10.4 日本、北朝鲜和南朝鲜(2天)
Section outline
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Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Summarize the physical geography of the Korean peninsula.
::总结朝鲜半岛的地理地理状况。 -
Understand how North Korea and South Korea developed independently.
::了解北朝鲜和南朝鲜是如何独立发展的。 -
Outline the political structure of North Korea.
::概述北朝鲜的政治结构。 -
Describe how South Korea developed a high standard of living and a prosperous economy.
::说明韩国是如何发展高生活水平和繁荣经济的。 -
Express how the concept of regional complementarity can apply to the Koreas.
::表示区域互补概念如何适用于韩国。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional Unit 10 East and Southeast Asia: Chapter 10.4 Japan, North, and South Korea
::东亚和东南亚:第10.4章 日本、北韩和南韩WG.1B Trace the spatial diffusion of phenomena such as the Columbian Exchange or the diffusion of American popular culture and describe the effects on regions of contact.
::WG.1B 追踪哥伦比亚交流会等现象的空间扩散或美国流行文化的传播,并描述对接触区域的影响。WG.2A Describe the human and physical characteristics of the same regions at different periods of time to evaluate relationships between past events and current conditions.
::WG.2A 描述不同时期同一区域的人的和自然的特征,以评估过去事件与当前状况之间的关系。WG.5A Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.
::WG.5A 分析一个地方的特性如何与其政治、经济、社会和文化因素相关。WG.5B Interpret political, economic, social, and demographic indicators (gross domestic product per capita, life expectancy, literacy, and infant mortality) to determine the level of development and standard of living in nations using the terms Human Development Index, less developed, newly industrialized, and more developed.
::WG.5B 解释政治、经济、社会和人口指标(人均国内生产总值、预期寿命、识字率和婴儿死亡率),以确定使用人类发展指数、欠发达、新兴工业化和较发达等术语的国家的发展水平和生活水平。WG.10A Describe the forces that determine the distribution of goods and services in free enterprise, socialist, and communist economic systems.
::WG.10A 描述决定自由企业、社会主义和共产主义经济体系中货物和服务分配的势力。WG.10B Classify where specific countries fall along the economic spectrum between free enterprise and communism.
::WG.10B 将特定国家属于自由企业和共产主义之间经济范畴的领域分类。WG.13A Interpret maps to explain the division of land, including man-made and natural borders, into separate political units such as cities, states, or countries.
::WG.13A 解释地图,解释土地划分,包括人造边界和自然边界,分为不同的政治单位,如城市、州或国家。WG.14A Analyze current events to infer the physical and human processes that lead to the formation of boundaries and other political divisions.
::WG.14A 分析当前事件,以推断导致形成边界和其他政治分裂的物质和人类过程。WG.14B Compare how democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, republic, theocracy, and totalitarian systems operate in specific countries.
::比较民主、独裁、君主制、共和国、专制和极权制度在特定国家的运作方式。WG.15B Explain how citizenship practices, public policies, and decision making may be influenced by cultural beliefs, including nationalism and patriotism.
::WG.15B 解释公民身份做法、公共政策和决策如何受文化信仰,包括民族主义和爱国主义的影响。WG.17A Describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that make specific regions of the world distinctive. make specific regions of the world distinctive.
::WG.17A 描述和比较使世界特定区域与众不同的语言、宗教、土地使用、教育和习俗等文化模式,使世界特定区域与众不同。WG.18A Analyze cultural changes in specific regions caused by migration, war, trade, innovations, and diffusion.
::WG.18A 分析移徙、战争、贸易、创新和传播在特定区域造成的文化变化。WG.21A Locate places of contemporary geopolitical significance on a map.
::WG.21A 在地图上标出具有当代地缘政治意义的地点。WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。Japan, North Korea, and South Korea
::日本、北朝鲜和南朝鲜Japan
::日本 日本 日本 日本 日本 日本 日本 日本
Map of Japan
::日本地图(日本地图)
Japan consists of islands that lie along the Pacific Rim east of China and across the Sea of Japan from the Korean Peninsula. Most of the archipelago, which has more than 3,000 islands, is just north of 30° latitude. Four islands make up most of the country: Shikoku, Kyushu, Hokkaido, and Honshu. The islands have tall mountains originating from volcanic activity. Many of the volcanoes are active, including the famous Mount Fuji.
::日本由位于中国东环太平洋沿岸和横跨日本海的朝鲜半岛各岛屿组成,大部分群岛有3 000多个岛屿,仅北纬30度,四岛占该国大部分:石库、九州、北海道和霍苏。这些岛屿有火山活动产生的高山。许多火山活动活跃,包括著名的富士山。The physical area of all Japan’s islands is equivalent to about the size of the US state of Montana. The mountainous islands of Japan extend into two climate zones. All but the northern region of Japan has a type C climate. The island of Hokkaido in northern Japan has a type D climate and receives enough snow for downhill skiing. Japan hosted the Winter Olympics in 1998. Mount Fuji, located just west of Tokyo, is a widely photographed mountain because of its symmetrical volcanic cone.
::日本所有岛屿的物理面积都相当于美国蒙大拿州的面积。 日本的山地岛屿延伸到两个气候区。 日本的北区都有一个C型气候。 日本北部北海道岛有D型气候,并有足够的下坡滑雪雪。 日本于1998年主办了冬季奥林匹克运动会。 位于东京以西的富士山因其对称火山锥形而成为一座被广泛拍摄的山。Japan has 108 active volcanoes.
::日本有108座活火山
The largest metropolitan urban area in the world that can be verified is Tokyo, with a . The Tokyo metropolitan area is located in an extensive agricultural region called the Kanto Plain and includes the of Tokyo, Yokohama, and Kawasaki. The second-largest urban area in Japan is located in the Kansai District and includes the cities of Kobe, Osaka , and Kyoto.
::世界上最大的都市地区是东京,有一个东京。 东京大都市地区位于一个称为Kanto平原的大面积农业地区,包括东京、横滨和川崎。 日本第二大城市地区位于Kansai地区,包括神户、大阪和京都等城市。Japan is a mountainous region, and most of its large cities are located in low-lying areas along the coast. Most of the population (67 percent) lives in urban areas such as Japan’s core area, an urbanized region from Tokyo to Nagasaki. According to the CIA World Factbook, the 2017 (estimate) population of Japan was more than 126 million, less than half the size of the United States.
::日本是一个山地地区,其大城市大多位于沿海低洼地区。 大部分人口(67%)生活在诸如日本核心地区(东京至长崎的城市化地区)等城市地区。 根据中央情报局《世界概况》,2017年日本人口超过1.26亿,不到美国人口的一半。Tokyo's historical population since 1920.
::东京自1920年以来的历史人口
Tokyo is located where three tectonic plates meet: the Eurasian Plate, the Philippine Plate, and the Pacific Plate. Earthquakes result when these plates shift, leading to extensive damage and destruction. In 1923, a large earthquake struck the Tokyo area and killed an estimated 143,000 people. In 1995, an earthquake near Kobe killed about 5,500 people and injured another 26,000.
::东京是三个地壳板块相交的东京:欧亚板块、菲律宾板块和太平洋板块。 这些板块变换导致地震,导致大面积破坏和破坏。 1923年,东京地区发生大地震,估计有143 000人死亡。 1995年,神户附近的地震造成约5 500人死亡,另有26 000人受伤。The average elevation in Tokyo is 131 feet.
::东京的平均海拔为131英尺。
In March 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck 43 miles off of the eastern coast of northern Japan. The earthquake itself caused extensive damage to the island of Honshu. A shockwave after the earthquake created a tsunami of more than 130 feet high that crashed into the eastern coast of Japan causing enormous damage to infrastructure as well as the loss of life. Hundreds of aftershocks were recorded. At least three registered over 7.0 in magnitude. This is the strongest earthquake to ever hit Japan in recorded history. It resulted in more than 15,500 deaths and wreaked serious damage across Japan in the value of billions of dollars. Thousands of additional people remain missing.
::2011年3月,日本北部东海岸43英里外发生了9.0级地震,地震本身给洪苏岛造成了巨大破坏。地震引发了超过130英尺高的海啸,坠落在日本东海岸,对基础设施造成巨大破坏和生命损失。记录了数百次余震,至少3次余震超过7.0级。这是有史以来日本史上最强烈的地震。地震造成超过15 500人死亡,并给日本各地造成严重损失,价值数十亿美元。还有数千人仍然失踪。Nuclear power plants along the coast were hit hard by the tsunami, which knocked out their cooling systems and resulted in the meltdown of at least three reactors. The nuclear meltdowns created explosions that released a sizeable quantity of nuclear material into the atmosphere. This is considered the worst nuclear accident since the 1986 reactor meltdown at the Soviet plant at Chernobyl, located north of Kyiv in present-day Ukraine. The next big earthquake could happen at any time since Japan is located in an active tectonic plate zone.
::海啸使沿岸的核电厂遭受重创,海啸摧毁了它们的冷却系统,导致至少三个反应堆崩溃。 核熔化引发了爆炸,释放了大量核材料进入大气层。 这被认为是自1986年苏联切尔诺贝利核电厂反应堆崩溃以来最严重的核事故。 切尔诺贝利核电厂位于乌克兰基辅以北,位于今天的乌克兰。 下一次大地震可能随时发生,因为日本位于活跃的构造板块区。Development
::发展、发展、发展、发展The country of Japan is an interesting study in isolation geography and economic development. For centuries, shogun lords and samurai warriors ruled Japan, and Japan’s society was highly organized and structured. Urban centers were well planned, and skilled artisans developed methods of creating high-grade metal products. While agriculture was always important, Japan always existed as a semi-urban community because the mountainous terrain forced most of the population to live along the country’s coasts.
::日本是孤立的地理和经济发展的有趣研究国。 几个世纪以来,猪头和武士统治了日本,日本社会组织严密,结构严密。 城市中心规划周密,熟练工匠开发了高等级金属产品制造方法。 尽管农业始终很重要,但日本一直作为一个半城市社区存在,因为山地迫使大部分人口生活在日本沿海。Without a large rural population to begin with, Japan never really experienced the rural-to-urban shift common in the rest of the world. Coastal fishing, always a prominent economic activity, remains so today. The capital city of Tokyo was formerly called Edo and was a major city even before the colonial era. Japan developed its own unique type of urbanized cultural heritage.
::没有庞大的农村人口,日本从未真正经历过世界其他地区常见的农村向城市的转变。 沿海渔业始终是突出的经济活动,如今依然如此。 首都东京以前被称为江户,甚至在殖民时代之前就是一个大城市。 日本开发了自己独特的城市化文化遗产类型。By the mid-18th century, Edo had a population of more than one million.
::到18世纪中叶,江户人口超过100万
Encounters with European colonial ships prompted Japan to industrialize. For the most part, the Japanese kept the Europeans out and only traded with select ships that were allowed to approach the shores. The fact that European ships were there at all was enough to convince the Japanese to evaluate their position in the world. During the colonial era, Britain was the most avid colonizer with the largest and best-equipped navy on the high seas.
::与欧洲殖民船的遇袭者促使日本实现工业化。 大部分日本人不让欧洲人进入,只与获准接近海岸的特选船只进行交易。 欧洲船只的存在足以说服日本人评估自己在世界上的地位。 在殖民时代,英国是拥有海军规模最大、装备最精良的公海最强大的殖民者。Britain colonized parts of the Americas, the Middle East, Africa, South Asia, and Australia and was advancing in East Asia when they encountered the Japanese. Both Japan and Great Britain are island countries. Japan reasoned that if Great Britain could become so powerful, they should also have the potential to become powerful. Japan encompassed a number of islands and had more land area than Britain, but Japan did not have the coal and iron ore reserves that Britain had.
::英国殖民了美洲、中东、非洲、南亚和澳大利亚部分地区,当它们遇到日本时,它们正在东亚进步。 日本和英国都是岛国。 日本认为,如果英国能够变得如此强大,它们也应该有成为强国的潜力。 日本拥有许多岛屿,拥有的陆地面积比英国还多,但日本没有英国拥有的煤炭和铁矿石储备。Around 1868, a group of reformers worked to bring about a change in direction for Japan. Named after the emperor, the movement was called the Meiji Restoration (the return of enlightened rule). Japanese modernizers studied the British pattern of development. The Japanese reformers were advised by the British about how to organize their industries and how to lay out transportation and delivery systems.
::1868年左右,一群改革者努力改变日本的方向。 以皇帝命名的美治恢复运动(开明统治的回归 ) 。 日本现代化者研究了英国的发展模式。 英国向日本改革者建议如何组织其产业和如何建立运输和运载系统。Today, the British influence in Japan is easily seen in that both Japanese and British drivers drive on the left side of the road. The modernizers realized that to compete on the high seas in the world community they had to move beyond samurai swords and wooden ships. Iron ore and coal would have to become the goods to fuel their own industrial revolution. Labor and resources were valuable elements of early industrialization in all areas of the world, including Asia.
::如今,英国在日本的影响很容易看到,因为日本和英国司机都在路左侧开车。 现代化者认识到,为了在公海上竞争,他们必须超越武士剑和木船,在国际社会中超越武士剑和木船。 铁矿石和煤炭必须成为刺激其自身工业革命的商品。 劳动和资源是包括亚洲在内的世界所有地区早期工业化的宝贵因素。Japan began to industrialize and build its economic and military power by first utilizing the few resources found in Japan. Since it was already semi-urban and had an organized social order with skilled artisan traditions, the road to industrialization moved quickly. Japan needed raw materials and expanded to take over the island of Formosa (Taiwan) and the Korean Peninsula in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
::日本首先利用在日本发现的少数资源开始工业化并建设其经济和军事实力,因为日本已经是半城市国家,并拥有有熟练工匠传统的有组织的社会秩序,通往工业化的道路迅速前进。 日本需要原材料,并在19世纪末和20世纪初扩张到接管福摩萨岛(台湾 ) 和朝鲜半岛。Japan was on its way to becoming a colonial power in its own right. They expanded to take control of the southern part of Sakhalin Island from Russia and part of Manchuria (Northeast China) from the Chinese. Japanese industries grew quickly as they put the local people to work and extracted the raw materials they needed from their newly taken colonies.
::日本正朝着自己成为殖民国的道路上迈进,它们从俄罗斯和中国东北部分控制萨哈林岛南部和满洲(中国东北部)地区。 日本工业迅速发展,让当地人民去工作,从新占领的殖民地中提取所需的原材料。The three-way split in China revealed that the Japanese colonizers were a major force in China even after the other European powers had halted their colonial activities. Japan’s relative location as an independent island country provided both quick access to their neighbors and also protection from them. By World War II, Japan’s economic and military power had expanded until they were dominating Asia’s Pacific Rim community.
::中国的三条分路表明,即使在其他欧洲列强停止了殖民活动之后,日本殖民者还是中国的主要力量。 日本作为一个独立的岛国,其相对位置既能快速接近邻国,又能保护其免受其影响。 在二战期间,日本的经济和军事实力有所扩张,直到占据亚洲太平洋环绕社区主导地位。The Japanese military believed that they could invade the western coast of North America and eventually take control of the entire United States. Their attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in 1941, was meant to be only a beginning. The United States rallied its people and resources to fight against the Japanese in World War II. The Soviet Union also turned to fight the Japanese empire.
::日本军方相信他们可以入侵北美西海岸并最终控制整个美国。 他们1941年对夏威夷珍珠港的袭击只是个开端。 美国在二战期间集结了人民和资源来对抗日本。 苏联也转而与日本帝国作战。The end came after atomic bombs were dropped by the United States on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The terms of Japan’s surrender in 1945 stipulated that Japan had to give up claims on the Russian islands, Korea, Taiwan, China, and all the other places that they had previously controlled. Japan also lost the Kurile Islands—off its northern shores—to the Soviet Union.
::美国在日本广岛和长崎市投下原子弹之后就结束了。 1945年日本投降的条件规定日本必须放弃对俄罗斯群岛、韩国、台湾、中国以及它们以前控制过的所有其他地方的主张。 日本也失去了其北岸的库里尔群岛 — — 苏联。The islands have never been returned. Japan offered Russia an enormous amount of cash for them but the matter remains unresolved. The Kurile Island chain continues to be controlled by Russia. Japan also agreed not to have a military for offensive purposes. Japan was decimated during World War II, its infrastructure and economy destroyed.
::这些岛屿从未被归还。 日本向俄罗斯提供了巨额现金,但问题仍未解决。 库里尔岛链继续由俄罗斯控制。 日本也同意不为进攻目的提供军队。 日本在二战期间被摧毁,其基础设施和经济被摧毁。Economic Growth
::经济增长 经济增长Since 1945, Japan has risen to become Asia’s economic superpower and the economic center of one of the three core areas of the world. Japanese manufacturing has set a standard for global production. For example, think of all the automobiles that are Japanese products: Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Nissan, Isuzu, Mazda, and Suzuki. How many Russian, Brazilian, Chinese, or Indonesian autos are sold in the United States?
::自1945年以来,日本崛起成为亚洲经济超级大国和世界三个核心地区之一的经济中心。 日本制造业已经为全球生产设定了标准。 比如,所有汽车都是日本产品:丰田、本田、三菱、苏巴鲁、尼桑、岩津、马兹达和铃木。 有多少俄罗斯、巴西、中国或印度尼西亚汽车在美国销售?The term “economic tiger” is used in Asia to indicate an entity with an aggressive and fast-growing economy. Japan has surpassed this benchmark and is called the economic dragon of Asia. The four economic tigers competing with Japan are Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea. Japan came back from total devastation in 1945 to become a world economic superpower.
::“经济老虎”一词在亚洲用于指一个具有侵略性和快速增长经济的实体。 日本已经超过了这一基准,被称为亚洲经济龙。 与日本竞争的四大经济老虎是新加坡、香港、台湾和韩国。 日本从1945年的彻底毁灭中恢复成为一个世界经济超级大国。Japan’s recovery in the last half of the century has been remarkable. If an island nation like Japan could accomplish this rapid growth in its economy, why couldn’t other similar-sized countries accomplish the same level of growth? What was it that caused the Japanese people to not only recover so quickly but rise above the world’s standard to excel in their economic endeavors?
::日本本世纪后半叶的复苏令人瞩目。 如果像日本这样的岛国能够实现经济的这一快速增长,为什么其他类似规模的国家不能达到同样的增长水平? 是什么导致日本人民不仅如此迅速的复苏,而且超越了世界标准,在经济事业中取得卓越成就?The answer could be related to the fact that Japan already had an industrialized and urbanized society before the war. The United States did help rebuild some of Japan’s infrastructure that had been destroyed during World War II—things like ports and transportation systems to help bring aid and provide for humanitarian support. However, the Japanese people were able to not only recover from the devastation of World War II but also rise to the level of an economic superpower to compete with the United States.
::答案可能与日本在战争前就已经拥有工业化和城市化的社会这一事实有关。 美国的确帮助重建了在二战期间被摧毁的一些日本基础设施 — — 比如港口和运输系统来帮助运送援助和提供人道主义支持。 但是,日本人民不仅能够从二战的破坏中恢复过来,而且能够提升到一个经济超级大国与美国竞争的水平。Japan used internal organization and strong centripetal dynamics to create a highly functional and cohesive society that focused on creating a manufacturing sector that catapulted the country’s economy from devastation to financial success.
::日本利用内部组织和强大的子宫动态来创造一个功能性强、凝聚力强的社会,重点是建立一个制造业部门,使国家经济从毁灭到财政成功。
The loss of colonies after World War II prompted Japan to look elsewhere for its raw materials. Extensive networks of trade were developed to provide the necessary materials for the rapidly growing manufacturing sector. The urbanized region around Tokyo, including the cities of Yokohama and Kawasaki, grew to accommodate the growth of the industry. Japan’s coastal interior has a number of large cities and urban areas that rapidly increased with the growing manufacturing sector.
::第二次世界大战后殖民地的丧失促使日本去其他地方寻找原材料。 开发了广泛的贸易网络为迅速增长的制造业部门提供必要的材料。 东京周边的城市化地区,包括横滨和川崎等城市,增长以适应工业的增长。 日本沿海内地有许多大城市和城市地区,随着制造业部门的增长而迅速增长。The basis for Japan’s technological and economic development may be related to its geographic location and cultural development. Japan’s pattern of economic development has similarities to the patterns of other Asian entities that have created thriving economic conditions. Hong Kong and Taiwan are both small islands with few natural resources, yet they have become economic tigers.
::日本的技术和经济发展基础可能与其地理位置和文化发展有关。 日本的经济发展模式与创造繁荣经济条件的其他亚洲实体模式相似。 香港和台湾都是自然资源稀少的小岛屿,但它们已成为经济老虎。Explaining how or why countries develop at different rates can be complex because there may be many interrelated reasons. One element might be centripetal cultural forces that hold a country together and drive it forward. The ability to manage labor and resources would be another part of the economic situation. The theory of how countries gain wealth may shed some light on this issue.
::解释各国如何或为什么以不同速度发展可能很复杂,因为可能有许多相互关联的原因。 其中一个因素可能是将一个国家凝聚在一起并将它推向前进的百年文化力量。 管理劳动力和资源的能力将是经济形势的另一个部分。 国家如何获得财富的理论也许能对这个问题有所启发。Japan used manufacturing as a major means of gaining wealth from value-added profits. This is the same method the Asian economic tigers also developed their economies. Japan developed itself into a core economic country that took advantage of the peripheral countries for labor and resources during the colonial era. Japan took advantage of every opportunity that presented itself to become a world manufacturing center.
::日本将制造业作为从增值利润中获取财富的主要手段。 这也是亚洲经济老虎发展经济的同样方法。 日本发展成为一个核心经济国家,在殖民时代利用外围国家获取劳动力和资源。 日本利用一切机会成为世界制造中心。Modern Japan
::现代日本现代日本Japan is a society. In 2010, all but 1 percent of the population was ethnically Japanese. Japan resembles a nation-state, where people of a common heritage and aspirations hold to a unified government. This provides a strong centripetal force that unites the people under one culture and one language. However, religious allegiances in Japan vary, and there are a good number of people who indicate nonreligious ideologies.
::日本是一个社会。 2010年,除1%的人口外,全部人口都是日本人。 日本像一个民族国家,拥有共同遗产和愿望的人将统一政府。 这提供了强大的三元力量,将人民团结在一种文化和一种语言之下。 然而,日本的宗教效忠各不相同,有相当多的人表现出非宗教意识形态。Shintoism and Buddhism are the main religious traditions. Shintoism includes a veneration of ancestors and the divine forces of nature. There is no one single written text for Shintoism. This religion is a loosely knit set of concepts based on morality, attitude, sensibility, and right practice. It is possible for a Shinto priest to conduct a wedding for a couple, whereas the funeral for either of the spouses might be conducted by a Buddhist priest.
::神道教和佛教是主要宗教传统。神道教包括祖先的尊崇和自然的神圣力量。没有一本关于神道教的成文文字。这个宗教是建立在道德、态度、感知和正确实践基础上的松散的一套概念。神道牧师可以为一对夫妇举行婚礼,而夫妻中的任何一方的葬礼都可以由佛教牧师主持。Modernization has brought new opportunities and problems to the Japanese people. With a highly urban and industrial society, personal incomes in Japan are high and family size is quite low, at about 1.2 children. The replacement level for a given population is about 2.1 children, which means Japan has a declining population. The population is aging and there are not enough young people to take entry-level jobs.
::现代化给日本人民带来了新的机遇和问题。 在高度城市和工业社会,日本个人收入高,家庭规模低,约为1.2个子女。 特定人口的替代水平约为2.1个子女,这意味着日本人口在下降。 人口正在老龄化,年轻人也没有足够的进入职级。The Age Structure in Japan: 0-14 years: 12.84 percent (male 8,361,611/female 7,875,045); 15-24 years: 9.64 percent (male 6,417,085/female 5,778,904); 25-54 years: 37.5 percent (male 23,435,323/female 23,980,781); 55-64 years: 12.15 percent (male 7,692,424/female 7,665,157); 65 years and over: 27.87 percent (male 15,397,309/female 19,847,759)
::日本年龄结构:0-14岁:12.84%(男性8 361 611 611/女性7 875 045);15-24岁:9.64%(男性6 417 085/女性5 778 904);25-54岁:37.5%(男性23 435 323/女性23 980 781);55-64岁:12.15%(男性7 692 424/女性7 665 157);65岁及以上:27.87%(男性15 397 309/女性19 847 759)
The family has been at the center of Japanese tradition, and the elderly have been venerated and honored. As the country has become more economically developed, higher incomes for young people have prompted a shift toward convenience and consumer amenities. Consumer goods are available, but all the oil and about 60 percent of the food products have to be imported. During the offseason, fruit, for example, is expensive. Beef is at a premium price, so fish is a staple source of protein. Income levels are high, but the cost of living in places like Tokyo is also quite high.
::家庭一直是日本传统的核心,老年人一直受到尊崇和尊敬。 随着国家经济更加发达,年轻人收入的提高促使人们转向便利和消费设施。 消费品是可用的,但所有石油和大约60%的食品必须进口。 例如,在淡季,水果是昂贵的。 牛肉价格很高,因此鱼是蛋白质的主要来源。 收入水平很高,但东京等地的生活成本也很高。Japan is facing a labor shortage for many low-level service jobs that had traditionally been held by young people entering the workforce. Japan is an island country that has prided itself in being 99 percent Japanese. Countries in stage 5 of the index of economic development usually enter a negative population growth pattern. According to population statistics, Japan is at the start of a serious population decline, with a negative population growth pattern.
::日本面临许多低水平服务岗位的劳动力短缺,这些岗位传统上由进入劳动力大军的年轻人占据。 日本是一个以99%的日本为自豪的岛国。 经济发展指数第5阶段的国家通常出现负人口增长模式。 根据人口统计,日本正处于人口严重下降的开端,人口负增长模式。While Western Europe and the United States also have a declining percentage of young people, in those countries the declining youth cohort has been replaced by an elevated level of immigration, both legal and illegal. Culturally, this is not an attractive option for Japan, but they are forced to address the labor shortage in any way they can. Their economy will depend on the ability to acquire cheap labor and resources to compete in the global marketplace.
::尽管西欧和美国的年轻人比例也在下降,但在那些国家,正在下降的青年群体已经被合法和非法移民水平的上升所取代。 从文化上讲,这对日本来说不是一个有吸引力的选择,但日本被迫以任何可能的方式解决劳动力短缺问题。 其经济将取决于能否获得廉价劳动力和资源来在全球市场上竞争。As the economic dragon of Asia, Japan has had an enormous economic impact on the East Asian Community (EAC). The shortage of cheap labor has forced Japan to look elsewhere for new manufacturing ventures. China is an attractive country in this respect because of its substantial population and low standard of living for many of its citizens. Japan is looking to take advantage of its geographical location to establish a more positive trade situation with its Asian neighbors.
::作为亚洲经济龙,日本对东亚共同体(东亚共同体)产生了巨大的经济影响。 廉价劳动力的短缺迫使日本不得不到别处寻找新的制造业企业。 中国在这方面是一个有吸引力的国家,因为其人口众多,许多公民的生活水平低。 日本正在寻求利用其地理位置与其亚洲邻国建立更积极的贸易环境。The dynamics of Japan's economy are uniquely similar to that of the United States and Europe. All three core economic areas are competing for inexpensive labor and resources to fuel their economies. Japan’s history as a colonizer has caused serious cultural attitudes against it from its Asian neighbors. Nevertheless, economics usually drive politics, and Japan wields enormous economic power. Japan now engages in trade with China and continues to be a core economic country in the global economy.
::日本经济的动态与美国和欧洲的动态有着独特的相似之处。 所有三个核心经济领域都在争夺廉价劳动力和资源以刺激其经济。 日本作为殖民者的历史引起了亚洲邻国对日本的严重文化态度。 尽管如此,经济学通常驱动政治,日本拥有巨大的经济实力。 日本现在与中国进行贸易,并继续是全球经济的核心经济国家。Centripetal Forces Hold a State Together
::共同维护国家-
Ethnic Unity and Tolerance
::种族团结和容忍 -
Social/Economic Equity
::社会/经济公平 -
Just and Fair Legal System
::公正和公平的法律制度 -
Charismatic Leadership
::机能领导力 -
Religious Acceptance
::宗教接受 -
Nationalism
::民族主义 民族主义 -
Common Heritage
::共同遗产 -
Common Language
::共同语言 -
Any Other Unifying Force
::任何其他统一部队
Korea
::韩国The Korean Peninsula juts out into the Pacific Rim from northwestern Asia. The peninsula is bound by the Sea of Japan (the East Sea) and the Yellow Sea. North and South Korea share the peninsula. These countries have been separated by the Korean demilitarized zone ( DMZ ) since 1953. To the west and north is China and to the far north along the coast is Russia.
::朝鲜半岛从西北亚洲向太平洋沿岸倾斜,由日本海(东海)和黄海交界,北韩和南朝鲜合用半岛,自1953年以来,朝鲜非军事区(DMZ)将这些国家分隔开来,西北两边是中国,沿岸最北边是俄罗斯。Korea is separated from China by the Yellow Sea and the Yalu and Tumen Rivers to the north. The Yalu and Tumen rivers form the actual border between North Korea and China. Japan is located just east of the Korean Peninsula across the Korea Strait. The Korean Peninsula is now split between South Korea and North Korea. The capital city of North Korea is Pyongyang, and Seoul is the capital of South Korea.
::朝鲜被黄海、亚卢河和图门河与中国隔开,北面与北面隔开。亚卢河和图门河是朝鲜与中国之间的实际边界。日本位于韩国海峡两岸朝鲜半岛以东。朝鲜半岛现在由南朝鲜和北朝鲜分开。北韩首都是平壤,首尔是韩国的首都。The topography of the Korean Peninsula is mountainous with arable land. Approximately 70 percent of the Korean Peninsula is mountainous. The bedrock is predominantly composed of volcanic and granitic rocks that have been severely modified by glacial processes over the 25,000 years. The highest peak in North Korea rises more than 9,000 feet. The Korean Peninsula can be thought of as four general areas:
::朝鲜半岛的地形是多山和可耕地,朝鲜半岛约70%是多山,基岩主要由火山和颗粒岩组成,在25 000年中,火山和颗粒岩经过冰川过程的严重改变。 北朝鲜的最高峰值上升了9 000多英尺。-
Western Region with an extensive coastal plain, river basins, and small foothills
::西部地区拥有广阔的沿海平原、河流流域和小山丘的西部地区 -
Eastern Region with high mountain ranges and a narrow coastal plain
::高山脉高、沿海平原狭窄的东部地区 -
Southeastern Basin
::东南盆地 -
Southwestern Region of mountains and valleys
::山区和山谷西南地区
The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia.
::朝鲜半岛是东亚的一个半岛。
Off of the southern and western coasts of the Korean Peninsula are about 3,000 small and mostly uninhabited islands, all within the territory of South Korea. South Korea’s largest island has an area of 712 square miles. It is the highest point of land in South Korea, at 6,398 feet above sea level.
::朝鲜半岛南端和西海岸外的南韩领土上大约有3000个小岛,大多无人居住的岛屿。 韩国最大的岛屿面积为712平方英里。 南朝鲜是南朝鲜最高陆地点,海拔6,398英尺。North and South Korea have very different, yet related, environmental issues, primarily related to the degree of industrialization. With a low level of industrialism, North Korea has severe issues of water pollution as well as deforestation and related soil erosion and degradation. Other issues in North Korea include inadequate supplies of clean drinking water and many waterborne diseases. South Korea has water pollution associated with sewage discharge and industrial effluent from its many industrial centers. Air pollution is severe at times in the larger cities, which also contributes to higher levels of acid rain.
::北韩和南朝鲜的环境问题大相径庭,主要与工业化程度有关。随着工业化程度低,北韩面临严重的水污染、砍伐森林和相关的土壤侵蚀和退化问题。北韩的其他问题包括清洁饮用水供应不足和许多水传播疾病。南朝鲜的污水排放和许多工业中心产生的工业废水造成水污染。大城市的空气污染有时很严重,这也导致酸雨增加。The physical size in square miles of North Korea (46,540 square miles) is similar to the physical area of the US state of Pennsylvania. South Korea (38,502 square miles) is similar to the physical area of Tennessee. For centuries, Korea was a unified kingdom that was often invaded by outsiders. After the fall of the Chinese Qing (Manchu) Dynasty, the Japanese took control of the Korean Peninsula (1910) and controlled it as a colony. Japanese colonial rule ended in 1945 when the United States defeated Japan, forcing it to give up its colonial possessions. The structure of modern Korea is a result of the ending of World War II.
::朝鲜平方英里(46,540平方英里)的实际面积与美国宾夕法尼亚州的物理面积相似。南朝鲜(38,502平方英里)与田纳西州的物理面积相似。 几个世纪以来,朝鲜是一个统一的王国,经常被外来者入侵。 在中国清(满)王朝垮台后,日本控制了朝鲜半岛(1910年)并将其作为殖民地控制。 日本殖民统治于1945年结束,当时美国击败了日本,迫使它放弃殖民财产。 现代朝鲜的结构是第二次世界大战结束的结果。Japan had occupied the Korean peninsula between 1910 and 1945.
::日本在1910年至1945年期间占领了朝鲜半岛。
United Nations Forces crossing the 38th parallel line in Korea during the Korean War
::朝鲜战争期间跨越朝鲜境内38条平行线的联合国部队
The conclusion of World War II was a critical period for the Korean Peninsula. The United States and the Soviet Union both fought against the Japanese in Korea. When the war was over, the Soviet Union took administrative control of the peninsula north of the 38th parallel, and the United States established administrative control over the area south of the 38th parallel.
::第二次世界大战的结束是朝鲜半岛的关键时期,美国和苏联都与日本在朝鲜交战。 战争结束后,苏联对北纬38度线以北半岛实行行政控制,美国对北纬38度线以南地区实行行政控制。The United States and the Soviet Union divided Korea approximately in half and eventually established governments in their respective regions that were sympathetic to each nation’s own ideology. The Soviet Union administered the northern portion; the United States administered the southern region. Politics deeply affected each of the regions. Communism dominated North Korea and capitalism dominated South Korea.
::美国和苏联将朝鲜分裂了大约一半,最终在各自地区建立了同情每个国家自己意识形态的政府。 苏联管理着北方地区;美国管理着南部地区。 政治对每个地区都产生了深刻的影响。 共产主义主导着朝鲜,资本主义主导着韩国。In 1950, with aid from China and the Soviet Union, the Communists from the north invaded the south. After bitter fighting, a peace agreement was reached in 1953 to officially divide the Korean Peninsula near the 38th parallel. Korea remains divided to this day. The United States has thousands of soldiers stationed along the Cease-Fire Line (or DMZ), which is the most heavily guarded border in the world.
::1950年,在中国和苏联的援助下,北方共产主义分子入侵了南部。 经过激烈的战斗,1953年达成了一项和平协议,正式分割三十八度线附近的朝鲜半岛。 朝鲜至今仍然分裂。 美国在停火线(或DMZ ) 一带驻扎了数千名士兵,而停火线是全世界守卫最严密的边界。The Division of Korea Timeline
::韩国时间线分部-
1945: After the surrender of Japan, the Korean peninsula is divided between Soviet and American occupation forces at the 38th parallel.
::1945年:日本投降后,朝鲜半岛被苏联和美国占领部队在38度平行分割。 -
1945: South Korea created a franchise to raise money and funds to recover.
::1945年:韩国创立了一个专营机构,以筹集资金和资金以收回。 -
1945: 6 September, Establishment of the Peoples Republic of Korea with Yuh Woon-Hyung, but 1946 February, US Army breaks it and Yuh Woon Hyung is murdered.
::1945年:9月6日, 与尤温英建立大韩民国人民共和国, 但1946年2月, 美军打破了它, 尤温贤被谋杀。 -
1946: US-USSR Joint-Commission on the formation of a Korean Government reaches an impasse. The Joint-commission is dissolved as the Cold War begins.
::1946年:成立韩国政府问题美国-苏联联合委员会陷入僵局,联合委员会随着冷战的开始解散。 -
1948: 10 May. United Nations (UN) sponsored elections are held in South Korea.
::1948年:5月10日,联合国赞助的选举在南朝鲜举行。 -
1948: 15 August. Establishment of the Republic of Korea with Syngman Rhee as President.
::1948年8月15日:成立大韩民国,由Syngman Rhee担任主席。 -
1948: 9 September. Establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea with Kim Il-sung as Premier.
::1948年9月9日:成立朝鲜民主主义人民共和国,由金日成担任总理。 -
1949: The murder of Kim Gu. Kim Gu was a Korean independence activist who believed in, and fought for, a unified Korea. He strongly objected to the formation of a separate South Korean state. He was shot in his home by a South Korean Army lieutenant.
::1949年:Kim Gu. Kim Gu是韩国独立活动家,他信仰统一朝鲜并为统一朝鲜而战。 他强烈反对组成单独的南朝鲜国家。 他在家中被南朝鲜陆军中尉射杀。 -
1950: 25 June. The Korean War begins.
::1950年:6月25日,朝鲜战争开始 -
1950: August. UN Forces are driven back to the Southeast corner of the Korean Peninsula (The Pusan Perimeter).
::1950年:1950年8月,联合国部队被赶回朝鲜半岛的东南角(釜山周边地区)。 -
1950: September. UN Troops make an Amphibious Landing at Inchon.
::1950年:9月,联合国部队在Inchon建造两栖登陆地。 -
1950: November. Chinese Forces enter the war.
::1950年11月 中军参战 -
1953: The Korean War is halted by the Korean Armistice Agreement that has remained in force until now.
::1953年:《朝鲜停战协定》制止了朝鲜战争,该协定至今仍然有效。 -
1960: A student uprising begins the April Revolution which overthrows the autocratic First Republic of South Korea. Syngman Rhee resigns and goes into exile.
::1960年:学生起义始于推翻专制第一南韩共和国的四月革命,Syngman Rhee辞职流亡。 -
1961: 16 May. Military forces, headed by General Park Chung Hee, overthrow the Second Republic of South Korea in what is known as the Military Coup d'état of 16 May.
::1961年:5月16日:以朴正熙将军为首的军队在所谓的5月16日军事政变中推翻了第二大韩民国。 -
1961: 12 November. Summit conference for normalization of Kor-Japanese relations.
::1961年:11月12日,科日关系正常化首脑会议。 -
1962: Start of the first Five-year plans of South Korea.
::1962年: 韩国第一个五年计划的开始。 -
1964: South Korea joined the Vietnam War.
::1964年:南朝鲜加入越战。 -
1965: 22 June. Signing of the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. Earned both much controversy and procurement of budgets for later economic developments.
::1965年:6月22日,签署《日本和大韩民国基本关系条约》,为以后的经济发展赢得了许多争议和预算采购。 -
1967: Start of the second Five-year plans of South Korea.
::1967年: 南朝鲜第二个五年计划的开始。 -
1968: 21 January. An unsuccessful attempt of North Korean commandos to assassinate President Park Chung Hee- the Blue House Raid.
::1968年:1月21日 北朝鲜突击队企图暗杀 朴正熙总统 -
1968: 1 April. Establishment of the Pohang Iron and Steel Company.
::1968年:4月1日,设立浦张钢铁公司。 -
1968: 5 December. Proclamation of the National Education Charter.
::1968年:12月5日,颁布《国家教育宪章》。 -
1970: 22 April. Start of the government-operated New Community Movement.
::1970年:4月22日,开始政府经营的新社区运动。 -
1970: Gyeongbu Expressway is completed and opened to traffic.
::1970年:京布高速公路完成并开放供交通。 -
1972: Start of the third Five-year plans of South Korea.
::1972年: 南朝鲜第三个五年计划的开始。 -
1972: 12 August. The first Red Cross talks between North and South Korea are held.
::1972年:8月12日:朝鲜与南朝鲜举行了第一次红十字会谈。 -
1972: President Park Chung Hee declares Emergency Martial Law and changes the Constitution in August, which may allow him to become the permanent ruler. This is similar to Gojong of the Korean Empire stating his country's governmental system as 'autocratic' in the constitution- for greater leadership and less opposition.
::1972年:朴钟熙总统宣布了紧急戒严法,并于8月修改了《宪法》,允许他成为永久统治者。 这与朝鲜帝国的戈容相似,朝鲜政府制度在宪法中称其为“独裁 ” , 要求更大的领导力和更少的反对力。 -
1974: 15 August. The assassination of first lady Yuk Young-soo by self-proclaimed North Korean Mun Segwang.
::1974年8月15日 第一夫人Yuk Young-soo被自封的朝鲜国民Segwang暗杀 -
1976: 18 August. The Axe Murder Incident in Panmunjom, Joint Security Area. Triggers former North Korean leader Kim Il-sung's first official apology to the South.
::1976年:8月18日:联合安全区板门店的阿克塞谋杀事件,触发北朝鲜前领导人金日成首次向南方正式道歉。 -
1976: 12 October: Discontinuation of rice imports, the accomplishment of total self-sufficiency in rice by the Unification Rice.
::1976年:10月12日:终止大米进口,统一大米实现大米完全自给自足。 -
1977: Start of the fourth Five-year plans of South Korea.
::1977年: 韩国第四个五年计划的开始。 -
1977: 22 December. Celebration of achievement of 10 billion dollars gained by exports.
::1977年:12月22日,庆祝通过出口获得100亿美元。 -
1978: 26 October. Detection of the third underground tunnel. Made by North Korea to attack South Korea.
::1978年:10月26日,探测第三个地下隧道,由北朝鲜制造,以攻击南朝鲜。 -
1978: 10 December. Achievement of US $1,117 as Gross National Product (GNP).
::1978年:12月10日,国民生产总值(国产总值)达到1,117美元。 -
1979: American president Jimmy Carter visits Korea. Threatens Park by stating he would reduce the US forces in Korea if he does not stop the ongoing Nuclear Weapons Development project.
::1979年:美国总统吉米·卡特访问韩国。威胁公园说,如果他不停止正在进行的核武器开发计划,他将会削减驻韩国的美军。 -
1979: 26 October, President Park Chung Hee is assassinated by the chief of KCIA, Kim Jaegyu (Assassination of Park Chung Hee).
::1979年:10月26日,朴正熙总统被KCIA主任Kim Jaegyu(刺杀朴正熙)刺杀。 -
1979: Coup d'état of December Twelfth, Chun Doo Hwan gets military power.
::1979年:12月12日政变, -
1980: Gwangju massacre. Martial Law is declared throughout the nation. The city of Gwangju becomes a battleground between dissenters and the Armed Forces (18–27 May). The official death toll was set at 200 people but some reports claim over 1000 casualties.
::1980年:光州大屠杀。全国都宣布了军法。 光州市成为持不同政见者和武装部队之间的战场(5月18日至27日 ) 。 官方的死亡人数被确定为200人,但有报道称有超过1000人伤亡。 -
1987: A student uprising begins the June Democracy Movement, which overthrows the autocratic Fifth Republic of South Korea. The ruling party of Fifth Republic, Democratic Justice Party, declares democratic elections.
::1987年:学生起义开始于六月民主运动,该运动推翻了专制的南韩第五共和国,第五共和国执政党民主正义党宣布举行民主选举。 -
1988: 24th Olympic Games held in Seoul.
::1988年: 在汉城举行的第24届奥林匹克运动会。 -
1990: 11 September: South Korea and the USSR established diplomatic relations.
::1990年:9月11日:南朝鲜和苏联建立了外交关系。 -
1991: 17 September: North Korea (DPRK) and South Korea (ROK) join the United Nations (UN).
::1991年:9月17日:北朝鲜和韩国加入联合国。 -
1991: 26 December: The end of the Cold War as the Soviet Union ceased to exist and North Korea loses military and economic aid.
::1991年:12月26日:冷战结束,苏联不复存在,北朝鲜失去了军事和经济援助。 -
1992: 11 August: South Korea's first satellite, KITSAT-1 is successfully launched from Guiana Space Center.
::1992年:8月11日:韩国第一颗卫星KITSAT-1从圭亚那航天中心成功发射。 -
1992: 24 August: South Korea and the People's Republic of China (PRC) establish diplomatic relations.
::1992年:8月24日:南朝鲜和中华人民共和国建立外交关系。 -
1993: Test of Rodong-1, a single stage, mobile liquid propellant medium range ballistic missile by the DPRK.
::1993年: 朝鲜单级试验Rodong-1号移动液体推进剂中程弹道导弹。 -
1994: Kim Jong Il takes control of North Korea upon the death of his father Kim Il-Sung. Start of the Arduous March.
::1994年:金正日在其父亲金日成死后控制北朝鲜。 -
1998: Taepodong-1, a two-stage intermediate-range ballistic missile is developed and tested by the DPRK. End of the Arduous March. It is possible that up to 3.5 million people died in the march.
::1998年:Taipodong-1,朝鲜研制和试验了两阶段中程弹道导弹:三月末,可能多达350万人在游行中死亡。 -
1999: The DPRK promises to freeze long-range missile tests.
::1999年:朝鲜承诺冻结远程导弹试验。 -
2002: The 2002 FIFA World Cup jointly held by Korea and Japan. South Korea national football team makes it to the semi-finals for the first time in Korean football history. The DPRK pledges to extend the moratorium on missile tests beyond 2003.
::2002年:由韩国和日本联合举办的2002年国际足联世界杯;韩国国家足球队在韩国足球史上首次参加半决赛;朝鲜承诺将暂停导弹试验延长到2003年以后。 -
2004: The DPRK reaffirms moratorium.
::2004年:朝鲜重申暂停试验。 -
2005: The DPRK fires a short-range missile into the East Sea.
::2005年:朝鲜向东海发射短程导弹。 -
2006: Test of Taepodong-2 by DPRK, a successor of Taepodong-1.There is a nuclear test in the DPRK. US officials assert it might have been a misfire.
::2006年:Taepowong-1的后继者朝鲜试验Taipodong-2。 在朝鲜有核试验。 美国官员声称这可能是一场误火。 -
2007: The second summit between DPRK and ROK leaders is held, with Roh Moo-hyun representing the south and Kim Jong Il the north. The DPRK fires short-range missile into the East Sea.
::2007年:朝鲜和韩国领导人举行第二次首脑会议,代表南方的罗武玄和北方的金正日举行,朝鲜向东海发射短程导弹。 -
2009: North Korea launches a rocket (Unha), supposedly for space exploration. This move affects relationships with Japan, the United States and South Korea. The DPRK conducts another nuclear test.
::2009年:北朝鲜发射一枚火箭(Unha),据称用于空间探索,这影响到与日本、美国和韩国的关系,朝鲜进行另一次核试验。 -
2010: North Korea launches missile attacks Korean Pohang class corvette, ROKS Cheonan. 46 Korean soldiers die because of the attack. At November, North Korean army rains artillery fire on Yeon-Pyeong-Do island.
::2010年:朝鲜发射导弹攻击朝鲜人民天安号朝鲜天安号朝鲜Pohang级Corvette。 46名朝鲜士兵死于这次攻击。 11月,朝鲜军队向延坪岛大开炮。 -
2011: Kim Jong Il dies, Kim Jong-un takes over as the Supreme Leader of North Korea. The National Intelligence Service discovers Communist spies who have been working underground for the DPRK for almost 10 years. One of the members was a former Democratic Party representative. Their mission was to influence the party named above and extract military secret information.
::2011年:金正日去世,金正恩接任朝鲜最高领袖。国家情报局发现了近10年来为朝鲜在地下工作的共产主义间谍。其中一位成员是前民主党代表。他们的任务是影响上述政党并获取军事秘密信息。 -
2012: 13 April: The Kim Regime of the DPRK tested a rocket, officially called "Unha-3", an expendable launch system developed from the Soviet Scud rockets. The rocket was to send a satellite, called Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3, into orbit. The rocket failed to launch the satellite and fell into the Yellow Sea. The mission ultimately ended in complete failure.
::2012年:4月13日:朝鲜金氏政权试射了一枚火箭,正式称为“Unha-3”,这是用苏联飞毛腿火箭研制的消耗性发射系统,该火箭是要将一颗名为Kwangmyngsng-3的卫星送入轨道,火箭未能发射卫星,掉入黄海,最终以完全失败告终。 -
2012: 12 December: DPRK has a successful launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2 it was launched from the Sohae Satellite Launching Ground. A South Korean military official cited 3 stage success. DPRK confirmed.
::2012年:12月12日:朝鲜成功地从苏海卫星发射场发射了Kwangmyngsngsng-3 2号单元,一名南朝鲜军事官员称其成功进入了第三阶段。 -
2012: 19 December: Park Geun-Hye, a daughter of Park Chung-hee, is elected as the first female and the 11th president of South Korea.
::2012年:12月19日:朴正熙的女儿Park Geun-Hye当选为韩国的第一位女性和第十一位总统。 -
2013: 8 December: Jang Song Thaek, uncle of North Korean Leader Kim Jong Un, was ousted from all-powerful posts on various charges. The official Korean Central News Agency said the political bureau of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea stripped Jang of all posts, depriving him of all titles and expelling him and removing his name from the party.
::2013年:12月8日:北朝鲜领袖金正恩的叔父张尚泽因各种指控被从全权岗位上除名。 韩国中央新闻社(Gang Song Thaek)说,朝鲜工人党中央委员会政治局剥夺张所有职位,剥夺他的所有头衔,将他驱逐出党名。 -
2013: 12 December: North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un, executes his Uncle, Jang Song-thaek, as a "traitor for all ages." Jang Song-thaek's execution was said to be set up by his own wife, Kim Kyong-hui, Late Supreme Leader Kim Jong Il's sister. Jang Song-Thaek was considered to be the most powerful official in the DPRK Regime.
::2013年12月12日:朝鲜最高领袖金正恩(Kim Jong Un)处决其叔叔张宋泽(Jang Song -thaek)为“不分年龄人人跨台 ” 。 张尚泽(Jang Song -thaek)的死刑据说是由他自己的妻子、已故最高领袖金正日的姐姐金敬辉(Kim Kyong -hui)所为。 张成泽(Jang Song -Thaek)被认为是朝鲜政权中最有权势的官员。 -
2016: 9 December: The impeachment vote of President Park Geun-hye took place, whilst 234 members in the 300-member National Assembly voting in favor of the impeachment and temporary suspension of her presidential powers and duties. Hwang Kyo-ahn, then prime minister, became acting president while the Constitutional Court of Korea was due to determine whether to accept the impeachment.
::2016年:12月9日:朴金惠总统进行了弹劾投票,同时在300名议员的国民议会投票中,有234名议员赞成弹劾和暂时中止总统权力和职务。 当时的首相黄京安当任代理总统,而韩国宪法法院本应决定是否接受弹劾。 -
2017: 10 March: The court upheld the impeachment in a unanimous 8–0 decision, removing Park from the office.
::2017年3月10日:法院在一致的8-0裁决中维持弹劾原判, -
2017: 10 May: Moon Jae-in was sworn into office immediately after official votes were counted on May 10th, replacing Acting President and Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn.
::2017年5月10日:5月10日,在计票后,Moon Jae-in立即宣誓就职,接替代理总统和首相黄京安。
North Korea
::北朝鲜
Map of North Korea
::北朝鲜地图
The government of North Korea (the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, or DPRK) was formed with the leadership of Communist dictator Kim Il Sung, who shaped his country with a mix of Soviet and Chinese authoritarian rule. Having few personal freedoms, the people worked hard to rebuild a state. Using the threat of a US military invasion as a means of rallying his people, Kim Il Sung built up a military of more than one million soldiers, one of the largest in the world. People could not travel in or out of the country without strict regulation. North Korea existed without much notice until the 1990s, when things suddenly changed.
::朝鲜政府(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国,或朝鲜)是由共产主义独裁者金日成(Kim Il Sung)领导组建的,他以苏联和中国专制统治的混合方式塑造了朝鲜。 人民没有多少个人自由,他们努力重建国家。 金日成利用美国军事入侵的威胁来集结人民,建立了一支由100多万士兵组成的军队,这是世界上最大的军队之一。 没有严格的监管,人民无法进出朝鲜。 直到20世纪90年代,朝鲜一直没有多少人知道,当时情况突然改变。When the Soviet Union fell in 1991, North Korea lost a valued source of financial support and oil. Without fuel and funding, many of the factories closed. Unemployment rates rose significantly. Meanwhile, China adopted a more open posture and began to increase its level of trade with the West. The result was that China began to lose interest in propping up North Korea politically. North Korea was facing serious problems. Massive food shortages caused famine and starvation, and thousands of people died. Kim Il Sung died in 1994 and the country lost its leader. He had ruled the country since World War II and in the end, became a "Supreme Leader."
::当1991年苏联垮台时,北朝鲜失去了宝贵的财政支持和石油来源。没有燃料和资金,许多工厂就关闭了。失业率大幅上升。与此同时,中国采取了更加开放的姿态,并开始增加与西方的贸易水平。结果是中国开始失去支持北朝鲜的政治利益。北朝鲜正面临严重的问题。大规模粮食短缺造成了饥荒和饥饿,数千人死亡。金日成在1994年去世,该国失去了领袖。自第二次世界大战以来,他统治了朝鲜,最终成为了“最高领袖 ” 。An official portrait of Kim Il-sung, issued after his death.
::金日成死后发行的官方肖像
The government dictatorship continued as the Great Leader’s son, Kim Jong Il, took over the leadership role. Kim Jong Il, known as the “Dear Leader,” took repression of his people to new levels. Televisions and radios sold in North Korea can only receive government-controlled frequencies. Cell phones and the Internet are banned. The government takes a hard line against dissenters. If you are caught speaking against the state or taking any action to support dissent, you can be arrested, fined, placed in a prison camp, or executed. People are not allowed to leave or enter the country without government approval. Only a couple hundred tourists are allowed into the country per year and are closely escorted.
::政府独裁政权在伟大领袖之子金正日上任后继续执政。 金正日(又称“亲爱的领袖 ” ) 将镇压朝鲜人民的行为提升到了新的水平。 在朝鲜出售的电视和电台只能接收政府控制的频率。 手机和互联网被禁止。 政府对持不同政见者采取强硬立场。 如果你被抓住对政府发表反政府言论或采取任何支持不同意见的行动,你可以被逮捕、罚款、关进监狱营或被处决。 未经政府批准,人民不能离开或进入朝鲜。 每年只有几百名游客获准进入朝鲜,并受到严密护送。Kim Jun-un II
::金俊恩二号Kim Jong Il has taken hard measures to stay in power and to avoid yielding to the capitalist frenzy of corporate colonialism. He has nuclear weapon capability and has used his military weapons production as a bargaining chip against the United States and other world powers. North Korea has demonized the United States as the ultimate threat and has used state-funded propaganda to indoctrinate its people. North Korea’s government continually tells its people that the United States will invade at any minute and to be prepared for the worst. Propaganda has been used to create and enforce military, economic, and political policies for an ideology that supports the unification of all of Korea under Communist control.
::金正日采取了强硬措施继续掌权,避免屈服于企业殖民主义的资本主义狂热。 他拥有核武器能力,并用军事武器生产作为对抗美国和其他世界强国的讨价还价筹码。 北朝鲜将美国妖魔化为最终威胁,并使用国家资助的宣传灌输人民思想。 北朝鲜政府不断告诉人民,美国将随时入侵并准备进行最坏的侵略。 Propaganda被用来创建和执行军事、经济和政治政策,支持统一所有朝鲜的共产主义控制思想。North Korea is mainly mountainous, and there is little quality farmland. While only 2 percent of the land is in permanent crops, about one-third of the population works in agriculture. The best farmland in North Korea is located south of the capital city of Pyongyang. The capital is a restricted area where only the most loyal to the state can live. There is a serious shortage of goods and services. Electricity is not available on a dependable basis.
::朝鲜以山区为主,没有高质农田。 虽然只有2%的土地是永久性作物,但约有三分之一的人口务农。 朝鲜最好的农田位于首都平壤以南。 首都是受限地区,只有最忠于国家的人才能居住。 商品和服务严重短缺。 电力无法可靠地供电。
North Korea's sparse agricultural resources limit agricultural production.
::北朝鲜稀少的农业资源限制了农业生产。
Mansudae Assembly Hall, the seat of the Supreme People's Assembly, the North Korean parliament.
::Mansudade大会厅,最高人民会议所在地,北朝鲜议会。
Massive international food aid has sustained the people of North Korea. Outside food aid is accepted even though Kim Jong Il has continued a policy of self-reliance and self-sufficiency called Juche. Juche is designed to keep Korea from becoming dependent on the outside. The policy of Juche has been quite effective in isolating the people of North Korea and keeping dictator Kim Jong Il in power. The policy of Juche also holds back the wave of corporate capitalism that seeks to exploit labor and resources in global markets for economic profit.
::大量国际粮食援助维持了北朝鲜人民的生存。 外部粮食援助被接受,尽管金正日继续推行自力更生和自给自足的政策,称为“Juche ” 。 Juche旨在让朝鲜不再依赖外部。 Juche的政策在孤立朝鲜人民和让独裁者金正日掌权方面相当有效。 Juche的政策也抑制了寻求在全球市场上剥削劳动力和资源以谋取经济利益的企业资本主义浪潮。One way that North Koreans are finding out about the outside world is through smuggled cell phones and videos from South Korea. Popular videos include South Korean soap operas, because of the common heritage, language, and ethnicity. The North Korean government has attempted to crack down on smuggled videos by going from home to home. Electricity is turned off before entering the home. Once the electricity is turned off, videos cannot be removed from the video player. The government agents then confiscate the video.
::朝鲜人发现外部世界的一个方法就是通过韩国走私手机和视频。 流行视频包括南朝鲜肥皂剧,因为有着共同的遗产、语言和种族。 朝鲜政府试图通过从家到家来镇压走私视频。 电力在进入家前被关闭。 一旦电力关闭,视频就无法从视频播放器中移除。 政府人员随后没收了视频。Citizens found with smuggled videos are punished with fines or imprisonment. Desperate North Koreans have escaped across the border into northern China, where thousands of refugees have tried to find better opportunities for their future. China’s economy is growing and North Korea’s economy is stagnant, which creates strong push-pull forces on migration.
::通过走私视频发现的公民将受到罚款或监禁的惩罚。 绝望的朝鲜人已经越过边境逃到了中国北部,在那里,成千上万的难民试图寻找更好的未来机会。 中国经济正在增长,北朝鲜经济停滞不前,这在移民问题上形成了强大的推拉力。South Korea
::南韩
Map of South Korea
::南朝鲜地图
In 1993, South Korea became a complete democracy with its first democratically elected president. Seoul is the capital city and is home to almost ten million people. Seoul is located south of the Cease-Fire Line, also known as the DMZ, which is commonly referred to as the 38th parallel. The United States has many military installations in this area.
::1993年,韩国成为完全的民主国家,首尔是首府,拥有近1 000万人。 首尔位于停火线(又称“非军事区 ” ) ( DMZ ) 以南,通常被称为“三十八度平行区 ” 。 美国在该地区拥有许多军事设施。South Korea manufactures automobiles, electronic goods, and textiles that are sold around the world. South Korea is a democracy that has used state capitalism to develop its economy. After the World War II era, South Korea was ruled by a military government that implemented land reform and received external economic aid. Large agricultural estates were broken up and redistributed to the people. Agricultural production increased to meet the demands of the population. South Korea has much more agricultural production than North Korea and is therefore in providing food for the high population density. A once-modest manufacturing sector has grown to become a major production center for export trade.
::韩国生产汽车、电子产品和纺织品,这些产品在世界各地销售。韩国是一个民主国家,利用国家资本主义发展经济。二战后,韩国被一个实施土地改革并获得外部经济援助的军事政府统治。 大型农业庄园被拆散并重新分配给人民。 农业生产增加以满足人口需求。 韩国的农业生产比朝鲜要多得多,因此为高人口密度提供粮食。 曾经最现代化的制造业部门已经发展成为出口贸易的主要生产中心。The 50 million people who live in South Korea have a much higher standard of living than the residents of North Korea. Personal income in the north is barely equivalent to a few dollars per day, while personal income in the south is similar to that of Western countries. The economic growth of the south was a result of state-controlled capitalism, rather than free-enterprise capitalism.
::生活在韩国的5 000万人的生活水平比朝鲜居民高得多。 朝鲜北部的个人收入几乎相当于每天几美元,而南部的个人收入与西方国家类似。 南方的经济增长是国家控制的资本主义而不是自由企业资本主义的结果。The state has controlled or owned most of the industrial operations and sold its products in the global marketplace. Giant corporations, which forced industrialization along the coastal region, have promoted South Korea as the world’s leading shipbuilding nation. South Korean corporations include Daewoo, Samsung, Kia Motors, Hyundai, and the Orion Group. As an economic tiger, South Korea continues to reform its economic system to adapt to global economic conditions.
::韩国已经控制或拥有了大部分工业经营,并在全球市场上出售了产品。 迫使沿海地区工业化的巨型公司将韩国推向世界领先的造船国家。 韩国公司包括大宇、三星、清汽车、现代和猎户集团。 作为经济老虎,韩国继续改革其经济体系,以适应全球经济条件。South Korea has announced plans to conduct a comprehensive overhaul of its energy and transportation networks. Government funding will augment efforts to create more green-based initiatives. Part of this effort will focus on lower energy dependency with environmentally friendly energy developments such as wind, solar, bike lanes, and new lighting technologies. High-speed rail service and increased capacity in electronic transmissions lines are planned as part of the next generation of energy-efficient technologies that will increase economic efficiency. These policies have been enacted to update South Korea’s economy and create new products for manufacturing export.
::韩国已宣布计划对其能源和运输网络进行全面整顿,政府供资将加大创建更多绿色举措的力度,部分工作将侧重于降低能源依赖度,发展风能、太阳能、自行车车道和新照明技术等环保能源。 高速铁路服务和增加电子传输线路能力是下一代节能技术的一部分,将提高经济效率。 这些政策已经颁布,以更新韩国经济,创造新产品用于制造业出口。Buddhism was introduced into the Korean Peninsula, as were many other aspects of Chinese culture that had significant effects on Korean heritage. Buddhism has been a prominent religion in Korea for centuries. The teachings of Confucius are also widely regarded. About 30 percent of the population claims Christianity as their religious background. About 20 percent of the Christians are Protestant and 10 percent are Catholic. This is the highest Christian percentage of any Asian country.
::佛教被引入朝鲜半岛,中国文化的许多其他方面对朝鲜遗产产生了重大影响。佛教是韩国一个显著的宗教,数百年来一直是韩国的一个宗教。孔子的教义也被广泛接受。大约30%的人口声称基督教是他们的宗教背景。大约20%的基督徒是新教徒,10%是天主教徒。这是任何亚洲国家中最高的基督教比例。Up to one-half of the population makes no claims or professions of faith in any organized religion. Before 1948, Pyongyang was a notable Christian center. At that time, approximately 300,000 people identified as Christian. After the establishment of a Communist government in North Korea, many of the Christians fled to South Korea to avoid persecution.
::在朝鲜成立共产主义政府后,许多基督徒逃往南朝鲜躲避迫害。 朝鲜共产党政府成立后,许多基督徒逃往南韩躲避迫害。 平壤在1948年以前就是一个著名的基督教中心。 当时,约有300,000人被确认为基督徒。 在朝鲜成立共产主义政府后,许多基督徒逃往南韩躲避迫害。Religious Affiliation in Korea by Age
::按年龄分列的韩国宗教联系情况Age Buddhism Catholicism Protestantism Other religions No affiliation 20-29 10% 7% 18% 1% 65% 30-39 12% 8% 19% 1% 62% 40-49 16% 7% 20% 1% 57% 50-59 22% 9% 19% 1% 49% 60-69 26% 10% 21% 1% 42% 70-79 27% 10% 21% 1% 41% 80-85 24% 10% 22% 2% 42% above 85 21% 11% 23% 2% 43% Other religions include Won Buddhism, Confucianism, Cheondoism, Daesun Jinrihoe, Daejongism, and Jeungsanism. Unification of North and South
::南北统一What if North Korea and South Korea would become unified again? In the field of geography, there is a concept of regional complementarity, which exists when two separate regions possess qualities that would work to complement each if unified into one unit. North and South Korea are the classic illustrations of regional complementarity. The North is mountainous and has access to minerals, coal, iron ore, and nitrates (fertilizers) that are needed in the South for industrialization and food production. The South has the most farmland and can produce large harvests of rice and other food crops. The South has industrial technology and capital needed for development in the North. If and when these two countries are reunited, they could work well as an economic unit.
::如果北朝鲜和南朝鲜再次统一起来呢?在地理领域,存在一个区域互补的概念,如果两个单独的区域合并成一个单位,两个单独的区域就具有互补的素质。北韩和南朝鲜是区域互补的典型例证。北韩是山区,可以获得南方工业化和粮食生产所需的矿物、煤炭、铁矿石和硝酸盐(化肥 ) ; 南朝鲜拥有最多的农田,能够收获大米和其他粮食作物。 南朝鲜拥有北方发展所需的工业技术和资本。 如果和当这两个国家合并后,它们可以作为一个经济单位运作。The harder question is how and under what circumstances the two Koreas could ever come to terms of unification. What about the thirty-five to forty thousand US soldiers along the DMZ? What type of government would unified Korea have? There are many young people in South Korea that would like to see the US military leave Korea and the two sides united. The generation of soldiers that survived the Korean War in the 1950s understands the bitterness and difficulties caused by the division. This segment of the population is highly supportive of maintaining the presence of the US military on the border with North Korea. Unification is not likely to take place until this generation either passes away or comes to terms with unification.
::更困难的问题是,两个朝鲜人如何和在何种情况下可以实现统一。 沿非军事区的三万五到四万美国士兵呢? 什么样的政府可以统一朝鲜? 韩国有许多年轻人希望看到美国军队离开朝鲜和双方联合起来。 1950年代朝鲜战争后幸存的一代士兵理解分裂造成的痛苦和困难。 这部分人口非常支持美国军队在与北朝鲜接壤的边境上继续驻扎。 统一不可能在一代人去世或达成统一之前实现。The brutal dictatorship of Kim Jong Il, with his claimed nuclear capabilities, has been a main barrier to unification. This is a political division, not technically a cultural division, even though the societies are quite different at the present time. The geography of this situation is similar to that of East and West Germany after World War II and during the Cold War. Korea may have different qualities from Germany, but unification may be possible under certain conditions, foremost being different leadership in the north.
::金正日的残暴独裁 — — 他声称拥有核能力 — — 一直是统一的主要障碍。 这是政治分裂,在技术上不是文化分裂,尽管目前社会大不相同。 这种状况的地理位置与第二次世界大战后和冷战期间的东德和西德相似。 韩国可能与德国有不同品质,但在某些条件下统一是可能的,首先是北方的不同领导层。What is the Great Unification Buddha?
::什么是大统一佛?The Great Unification Buddha, called "Tongil Daebul" is a 48-foot gilt-bronze statue that weighs 108 tons. It sits on top of a 15-foot high pedestal. The total height is 62 feet, which does not include the lightning rod and nimbus. The lotus pedestal is adorned with 16 ornately engraved panels. The forehead of the statue is embedded with eight 3-inch amber stones. In the center of the amber stones is a 4-inch stone of jade.
::大统一佛,叫做“东吉尔大宝”,是一座48英尺高的雕像,重108吨,位于15英尺高的峰顶,总高度为62英尺,其中不包括闪电杆和乳房。莲花的首饰上装饰着16块雕刻板。雕像的前额嵌有8块3英寸长的黄宝石。在蓝宝石中间,是一块4英寸长的玉石。Tongil Daebul sits with crossed legs, half-closed eyes in meditation, and a perceptible smile. He wears a robe that drapes over his torso and reveals his right shoulder. The hands of the Tongil Daebul are positioned in the mudra (a symbolic gesture), which symbolizes the "enlightened one." Within the hollow statue are the original Buddhist scriptures (Tripitaka) and three pieces of the Buddha's sari (remains collected after his creation), which were donated by the Myanmar government.
::Tongil Daebul用横跨的双腿、半闭眼的默思和明显的笑容坐着。他穿着遮盖在身上的长袍,露出他的右肩。Tongil Daebul的手放在泥里(一个象征性的手势),它象征着“开明的手 ” 。 在空洞的雕像中,有原佛经(Tripitaka)和三块佛经(在他创建后收集的其余部分),这些是缅甸政府捐赠的。The Great Unification Buddha was a long term project completed with 4.1 million dollars in donations from people visiting the temple. Tongil Daebul represents the hope of the Korean people for the reunification of the divided country.
::大统一大佛是一个长期项目,由参观寺庙的人捐赠410万美元。 唐吉尔大布尔代表着朝鲜人民对分裂国家统一的愿望。Sinheungsa is a head temple of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism.
::Sinheungsa是朝鲜佛教Jogye教团的首座寺庙。
Key Takeaways
::密钥外出-
Japan’s mountainous archipelago has provided isolation and protection for the Japanese people to maintain their unique culture and heritage. The islands were created by tectonic plate action, which continues to cause earthquakes in the region.
::日本的山地群岛为日本人民提供了孤立和保护,以维护其独特的文化和遗产。 这些岛屿是由构造板块行动造成的,继续在该地区引发地震。 -
Japan was a colonial power that colonized much of the Asian Pacific region. Its defeat in World War II devastated the country and liberated all its colonies. Since 1945, Japan has been developing one of the strongest economies in the world through manufacturing.
::日本是一个殖民国家,在亚太地区大部分地区实行殖民统治,在二战中被击败,摧毁了国家,解放了所有殖民地。 自1945年以来,日本一直通过制造业发展世界上最强的经济体之一。 -
Japan is a highly industrialized country that is in stage 5 of the index of economic development. The country’s small family size and declining population are a concern for economic growth in the future.
::日本是一个高度工业化的国家,处于经济发展指数第5阶段。 日本家庭规模小,人口不断减少,这是对未来经济增长的关注。 -
The Korean Peninsula is divided in two by the DMZ. North Korea is a Communist dictatorship with a low standard of living and no civil rights. South Korea is a capitalist democracy with a high standard of living and a free-market economy.
::朝鲜半岛被德意志民主共和国分裂为两半。 北朝鲜是一个共产主义独裁政体,生活水平低,没有公民权利。 南朝鲜是一个资本主义民主国家,生活水平高,市场经济自由。 -
North Korea is more mountainous and lacks arable land to grow food. South Korea has more farmland and fewer mountains. If the two countries were to be united with a common economy, they would complement each other with a balance of natural resources.
::北朝鲜山区比较高,没有可耕地种植粮食。 南朝鲜拥有更多的农田和更少的山脉。 如果两国与共同经济联合起来,它们就会以自然资源平衡互补。
Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 10.4 Japan, Korea, and South Korea
::第10.4章 日本、韩国和韩国tiger economy
::老虎经济A country with rapid economic growth due to cheap labor, high technology, and aggressive exports. (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan.)
::由于廉价劳动力、高科技和侵略性出口,经济迅速增长的国家。 (香港、新加坡、韩国和台湾)Kanto Plain
::关东平原The largest plain in Japan located in the Kanto Region of central Honshū
::日本最大的平原位于霍什中部干道地区Korean Demilitarized Zone
::朝鲜非军事化区Created by an agreement between North Korea, China and the United Nations in 1953, itis a strip of land running across the Korean Peninsula that serves as buffer soon between North and South Korea
::北朝鲜、中国和联合国于1953年达成一项协定,建立于北朝鲜、中国和联合国之间,它是一个横跨朝鲜半岛的地带土地,很快成为南北朝鲜之间的缓冲地带。Mount Fuji
::藤藤山Japan's highest mountain
::日本最高山峰samurai
::武武士A professional soldier in Japan who served the interests of landowners and clan chiefs
::日本一名职业士兵,为土地所有者和部族首领的利益服务Shintoism
::神信教The ethnic religion of Japan that focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently, to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past
::日本的民族宗教,侧重于勤勤勤努力的宗教仪式,以便在当今的日本与其古老历史之间建立联系。shogun
::The general of the emperor's army with the powers of a military dictator, a position created by the Japanese emperor in 1192 after a struggle between two powerful clans
::皇帝军队的将军 拥有军事独裁者的权力 日本皇帝在1192年tariff
::关税关税关税A fee (tax) that a country charges on imports or exports
::一国对进出口征收的收费(税)Three Kingdoms
::三王国The kingdoms formed in the peninsula of Korea by A.D. 300-–Koguryo in the northeast, Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast
::这些王国在韩国半岛由东北的A.D.300 - Koguuryo、西南部的Paekche和东南部的Silla形成。Tokyo
::东京The capital city of Japan
::日本首都首府日本tsunami
::海啸海啸海啸海啸A giant ocean wave, caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption, with a great destructive power
::由水下地震或火山爆发引起的具有巨大破坏力的巨型海洋波Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
What climate types are found in Japan? How does climate type correspond to the population?
::在日本发现了哪些气候类型?气候类型如何与人口对应? -
Why has Japan never experienced a strong rural-to-urban shift in its population?
::为什么日本从未经历过人口从农村向城市的强烈转变? -
What is the ethnic makeup of Japan? Why does this pattern exist in Japan?
::日本的民族构成是什么?为什么日本存在这种模式? -
Does Japan have a high or low population growth rate? What problems arise from this situation?
::日本的人口增长率是高的还是低的?这种情况产生了什么问题? -
How did Japan become an economic superpower after 1945?
::1945年后日本如何成为经济超级大国? -
How would South Korean soap operas pose a serious threat to North Korea?
::韩国肥皂剧如何对朝鲜构成严重威胁? -
How did South Korea develop such a robust economy with such a small physical area?
::韩国如何以如此小的物质面积发展如此强大的经济? -
Why are thousands of US soldiers positioned on the DMZ?
::为什么成千上万的美国士兵驻扎在非军事区? -
How does North Korea’s policy of
Juche
align with the global economy?
::北朝鲜的主体主义政策如何与全球经济接轨? -
Explain how the concept of regional complementarity applies to the two Koreas.
::解释区域互补概念如何适用于两个朝鲜。
Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习Go to the Find out what the current weather is for five of the locations below. How do you think the weather impacts the economy? Be prepared to share your answers.
::去查一下下面五个地方的天气状况。 您认为天气如何影响经济? 准备分享您的答案 。-
Edo
::江户 -
Hokkaido
::北海道 -
Honshu
::翁苏 -
Kansai District
::关西区 -
Kanto Plain
::关东平原 -
Kawasaki
::川崎 -
Kobe
::神户神户 -
Korea Strait
::韩国海峡 -
Kurile Islands
::库里群岛 -
Kyoto
::京京京 -
Kyushu
::九州 -
Mt. Fuji
::藤藤山 -
Osaka
::大阪 -
Pyongyang
::平壤 -
Sakhalin Island
::萨哈林岛 -
Sea of Japan
::日本海 日本海 -
Seoul
::首尔首尔 -
Shikoku
::世子 -
Yellow Sea
::黄海 -
Tokyo
::东京 -
Yokohama
::横滨
Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。 -
Summarize the physical geography of the Korean peninsula.
