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  • 空气污染和疾病

    A city skyline obscured by haze, illustrating the effects of air pollution.

    Is some air actually bad for you?
    ::空气对你有坏处吗?

    This question shouldn't even need an answer. Yes, some air can be harmful.
    ::这个问题根本不需要答案

    Air Pollution and Illness
    ::空气污染和疾病

    Almost 5 million people die each year because of . In fact, polluted air causes more deaths than traffic accidents. Air pollution harms the respiratory and circulatory systems. Both outdoor and indoor air can be polluted.
    ::事实上,空气污染造成的死亡比交通事故多,空气污染损害呼吸和循环系统,户外和室内空气都可能受到污染。

    Outdoor Air Pollution
    ::室外空气污染

    The Air Quality Index (AQI) is an assessment of the pollutants in the outdoor air based on their human health effects. The health risks associated with different values of AQI are shown in Figure . When AQI is high, you should limit the time you spend outdoors. Avoiding exposure to air pollution can help limit its impact on your health. People with certain health problems, including asthma , are very sensitive to the effects of air pollution. They need to be especially careful to avoid it.
    ::空气质量指数(AQI)是根据户外空气中的污染物对人类健康的影响进行评估的。与AQI不同值相关的健康风险见图 。当AQI高时,您应该限制户外时间。避免空气污染可以帮助限制其对健康的影响。有某些健康问题的人,包括哮喘,对空气污染的影响非常敏感,他们需要特别小心避免。

    Air Quality Index chart showing levels of health concern based on AQI values.

    Air quality is especially important for sensitive people. They include people with asthma, other respiratory illnesses, and cardiovascular diseases.
    ::空气质量对敏感人群尤其重要,包括哮喘、其他呼吸道疾病和心血管疾病患者。

    AQI generally refers to the levels of ground-level ozone and particulates . Ozone is a gas that forms close to the ground when air pollutants are heated by sunlight. It is one of the main components of smog (see Figure ). Smog also contains particulates. Particulates are tiny particles of solids or liquids suspended in the air. They are produced mainly by the burning of fossil fuels . The particles settle in airways and the lungs , where they cause damage.
    ::AQI一般是指地面臭氧和微粒的水平。臭氧是一种气体,当空气污染物被阳光加热时,它靠近地面,它是烟雾的主要成分之一(见图 )。烟雾也含有颗粒。烟雾是空气中悬浮的固体或液体的微小颗粒,主要是化石燃料的燃烧产生的。微粒沉积在空气和肺中,造成破坏。

    A smoggy skyline of Los Angeles, highlighting visible air pollution and unhealthy air quality.

    Smog clouds the city of Los Angeles, California. Visible air pollution in the form of smog is a sign that the air is unhealthy.
    ::烟雾笼罩着加利福尼亚州洛杉矶市。可见的烟雾形式的空气污染表明空气是不健康的。

    Indoor Air Pollution
    ::室内空气污染

    Indoor air may be even more polluted than outdoor air. It may contain harmful substances such as , , and radon . It may also contain carbon monoxide . Carbon monoxide is a gas produced by furnaces and other devices that burn fuel. If it is inhaled, it replaces oxygen in the and quickly leads to death. Carbon monoxide is colorless and odorless, but it can be detected with a carbon monoxide detector like the one in Figure .
    ::室内空气的污染可能比室外空气还要严重,可能含有诸如,和等有害物质,也可能含有一氧化碳。一氧化碳是熔炉和其他燃烧燃料的装置产生的气体。如果吸入,则取代氧气,并很快导致死亡。一氧化碳无色和无味,但可以用一氧化碳探测器检测出来,如图中的一氧化碳探测器。

    A carbon monoxide detector plugged into a wall outlet, monitoring air quality.

    A carbon monoxide detector warns you if the level of the gas is too high.
    ::一氧化碳检测器警告你,如果气体的含量太高的话。

      

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Both outdoor and indoor air may contain pollutants that can cause human illness and death.
      ::户外和室内空气都可能含有可能导致人类疾病和死亡的污染物。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How can you use the Air Quality Index to protect your health?
      ::如何使用空气质量指数来保护健康?
    2. Explain why ground-level ozone is usually a worse problem in the summer than in the winter in North America.
      ::解释为什么在北美,地面臭氧通常比冬季更糟糕。
    3. Compare and contrast pollutants in outdoor and indoor air, including their effects on human health.
      ::比较和对比室外和室内空气中的污染物,包括其对人类健康的影响。