family size. The government even created a popular Egyptian soap opera to promote the concept that it was appropriate in an Arab culture to use family planning and have a small family.
::民主改革与伊斯兰原教旨主义之间的冲突在埃及是显而易见的。 人口不断增长的约9,700万是一个大问题。 就埃及而言,民主改革者能够推行强有力的计划生育和节育计划来帮助减少家庭规模。 政府甚至还制作了流行的埃及肥皂剧来宣传在阿拉伯文化中使用计划生育和小家庭是合适的理念。The prime-time program, called And the Nile Flows On , told the story of a young village bride dealing with the issues of pregnancy and life complicated by the interjection of a progressive sheik and a meddling female doctor. The drama addressed many family planning and religious issues regarding the acceptability of breaking with tradition to address the growing population problem in Egypt.
::名为Nile Flows On的黄金时段节目讲述了一位年轻乡村新娘的故事,她讲述了一位进步酋长和一位管闲事的女医生的插嘴使怀孕和生活复杂化的问题。 戏剧讲述了许多关于打破传统解决埃及日益严重的人口问题的计划生育和宗教问题。Television programming is popular in Egypt, and even reruns of old American shows such as Bonanza and Dallas are dubbed into Arabic and shown on Egyptian television. Egypt is a cultural mix with a strong heritage steeped in Arab history with a secular side that is open to the outside world.
::埃及的电视节目在埃及很受欢迎,甚至美国老节目,如博南扎和达拉斯(Bonanza和Dallas)的重播也被称作阿拉伯语,并在埃及电视上播放。 埃及是一个文化混合体,有着阿拉伯历史上的悠久遗产,向外部世界开放的世俗一面。The cultural forces that create this paradox have not always been in unison. Egypt has a major connection to Western society because of tourism. The Pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx are major attractions that pull in millions of people per year from around the world. Tourism opens up Egypt to outside elements from various cultural backgrounds, most of which are secular.
::造成这一悖论的文化力量并不总是一致的。 埃及与西方社会有着重要的联系,因为旅游业。 吉萨和大狮身人面像的金字塔是每年吸引全世界数百万人的主要景点。 旅游业向埃及开放,让来自不同文化背景的外界人士(其中多数为世俗人士 ) 。Political Dynamics
::政治动态On the political front, the democratically elected government has received strong opposition from the Islamic Brotherhood, which advocates for a more fundamentalist Islamic lifestyle and government structure. The democratic reformers that struggle with the Islamic Brotherhood for political power support a more open and democratic civil government. These two elements are what drive Egyptian culture and society.
::在政治战线上,民主选举产生的政府受到了伊斯兰兄弟会的强烈反对,伊斯兰兄弟会主张更加原教旨主义的伊斯兰生活方式和政府结构。 与伊斯兰兄弟会争夺政治权力的民主改革者支持一个更加开放和民主的文官政府。 这两个因素是埃及文化和社会的驱动力。
On January 25, 2011, the “Day of Revolt” protests were held in Egypt. Tens of thousands of Egyptians went onto the streets to peaceably protest against the Mubarak government.
::2011年1月25日,“反抗日”抗议在埃及举行。 成千上万埃及人走上街头和平抗议穆巴拉克政府。
The political situation changed in Egypt with the Arab Spring of 2011. Student protests against government corruption and the lack of democratic reforms emerged with an intensity that gained the support of the Egyptian people and forced the Egyptian government to respond. Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak had been in power since 1981 after the assassination of the previous president, Anwar Sadat. President Mubarak was able to win every election for president that had been held since that time.
::埃及的政治局势随着2011年阿拉伯之春(Arab Spring of 2011 ) , 2011 年埃及的政治局势发生了变化。 学生抗议政府腐败和缺乏民主改革的激烈程度得到了埃及人民的支持,并迫使埃及政府做出回应。 埃及总统穆巴拉克自1981年前总统安瓦尔·萨达特遇刺后就执政了。 穆巴拉克总统赢得了自那时起的每一次总统大选。Millions of Egyptians took to the streets in early 2011 in civil protests against the Mubarak government. Massive protests and demonstrations continued until February 11, when President Mubarak announced his resignation. The transition to an interim government has been complicated by continued protests and calls for justice from the people. They have called for Mubarak to stand trial for stealing billions of dollars from the state and concealing it in his own bank accounts.
::2011年初,数以百万计的埃及人在反对穆巴拉克政府的民间抗议中走上街头。 大规模抗议和示威一直持续到2月11日穆巴拉克总统宣布辞职。 向临时政府的过渡由于持续抗议和人民要求正义而变得更加复杂。 他们呼吁穆巴拉克因从国家偷取数十亿美元并隐藏在自己的银行账户中而接受审判。The people and the government continue to search for progressive opportunities to address their issues. What started out as the Arab Spring turned into the Arab Year as all three long-term leaders in Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt were removed from positions of power.
::人民和政府继续寻找进步的机会来解决他们的问题。 阿拉伯之春开始成为阿拉伯年,突尼斯、利比亚和埃及的三位长期领导人都被从权力岗位上撤走。The African Transition Zone
::非洲过渡区The Tuareg are masters of the desert and camels. They often lead camel caravans on long trips through the desert.
::图阿雷格人是沙漠和骆驼的主人,他们经常在沙漠中长途旅行,带领骆驼大篷车。
S tretching across the widest part of Africa on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert is the African Transition Zone. Known as the Sahel, meaning “border or margin,” this zone is where the dry arid conditions of the desert north meet up with the region humid of the tropics. For thousands of years, the seasonal grazing lands of the Sahel have been home to nomadic groups herding their livestock across the zone and eking out a living held together by tradition and heritage.
::撒哈拉沙漠南端非洲最宽广的地区是非洲过渡区。 被称为萨赫勒的“边界或边际 ” , 意思是“边界或边际 ” , 这个地区是北部沙漠干旱条件与热带潮湿地区相交的地区。 数千年来,萨赫勒的季节性牧场一直是游牧群体的家园,他们放牧牲畜横跨该区,靠传统和遗产共同生活。Changing climate conditions and overgrazing has enhanced the desertification process, and the region is slowly turning into desert. The Sahara Desert is shifting southward, altering the economic activities of the millions of people who live in its path. Ten thousand years ago, North Africa and the Sahara Desert were tropical environments filled with all the biodiversity and wildlife now found in Sub-Saharan Africa. This desertification process has been occurring for centuries.
::变化的气候条件和过度放牧加剧了荒漠化进程,该地区正在慢慢变成沙漠。撒哈拉沙漠正在向南移动,改变了生活在其道路上的数百万人的经济活动。一万年前,北非和撒哈拉沙漠是热带环境,充满了目前在撒哈拉以南非洲发现的所有生物多样性和野生动物。这一荒漠化进程已经发生了几个世纪了。Political stability is hard to achieve in the African Transition Zone. The political borders established by European colonialism during the Berlin Conference of 1884 remain intact and create obstacles for the nomadic groups traveling through the Sahel in search of grazing land for their livestock. Political boundaries now restrict movement and keep people divided and separated into national identities.
::在非洲过渡地区,政治稳定难以实现,欧洲殖民主义在1884年柏林会议期间划定的政治边界保持不变,为穿越萨赫勒的游牧群体寻找牲畜放牧地制造障碍,政治边界现在限制流动,使人们分裂和分裂为民族特性。The African Transition Zone is also in transition from a rural, traditional agrarian culture to a society confronting the information age and modern technology. Camel caravans that once transported goods and materials across wide expanses of desert terrain are being replaced with motor vehicles and aircraft. The many traditional groups across this zone are adapting to the conditions of the modern world but work to retain their values and the traditions of their heritage.
::非洲过渡区也正在从农村传统农业文化向面临信息时代和现代技术的社会过渡,曾经在广阔沙漠地带运输货物和材料的骆驼大篷车被机动车辆和飞机取代,该地区许多传统群体正在适应现代世界的条件,但正在努力保持其价值和传统传统。The colonial political borders have impeded progress in the region’s effort to establish stable governments and control the land and resources within its borders. Post-independence governments have thus far been unable to establish stable economic conditions within many of the countries in the Sahel. Natural resources are being exploited for economic profit, which is changing the natural environment. Security and safety have become significant issues. Today this region is unstable, with political and cultural conflicts between the local groups and governments. The current conflicts in Sudan are examples of the instability.
::殖民政治边界阻碍了该地区建立稳定政府和控制其边界内土地和资源的努力取得进展。 独立后政府至今未能在萨赫勒地区许多国家建立稳定的经济条件。 自然资源正在被开采以谋取经济利益,这正在改变自然环境。 安全与保障已成为重大问题。 如今,该地区不稳定,地方团体和政府之间存在政治和文化冲突。 苏丹目前的冲突就是不稳定的例子。Sudan: Slavery and Genocide
::苏丹:奴隶制和种族灭绝Comparable in size to the entire United States east of the Mississippi River, is the largest country in Africa. The capital city of Khartoum lies where the Blue Nile River converges with the White Nile. Khartoum’s government has a black Arab majority and follows Islam with Sharia laws.
::与密西西比河以东整个美国相比,其面积是非洲最大的国家。 首都喀土穆市位于青尼罗河与白尼罗河交汇的地方。 喀土穆政府拥有阿拉伯黑人多数,并遵循伊斯兰教教法。The African Transition Zone crosses Sudan and separates the Arab-Muslim north from the mainly African-Christian south. There has been a civil war between the north and the south for decades. Before a peace agreement brokered in 2005, military soldiers from the north would raid the villages in the south, taking women and children as slaves.
::非洲过渡区横跨苏丹,将阿拉伯穆斯林与以非洲基督教为主的南部隔开。 几十年来,南北之间一直发生内战。 在2005年达成和平协议之前,来自北方的军事士兵将袭击南部的村庄,将妇女和儿童作为奴隶。Though the Sudanese government denied the slave trade, thousands of Africans were owned by northern black Arabs in Sudan, and many still are. The world community has made little effort to intervene. The price for a slave in Sudan is about 50 US dollars.
::尽管苏丹政府否认奴隶贸易,但数千名非洲人是苏丹北部黑人阿拉伯人的主人,其中许多人现在仍然拥有。 国际社会很少努力干预。 苏丹奴隶的代价大约是50美元。The differences in religion, ethnicity, and culture have always divided southern Sudan from the north. Additional economic considerations might fuel the debate because of an increase in oil production in the region. In January 2011, the southern region of Sudan voted on a referendum that would allow the south to break away and become an independent country called the Republic of South Sudan. The acceptance of this new republic will change the map of the region and the dynamics between South Sudan and North Sudan.
::宗教、族裔和文化差异总是把苏丹南部与北方分割开来,更多的经济考虑可能会助长辩论,因为该地区的石油产量增加。 2011年1月,苏丹南部地区就全民公决进行了投票,使南部能够分裂,成为一个独立的国家,称为南苏丹共和国。 接受这个新共和国将改变该地区的地图以及南苏丹与北苏丹之间的动态。The new Republic of South Sudan was formalized in July of 2011. Juba is designated as the capital with talk of creating a new forward capital in the center of the newly formed country in the future. The many clans and indigenous groups make it difficult for unity and cohesiveness in the new country. Armed groups in the various states continue to cause internal division, while at the same time boundary disputes continue to be worked out with North Sudan.
::新的南苏丹共和国于2011年7月正式成立,朱巴被指定为首都,谈论未来在新成立的国家中心建立一个新的前方首都。 许多部族和土著群体使得新国家的团结和凝聚力难以实现。 各州的武装团体继续造成内部分裂,同时继续与苏丹北部解决边界争端。In 2003, various groups in Darfur complained that the Khartoum government was neglecting them. A militia group calling itself the Janjaweed was recruited by the local Arabs to counter the resistance in Darfur. The Janjaweed began an ethnic cleansing campaign that pushed into the Darfur region, burning villages, raping women, and killing anyone who opposed them. Refugees began to flee into the neighboring country of Chad.
::2003年,达尔富尔各团体抱怨喀土穆政府忽视了他们,一个自称金戈威德的民兵团体被当地阿拉伯人招募来对抗达尔富尔的抵抗。 金戈威德民兵开始一场种族清洗运动,将村庄推入达尔富尔地区,焚烧村庄,强奸妇女,杀害任何反对妇女的人。 难民开始逃往邻国乍得。South Sudan has elected to break away and become independent. The Darfur region has been experiencing genocide by Janjaweed militias backed by the Arab majority in northern Sudan.
::南苏丹选择分裂并独立,达尔富尔地区一直遭受金戈威德民兵的种族灭绝,得到苏丹北部多数阿拉伯人的支持。
In this particular case, the campaign was not based on religious divisions, because both sides were Muslim. This was an ethnic conflict in that the people of Darfur are of a traditional African background and the people of northern Sudan consider themselves Arab, even though they may have dark skin.
::在这个特定案例中,这场运动不是基于宗教分歧,因为双方都是穆斯林,这是一场种族冲突,因为达尔富尔人民具有传统的非洲背景,而苏丹北部人民认为自己是阿拉伯人,尽管他们可能有黑皮肤。Accurate numbers have been difficult to verify, but as of 2010, an estimated 300,000 people have died in this conflict. In the BBC news report " ," there are more than 2.7 million refugees, many of them in Chad. Just as the government of Sudan denied the slave trade, it denies that it supports the Janjaweed.
::准确的数字很难核实,但截至2010年,估计有30万人死于这场冲突。 在英国广播公司的新闻报道中 : “ ” , 超过270万难民,其中许多在乍得。 正如苏丹政府否认贩卖奴隶一样,它否认支持金戈威德民兵。The African Union provided a modest number of peacekeeping troops before the UN stepped in to provide security. It has been up to the world community and Sudan to take more action and provide more assistance. Food, water, and care for the refugees have taxed the region’s aid and support system.
::非洲联盟在联合国介入之前提供了数量不多的维和部队来保障安全。 国际社会和苏丹应该采取更多行动并提供更多的援助。 粮食、水和难民护理对该地区的援助和支持体系征税。The African Union
::非洲联盟 非洲联盟Former Libyan leader Muammar Gadhafi was instrumental in the development of the African Union (AU) in the mid-1990s. The Sirte Declaration was issued by the Organization of African Unity, which outlined the need for the creation of the AU. The AU was launched in Durban, South Africa, on July 9, 2002. Fifty-three countries formed this intergovernmental organization.
::前利比亚领导人穆阿迈尔·加扎菲在1990年代中期推动非洲联盟(非盟)的发展,非洲统一组织发表了《苏尔特宣言》,其中概述了建立非盟的必要性,非盟于2002年7月9日在南非德班发起,53个国家组成了这一政府间组织。The focus of the AU is on the health, education, economic development, political stability, environmental sustainability, and general welfare of the people of Africa. The organization strives to integrate the socioeconomic and political stability of its members and promote a continent-wide effort for security and peace. The AU is working to create a proper political climate, one that helps its member states engage in the global economic marketplace by negotiating international issues and policies that affect Africa.
::非盟的重点是健康、教育、经济发展、政治稳定、环境可持续性以及非洲人民的总体福祉,本组织努力整合其成员的社会经济和政治稳定,促进全大陆范围的安全与和平努力,非盟正在努力创造一个适当的政治环境,通过谈判影响非洲的国际问题和政策,帮助其成员国参与全球经济市场。The dominating activities of colonialism and neocolonialism are big concerns for the AU. The AU’s objective is to bring more unity to the political and economic arena between the African countries to address the transition to a globalized world. It faces many challenges within its realm, including health care issues such as HIV/AIDS and malaria that have devastated much of Africa.
::主导殖民主义和新殖民主义的活动是非盟的重大关切。 非盟的目标是让非洲国家之间的政治和经济舞台更加团结,以应对向全球化世界的过渡。 非盟在其领域内面临着许多挑战,包括艾滋病毒/艾滋病和疟疾等医疗问题,它们已经摧毁了非洲大部分地区。The AU is working to bring political stability to countries such as Sudan and other countries experiencing civil unrest because of political turmoil or civil war, such as the Congo, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, and Liberia. AU peacekeeping troops are assisting in this process. The legal issues regarding border disputes or territorial disputes such as that of Western Sahara are problems that the AU attempts to address.
::非盟正在努力使苏丹等因政治动荡或内战而发生内乱的国家和刚果、索马里、塞拉利昂、科特迪瓦和利比里亚等其他国家实现政治稳定,非盟维持和平部队正在协助这一进程,与边界争端或西撒哈拉等领土争端有关的法律问题是非盟试图解决的问题。In the global scale of economic and political supranationalism, the AU will be up against three main powerhouses: the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the East Asian Community. Regions across the globe are working on trade associations to create economic networks to bring about greater cooperation and commerce between nations. The AU is one part of that network that represents a growing percentage of the world’s population and the second-largest continent on Earth.
::在经济和政治超国家主义的全球规模中,非盟将迎来三个主要强国:欧盟、北美自由贸易协定和东亚共同体。 全球各区域正在致力于建立贸易协会,以创建经济网络,促进各国之间更大的合作和商业。 非盟是该网络的一部分,它代表着世界人口和地球上第二大大陆的日益增长的百分比。Gadhafi was the AU chairman when the uprisings and demonstrations of the Arab Spring began in January of 2011, at which time his chairmanship ended. At the beginning of the civil war in Libya, the AU attempted to meet with Gadhafi to mediate the situation. The NATO no-fly zone declaration and intervention restricted AU activities in Libya. After Gadhafi was no longer in power in Libya by the fall of 2011, the AU continued to not recognize the NTC (National Transition Council) as the legitimate government of Libya.
::在2011年1月阿拉伯之春起义和示威开始时,卡扎菲是非盟主席。 在2011年1月,他的主席任期结束。在利比亚内战开始时,非盟试图与卡扎菲会面调解局势。北约的禁飞区宣言和干预限制了非盟在利比亚的活动。 2011年秋,在卡扎菲在利比亚不再掌权之后,非盟仍然不承认全国过渡理事会(NTC)是利比亚的合法政府。Key Takeaways
::密钥外出-
Three main physical features of North Africa are the Atlas Mountains, the Sahara Desert, and the Nile River.
::北非的三个主要物理特征是阿特拉斯山脉、撒哈拉沙漠和尼罗河。 -
Most of North Africa’s population lives along the Mediterranean coast or along the Nile River.
::北非的大部分人口生活在地中海沿岸或尼罗河沿岸。 -
The ethnic majority in the Maghreb are Berber, with Arabs dominating in Egypt.
::马格里布的族裔多数是柏柏尔族,阿拉伯人在埃及占主导地位。 -
The Maghreb centers on the Atlas Mountains, which traditionally has provided for a diversity of food production.
::马格里布中心位于阿特拉斯山脉上,传统上提供多种多样的粮食生产。 -
Oil has been found in North Africa, the export of which has surpassed the export of food products.
::北非发现了石油,其出口超过了食品出口。 -
Europe has had a strong influence on the region, ranging from the Roman Empire, to colonial activity, to becoming a destination for immigrants looking for employment and opportunities.
::欧洲对该区域有强大的影响,从罗马帝国到殖民活动,到成为寻求就业和机会的移民的目的地。 -
North Africa has experienced serious political conflicts. Political leaders in Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt remained in power for decades. People have protested for economic and political reforms. The presidents of Egypt and Tunisia have stepped down, but Libya’s longtime leader, Muammar Gadhafi, did not step down but instead engaged the country in a civil war.
::北非经历了严重的政治冲突。 突尼斯、利比亚和埃及的政治领导人已经执政数十年了。 人们抗议经济和政治改革。 埃及和突尼斯总统已经下台,但利比亚的长期领导人穆阿迈尔·加扎菲并没有下台,而是发动内战。 -
The African Transition Zone creates the southern boundary for North Africa. This zone serves as the transition between the arid type B climates and the tropical type A climates. It is also the transition between the dominance of Islam and the dominance of Christianity and animism.
::非洲过渡区为北非划定了南部边界,从干旱的B型气候向热带A型气候过渡,也从伊斯兰统治与基督教和无动于衷主义统治之间的过渡。 -
The African Transition Zone cuts through the center of Sudan and divides the country along religious and ethnic distinctions. Civil war has been waged in the south and in the Darfur region, which has split the country into separate regions. Southern Sudan has initiated the process for independence.
::非洲过渡区跨越苏丹中部,按照宗教和种族区分划分国家;南部和达尔富尔地区爆发内战,将国家分裂为单独的地区;苏丹南方启动了独立进程。
Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 8.2 North Africa and the Transition Zone
::第8.2章 北非和过渡区Carthage
::迦拿地One of the great empires of ancient Africa. Situated on a triangular peninsula on the Gulf of Tunis on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea
::位于地中海沿岸突尼斯湾三角半岛delta
::三角三角An often triangular-shaped section of land formed as the waters of a river slow down and split into many channels as they deposit sand and silt that has been carried downriver
::往往由三角形形成的土地部分形成,形成为河流的水域,缓慢下来,并分化成许多渠道,因为河水堆沙土和泥土,一直沿河流而下。desertification
::荒漠化、荒漠化、荒漠化、荒漠化和荒漠化An expansion of dry conditions to more humid areas that are next to deserts
::将干燥条件扩大到靠近沙漠的湿润地区domesticate
::内国内化To adapt plants and animals from the wild for human use
::改造野外动植物,供人类使用Nile River
::尼罗河Longest river in the world flowing over 4,000 miles through Uganda, Sudan and Egypt
::通过乌干达、苏丹和埃及流经4 000多英里的世界上最长的河流rai
::莱A kind of Algerian music developed in the 1920s by poor urban children that is fast paced with danceable rhythms, sometimes used as a way of rebellion to show political unhappiness.
::1920年代,城市贫困儿童制作了一种阿尔及利亚音乐,这种音乐与可跳舞的节奏速度很快,有时被用作一种反叛的方式,以显示政治上的不幸福。sahel
::萨赫勒A narrow area of dry grassland along the southern edge of the Sahara. It has traditionally been an area for farming and herding
::撒哈拉南部边缘干旱草原面积狭小,历来是农耕和放牧的地区。subsistence farming
::维持生计农耕Farming that provides the basic needs of a family with little surplus
::农业,为几乎没有盈余的家庭提供基本需要;Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
What is the name of the majority ethnic group that resides in the Maghreb? What is the main physical feature there?
::居住在马格里布的多数族裔叫什么?那里的主要自然特征是什么? -
What have been the main ties between North Africa and the European continent?
::北非和欧洲大陆之间的主要联系是什么? -
How did the construction of the Aswan High Dam change the way crops are grown along the Nile River?
::Aswan高坝的建造如何改变了尼罗河沿线的作物种植方式? -
What political changes have been occurring in North Africa? Why are they occurring?
::北非发生了什么政治变化?为什么会发生这些变化? -
Why has there been a civil war in Libya? How was the country divided in this civil war?
::为什么利比亚发生内战?这个国家在这场内战中是如何分裂的? -
Where is the African Transition Zone? What does it signify?
::非洲过渡区在哪里?它意味着什么? -
What centripetal force brought villagers together in Timbuktu?
::在廷巴克图的村民们聚集在一起的是什么百子力? -
Name the country in the Sahel where slavery has become prominent. Why did no stop it?
::在萨赫勒地区,奴隶制变得十分突出,何不阻止它呢? -
How has the African Transition Zone divided Sudan? What are the main groups on each side?
::非洲过渡区是如何分裂苏丹的? -
What are the most serious problems in the Darfur region of Sudan? Who is conducting ethnic cleansing and why?
::苏丹达尔富尔地区最严重的问题是什么?谁在进行种族清洗,为什么?
Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习-
Using
, complete the following activities:
-
Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
::在下面的子弹名单上 找到每个地方 -
Find the nearest city with an international airport in proximity to each location on the bulleted list below.
::找到最近的城市,在下面子弹清单上每个地点附近有一个国际机场。 -
Calculate the distance and travel time by plane to each city from the
in New York City.
::计算从纽约市飞往每个城市的飞机的距离和旅行时间。
::使用以下活动,完成以下活动: 确定以下子弹清单上的每个地点; 在下面子弹清单上的每个地点附近找到一个国际机场的最近的城市; 计算从纽约市飞往每个城市的飞机距离和飞行时间。 -
Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
-
Using
, determine the latitude and longitude for each location on the bulleted list below.
::使用,确定以下子弹列表中每个位置的纬度和经度。 -
Be prepared to share and discuss your answers.
::准备分享和讨论你的答案
-
African Transition Zone
::非洲过渡区 -
Atlas Mountains
::阿特拉斯山脉 -
Blue Nile
::青青尼罗州 -
Darfur
::达尔富尔达尔富尔达尔富尔州 -
Iberian Peninsula
::伊比利亚半岛 -
Lake Tana
::塔纳湖 -
Lake Victoria
::维多利亚湖 -
Maghreb
::马格里布马格里布 -
Nile River
::尼罗河 -
Strait of Gibraltar
::直布罗陀海峡 -
Western Sahara
::西撒哈拉 西撒哈拉 西撒哈拉 -
White Nile
::白尼罗河
Current Events
::当前事件Geography Education Scoop It
::地理教育中心Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。 -
Summarize the historical geography of North Africa, identify the major physical features and the main cities, and understand who the people are and where most of the population lives in the region.
