13.44 排泄系统疾病
章节大纲
-
How do you block the flow of urine?
::如何阻止尿流?Kidney stones . Imagine having that travel through your . OK, that's not a kidney stone, but you get the idea. Kidney stones can be more than a few millimeters in diameter. Painful? Sometimes extremely uncomfortable. And how does a stone leave the ? The same way urine does.
::肾结石。想象一下,你穿透肾结石。好吧,那不是肾结石,但你明白。肾结石直径可能超过几毫米。疼痛?有时非常不舒服。石结石是如何留下的?和尿一样。Kidney Disease and Dialysis
::肾病和肾病透析A person can live a normal, healthy life with just one kidney. However, at least one kidney must function properly to maintain life. Diseases that threaten the health and functioning of the kidneys include kidney stones, infections, and .
::一个人只要有一个肾就可以过上正常、健康的生活,但是,至少一个肾必须正常运转才能维持生命,威胁肾脏健康和功能的疾病包括肾结石、感染和。-
Kidney stones
are
mineral
crystals that form in urine inside the kidney. Kidney stones can form when substances in the urine, such as
calcium
, oxalate, and phosphorus, become highly concentrated. They may be extremely painful. If they block a
ureter
, they must be removed so urine can leave the kidney and be excreted. A kidney stone may not cause symptoms until it moves around within your kidney or passes into your ureter. A stone may stay in the kidney or travel down the urinary tract. Kidney stones vary in size. A small stone may pass on its own, causing little or no pain. A larger stone may get stuck along the urinary tract and can block the flow of urine, causing severe pain or bleeding.
::肾结石是肾脏内尿液中形成的矿物晶体; 肾结石可以形成,当尿液中的物质,如钙、氧酸盐和磷等,高度集中时,它们可能极为痛苦; 如果它们堵塞尿液,必须取出尿液,以便尿液可以离开肾脏并排出体外; 肾结石不得造成症状,直到它进入肾脏或进入尿液中; 一块石头可以留在肾脏中,也可以在尿道下行; 肾结石大小各异; 一块小石块可能自行通过,很少或没有造成疼痛; 大块石块可能在尿道上卡住,并可能堵住尿液流,造成严重疼痛或流血。
-
Bacterial infections of the urinary tract, especially the
bladder
, are very common. Bladder infections can be treated with
antibiotics
prescribed by a doctor. If untreated, they may lead to kidney damage.
::尿道的细菌感染,特别是膀胱感染,非常常见,刀菌感染可以用医生开出的抗生素治疗,如果不治疗,可能导致肾脏损伤。 -
Uncontrolled
diabetes
may damage capillaries of
nephrons
. As a result, the kidneys lose much of their ability to filter
. This is called
kidney failure
. The only cure for kidney failure is a kidney transplant, but it can be treated with
dialysis
.
Dialysis
is a medical procedure in which blood is filtered through a machine (see
Figure
).
::不受控制的糖尿病可能会损害肾脏的毛细膜,因此肾脏失去了大部分过滤能力。这称为肾衰竭。肾衰竭的唯一治疗方法就是肾脏移植,但可以透析治疗。透析是一种通过机器过滤血液的医疗程序(见图 )。
A dialysis machine filters a patient’s blood.
::透析机过滤病人的血液。Summary
::摘要-
Kidney diseases include kidney stones, infections, and kidney failure due to diabetes.
::肾病包括肾结石、感染和糖尿病导致的肾衰竭。 -
Kidney failure may be treated with dialysis.
::肾衰竭可以透析治疗。
Review
::回顾-
Tom was seriously injured in a car crash. As a result, he had to have one of his kidneys removed. Does Tom need dialysis? Why or why not?
::汤姆在车祸中受重伤,因此不得不摘除肾脏。汤姆需要透析吗?为什么或为什么没有? -
What are kidney stones? How do they form?
::什么是肾结石,它们是如何形成的?
-
Kidney stones
are
mineral
crystals that form in urine inside the kidney. Kidney stones can form when substances in the urine, such as
calcium
, oxalate, and phosphorus, become highly concentrated. They may be extremely painful. If they block a
ureter
, they must be removed so urine can leave the kidney and be excreted. A kidney stone may not cause symptoms until it moves around within your kidney or passes into your ureter. A stone may stay in the kidney or travel down the urinary tract. Kidney stones vary in size. A small stone may pass on its own, causing little or no pain. A larger stone may get stuck along the urinary tract and can block the flow of urine, causing severe pain or bleeding.
