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  • 中央神经系统

    Side view of a human brain highlighting parts of the central nervous system.

    The human brain. The "control center." What does it control?
    ::人脑,"控制中心" 它能控制什么?

    Practically everything. From and heartbeat to reasoning, memory, and language. And it is the main part of the central nervous system.
    ::几乎所有的东西,从心跳到理性、记忆和语言, 并且是中枢神经系统的主要部分。

    Central Nervous System
    ::中央神经系统

    The has two main divisions: the central nervous system and the (see Figure ). The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord (see Figure ).
    ::中枢神经系统(CNS)包括大脑和脊髓(见图)。

    Flowchart showing divisions of the nervous system: CNS, PNS, sensory, and motor divisions.
    The two main divisions of the human nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system has additional divisions.
    Central nervous system components: brain and spinal cord.
    This diagram shows the components of the central nervous system.

    The Brain
    ::大脑

    The brain is the most complex organ of the and the control center of the nervous system. It contains an astonishing 100 billion neurons! The brain controls such mental processes as reasoning, imagination, memory, and language. It also interprets information from the . In addition, it controls basic physical processes such as breathing and heartbeat.
    ::大脑是神经系统最复杂的器官和控制中心。 它包含惊人的1000亿神经元。 大脑控制着理性、 想象力、 记忆和语言等心理过程。 它也解释着来自神经系统的信息。 此外, 它控制着呼吸和心跳等基本的物理过程。

    The brain has three major parts: the cerebrum , cerebellum , and brain stem . These parts are shown in Figure and described in this section. 
    ::大脑有三个主要部分:大脑、小脑和脑干。图中显示了这些部分,本节对此进行了描述。

    Labeled diagram showing parts of the brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
    In this drawing, assume you are looking at the left side of the head. This is how the brain would appear if you could look underneath the skull.
    • The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It controls conscious functions such as reasoning, language, sight , touch, and hearing . It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves. The hemispheres are very similar but not identical to one another. They are connected by a thick bundle of axons deep within the brain. Each hemisphere is further divided into the four lobes shown in Figure .
      ::脑部是大脑中最大的部分。 它控制理性、 语言、 视觉、 触觉和听觉等自觉功能。 它分为两个半球, 或两半。 半球非常相似, 但并不完全相同 。 它们由大脑深处的一串厚厚的斧子连接起来。 每个半球被进一步划分为图中显示的四个叶子 。
    • The cerebellum is just below the cerebrum. It coordinates body movements . Many nerve pathways link the cerebellum with motor neurons throughout the body.
      ::小脑膜就在大脑下方,它协调身体运动。许多神经路径将小脑与全身的运动神经元连接在一起。
    • The brain stem is the lowest part of the brain. It connects the rest of the brain with the spinal cord and passes between the brain and spinal cord. It also controls unconscious functions such as heart rate and breathing.
      ::脑干是大脑中最底层的部分。 它将大脑的其余部分与脊髓连接起来, 并在大脑和脊髓之间传递。 它还控制了心率和呼吸等无意识功能 。
    The brain's lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital, with functions.
    Each hemisphere of the cerebrum consists of four parts, called lobes. Each lobe is associated with particular brain functions. Just one function of each lobe is listed here.

      

     

     

     

     

    Spinal Cord
    ::脊柱状

    The spinal cord is a thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue that extends from the brainstem and continues down the center of the back to the pelvis. It is protected by the vertebrae , which encase it. The spinal cord serves as an information superhighway, passing messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body.
    ::脊髓是由神经组织组成的一个细小管状捆绑,从脑细胞延展到脑部,一直延伸到背部中心,一直到骨盆。它受到脊椎的保护,脊椎围住它。脊髓充当信息高速公路,将信息从身体传递到大脑,从大脑传递到身体。

    Humanoid Robot Brains
    ::人体机器人脑

    The smartest people in the world have spent millions of dollars on developing high-tech robots. But even though technology has come a long way, these humanoid robots are nowhere close to having the "brain" and motor control of a human. Why is that? Learn about the motor control processes in the human brain, and how cutting-edge research is trying to implement it in robots below.
    ::世界上最聪明的人花费了数百万美元开发高科技机器人。 但尽管科技已经取得了长足进步,但这些人形机器人离拥有人类的“脑”和运动控制还差得远。 为什么呢? 了解人类大脑的发动机控制过程,以及尖端研究如何试图在下面的机器人中应用它。

     

     

     

     

    Science Friday : Face Time: How quickly do you judge a face?
    ::科学周五:面对时代:你多久才能判断一张脸?

    How fast do you judge somebody by their face? In this video by Science Friday , Dr. Jon Freeman discusses how the brain quickly creates character assessments of people and the effects these assessments may have.
    ::你用一个人的脸来判断他们有多快?在科学周五的这段视频中,Jon Freeman博士讨论了大脑如何迅速创造人性特征评估,以及这些评估可能产生的影响。

     

     

    Further Reading
    ::继续阅读

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The central nervous includes the brain and spinal cord.
      ::中枢神经包括大脑和脊髓。
    • The brain is the control center of the nervous system. It controls virtually all mental and physical processes.
      ::大脑是神经系统的控制中心, 它控制几乎所有的身心过程。
    • The spinal cord is a long, thin bundle of nervous tissue that passes messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body.
      ::脊髓是一长细细的神经组织 将信息从身体传到脑部 从大脑传到身体

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Name the organs of the central nervous system.
      ::列出中枢神经系统的器官。
    2. Which part of the brain controls conscious functions such as reasoning?
      ::大脑的哪个部分控制有意识的功能,例如推理?
    3. What are the roles of the brain stem?
      ::脑干的作用是什么?
    4. Sam’s dad was in a car accident in which his neck was broken. He survived the injury but is now paralyzed from the neck down. Explain why.
      ::Sam的爸爸在车祸中颈部骨折,受伤后幸免于难,但现在颈部倒下瘫痪,解释原因。