10.7 大陆国家:越南、老挝、柬埔寨、泰国和缅甸(1天)
Section outline
-
Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Summarize the main economic activities of each country.
::概述每个国家的主要经济活动。 -
Understand how Vietnam was divided by civil war and the impact the war had on the country.
::了解越南如何被内战和战争对越南的影响所分裂。 -
Realize how the country of Laos is addressing its rural landlocked economic situation.
::了解老挝国家如何应对其农村内陆经济形势。 -
Describe the radical conditions that led to the creation of Democratic Kampuchea.
::描述导致建立民主柬埔寨的激进条件。 -
Outline the physical geography of Thailand and how this country has developed its economy.
::概述泰国的实际地理以及该国如何发展其经济。 -
Comprehend the conditions in Burma.
::了解缅甸的状况。 -
Learn why the Burmese people would be opposing the government.
::了解缅甸人民为何反对政府。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional Unit 10 East and Southeast Asia: Chapter 10.7 The Mainland Countries: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar
::东亚和东南亚:第10.7章 大陆国家:越南、老挝、柬埔寨、泰国和缅甸WG.5A Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.
::WG.5A 分析一个地方的特性如何与其政治、经济、社会和文化因素相关。WG.6B Explain the processes that have caused changes in settlement patterns, including urbanization, transportation, access to and availability of resources, and economic activities.
::WG.6B 解释导致住区模式变化的进程,包括城市化、运输、获得和获得资源以及经济活动。WG.9A Identify physical and/or human factors such as climate, vegetation, language, trade networks, political units, river systems, and religion that constitute a region.
::WG.9A 查明构成区域的自然和/或人类因素,如气候、植被、语言、贸易网络、政治单位、河流系统和宗教。WG.10B Classify where specific countries fall along the economic spectrum between free enterprise and communism.
::WG.10B 将特定国家属于自由企业和共产主义之间经济范畴的领域分类。WG.14B Compare how democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, republic, theocracy, and totalitarian systems operate in specific countries.
::比较民主、独裁、君主制、共和国、专制和极权制度在特定国家的运作方式。WG.15A Identify and give examples of different points of view that influence the development of public policies and decision-making processes on local, state, national, and international levels.
::WG.15A 查明并举例说明影响地方、州、国家和国际各级公共政策和决策进程发展的不同观点。WG.17C Compare economic, political, or social opportunities in different cultures for women, ethnic and religious minorities, and other underrepresented populations.
::WG.17C 比较妇女、族裔和宗教少数群体以及其他代表人数不足的人口在不同文化中的经济、政治或社会机会。WG.18B Assess causes, effects, and perceptions of conflicts between groups of people, including modern genocides and terrorism.
::WG.18B 评估各群体之间冲突的原因、影响和看法,包括现代种族灭绝和恐怖主义。WG.18D Valuate the spread of cultural traits to find examples of cultural convergence and divergence such as the spread of democratic ideas.
::WG.18D 重视文化特性的传播,以寻找文化趋同和差异的例子,如民主思想的传播。WG.21B Locate places of contemporary geopolitical significance on a map.
::WG.21B 在地图上标出具有当代地缘政治意义的地点。WG.21C Create and interpret different types of maps to answer geographic questions, infer relationships, and analyze change.
::WG.21C 创建和解释不同类型的地图,以回答地理问题、推断关系和分析变化。WG.22A Design and draw appropriate graphics such as maps, diagrams, tables, and graphs to communicate geographic features, distributions, and relationships.
::WG.22A 设计和绘制适当的图形,如地图、图表、表格和图表,以交流地理特征、分布和关系。WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。The Mainland Countries: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar
::大陆国家:越南、老挝、柬埔寨、泰国和缅甸Vietnam
::越南 越南
Map of Vietnam
::越南地图
The elongated state of Vietnam is slightly larger than Italy and about three times the size of the US state of New Mexico. In 2017 it was estimated to have a population of more than 96 million people. Sixty percent of the population is under age 21. This indicates that the population was only about half its current size at the end of the Vietnam War. Vietnam has two main urban core areas: Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) in the south and the capital, Hanoi, in the north.
::越南的长期状态略高于意大利,是美国新墨西哥州面积的三倍左右。 据估计,2017年,新墨西哥州的人口超过9,600万。 60%的人口不到21岁。 这表明越南人口只有越南战争结束时目前人口规模的一半左右。 越南有两个主要城市核心地区:南部的胡志明市(Saigon)和北部的首都河内。The middle region of Vietnam is narrow, with higher elevation. Each core area is located along a major river delta. The Red River delta is located east of Hanoi in the north, and the mighty Mekong River delta is located next to Saigon in the south. These river deltas deposit silt from upstream and provide excellent farmland for growing multiple crops of rice and food grains per year. Vietnam has a tropical type A climate with a long coastline. Fishing provides protein to balance out nutritional needs.
::越南中部地区狭小,高海拔较高,每个核心地区都位于一条主要河流三角洲沿线,红河三角洲位于北部河内以东,而大湄公河三角洲位于南部西贡附近,这些河流三角洲从上游沉淀,为每年种植多种稻米和粮食谷物提供了优异的农田,越南的热带气候为A型,海岸线长,渔业为平衡营养需求提供了蛋白质。More than 55 percent of the population works in agriculture. Family size has dropped dramatically because of population growth and a trend toward urbanization. Rural-to-urban shift has caused the two main urban core cities to grow rapidly. Saigon is the largest city in Vietnam and has a port that can accommodate oceangoing vessels. Hanoi, the capital, is not a port city and is located inland from the nearest port of Haiphong on the coast of the Gulf of Tonkin.
::55%以上的人口务农,由于人口增长和城市化趋势,家庭规模急剧下降;农村向城市的转变导致两个主要城市核心城市迅速增长;西贡是越南最大的城市,拥有一个可以容纳远洋船只的港口;首都河内不是一个港口城市,位于通金湾海岸最近的海滨港内陆。Political Geography of Vietnam
::越南政治地理政治地理An understanding of Vietnam is not complete without understanding the changes in political control the country of Vietnam has experienced. Different Chinese dynasties controlled Vietnam at different times. When France colonized Vietnam, it imposed the French language as the lingua franca and Christianity as the main religion. Both changes met resistance, but the religious persecution of Buddhism by the French colonizers created harsh adversarial conditions within the culture.
::对越南的理解并不完全,除非了解越南国家政治控制的变化。不同的中国王朝在不同时期控制越南。当法国殖民越南时,它把法语作为法语作为官方语言,基督教作为主要宗教。 这两种变化都遭到了抵抗,但法国殖民者对佛教的宗教迫害在文化中造成了严酷的敌对条件。The French domination started in 1858. The Japanese replaced it in 1940, and this lasted until the end of World War II. With the defeat of Japan in 1945, the French desired to regain control of Vietnam. The French aggressively pushed into the country, but met serious resistance and were finally defeated in 1954 with their loss at the battle of Dien Bien Phu.
::法国的统治始于1858年。 1940年,日本人取代了它,直到第二次世界大战结束。 1945年,随着日本的失败,法国人渴望重新控制越南。 法国人向这个国家挺进,但遭遇了严重的抵抗,最后在1954年,在Dien Bien Phu战役中输掉了他们。The two main cities of Vietnam are both located next to large rivers. The capital, Hanoi, in the north is on the Red River. Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) to the south is next to the delta of the Mekong River.
::越南的两个主要城市都位于大河边,北面首都河内位于红河,南面的胡志明市(西贡)位于湄公河三角洲附近。
In the mid-1950s, the Vietnamese began asserting their request for an independent country. The dynamics were similar to that of Korea. After 1954, Vietnam needed to establish a government for their independent country. They were not unified. The northern section rallied around Hanoi and was aligned with Communist ideology. The southern region organized around Saigon and aligned itself with capitalism and democratic reforms.
::20世纪50年代中期,越南人开始提出建立独立国家的要求。 动态与韩国相似。 1954年后,越南需要为其独立国家建立一个政府。 他们没有统一。 北区在河内周围集结,与共产主义意识形态结盟。 南部地区在西贡周围组织,并与资本主义和民主改革结盟。During the Cold War, the United States opposed Communism wherever it emerged. Vietnam was one such case. Supporting South Vietnam against the Communists in the north started not long after the defeat of France. By 1960, US advisers were working to bolster South Vietnam’s military power. After the assassination of John F. Kennedy, President Lyndon Johnson had to make a choice to either pull out of Vietnam or push the US military to fully engage the Communists in North Vietnam.
::冷战期间,美国在任何出现共产主义的地方都反对共产主义。 越南就是这样的例子。 支持南越对抗北方共产主义在法国失败后不久就开始了。 到1960年,美国顾问正在努力支持南越的军事实力。 肯尼迪被暗杀后,林登·约翰逊总统不得不选择要么撤出越南,要么迫使美国军队在北越全面动员共产党。
Not wishing Vietnam and its neighbors to “go Communist” through a domino effect—where if one country fell to Communism its neighbors would follow—President Johnson decided to escalate the war in Vietnam. By 1965, more than one half of a million US soldiers were on the ground in Vietnam. Just as Vietnam was divided by political and economic ideology, the Vietnam War also divided the US population. Protests were common on college campuses and public support for the war was often met with public opposition.
::越南及其邻国不希望通过多米诺效应 — — 如果一个国家倒向共产主义,其邻国将随之而来 — — 越南总统约翰逊决定加剧越南的战争。 到1965年,超过50万美国士兵在越南的战场上驻扎。 正如越南被政治和经济意识形态分裂一样,越南战争也分裂了美国人口。 大学校园抗议很普遍,公众对战争的支持往往遭到公众反对。Portrait of Ho Chi Minh, the Communist Leader of North Vietnam during the Cold War.
::冷战期间北越共产主义领袖胡志明的肖像。
The US government, under President Richard Nixon, finally decided to pull all US troops out from Vietnam after a cease-fire was agreed upon in a Paris peace conference in 1973. More than 57,000 US soldiers had died in the Vietnam War. Two years later, in 1975, the North Vietnamese Communists invaded South Vietnam and took control of the entire country. Vietnam was unified under a Communist regime.
::1973年巴黎和平会议商定停火后,美国政府终于决定从越南撤出所有美军。 超过57,000名美国士兵死于越战。 两年后,1975年,北越共产党入侵南越并控制了整个国家。 越南统一在一个共产主义政权之下。More than two million people from South Vietnam escaped as refugees and fled to Hong Kong, the United States, or wherever they could go. Thousands were accepted by the United States, which caused ethnic rifts in US communities. The United States placed an embargo on Vietnam and refused to trade with them. The United States did not open diplomatic relations with Vietnam again until 1996. The Vietnam War devastated the infrastructure and economy of the country. Roads, bridges, and valuable distribution systems were destroyed. Vietnam could only turn to what it does best: growing rice and food for its people.
::来自南越的200多万人作为难民逃离,逃到美国香港或他们可以去的任何地方。数千人被美国接受,这造成了美国社区的种族分裂。美国对越南实行禁运并拒绝与越南进行贸易。 直到1996年,美国才再次与越南建立外交关系。 越南战争摧毁了该国的基础设施和经济。道路、桥梁和有价值的分配系统被摧毁。 越南只能依靠它所能做的最好的事情:为人民种植大米和粮食。Man hauling cut wood on a bicycle cart near the city of Hue, Vietnam.
::男人在越南休城附近的一辆自行车车上拖着切木柴。Modern Vietnam
::现代越南For the past three decades, Vietnam has been recovering and slowly integrating itself with the outside world. Its population has doubled; most of the population was born after the Vietnam War. Their main goal is to seek out opportunities and advantages to provide for themselves and their families. Vietnam has been a rural agrarian society. The two main core cities, however, are now waking up to the outside world, and the outside world is discovering them.
::过去三十年来,越南一直在恢复,并逐渐融入外部世界,人口翻了一番;大部分人口是在越战之后出生的,其主要目标是寻找机会和优势养活自己和家人,越南是一个农村农业社会,但两个主要核心城市正在向外部世界醒来,外部世界正在发现这些机会和优势。Looking for cheap labor and economic profits, economic tigers such as Taiwan are turning to Saigon to set up light manufacturing operations. People from the rural areas are migrating to the cities looking for employment. Saigon has more than 8.5 million people and has a special economic zone (SEZ) located nearby, so rural-to-urban shift is taking place.
::台湾这样的经济老虎正在寻找廉价的劳动力和经济利润,他们正转向西贡建立轻度制造业。 来自农村地区的人们正在向城市迁移以寻找就业。 西贡有850多万人,并有一个特别经济区(SEZ ) , 因此农村向城市的转变正在发生。After 1975, the city of Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City after the victorious Communist leader, Ho Chi Minh. Many of the people who live there and who live in the United States still refer to it as Saigon.
::1975年之后,西贡市以胜利的共产主义领袖胡志明(Ho Chi Minh)命名为胡志明(Ho Chi Minh ) , 居住在西贡的美国人民中,许多人仍称西贡为西贡。Any country that experiences rapid urbanization or economic change suffers from growing pains. Conflicts usually erupt over control of resources and land ownership, ethnic groups usually vie for power, and environmental damage is usually extensive. All of these issues are evident in Vietnam. The Communist government has acted to moderate both the problems and the economic growth.
::经历快速城市化或经济变革的任何国家都遭受着增长痛苦。 冲突通常爆发于资源控制和土地所有权问题上,种族群体通常争夺权力,环境破坏通常十分广泛。 所有这些问题在越南都很明显。 共产主义政府采取行动缓解问题和经济增长。The future of Vietnam may be similar to most of Southeast Asia as it balances out the strong forces of local culture and the demands of a competitive global economy. The growing population will add to the demand for resources and employment opportunities. Vietnam has been a relatively poor country but it still has been able to export rice and other agricultural products. In recent years, the Communist government has implemented a series of reforms moving toward a market economy, which has encouraged economic development and international trade.
::越南的未来可能与东南亚大部分地区相似,因为它平衡了当地文化的强大力量和竞争性全球经济的需求。 人口的增长将增加对资源和就业机会的需求。 越南是一个相对贫穷的国家,但它仍然能够出口大米和其他农产品。 近年来,共产主义政府实施了一系列改革,向市场经济迈进,这鼓励了经济发展和国际贸易。Globalization has prompted a strong rural-to-urban shift within Vietnam. The rural countryside is steeped in its agrarian heritage based on growing rice and food crops, but the urban centers have been energized by modern technology and outside economic interest. Vietnam has enormous growth potential. The country’s urban centers are shifting from stage 2 of the index of economic development into stage 3, where the urbanization rates are the strongest.
::全球化催生了越南国内从农村向城市的强烈转变。 农村以稻米和粮食作物种植为主,其农业传统在农村深厚,但城市中心受到现代技术和外部经济利益的激励。 越南有巨大的增长潜力。 越南的城市中心正在从经济发展指数的第二阶段转向城市化率最高的第3阶段。The rapid rise of the global economy that is connected to Vietnam’s major cities has provided jobs and opportunities that are highly sought after by the growing population. The city streets are filled with motorbikes and bicycle traffic. Cars are becoming more plentiful. Ho Chi Minh city has been a major destination for the export textile industry and other industries seeking a cheap labor base. Cell phones and Internet services have connected a once-isolated country with the rest of the world.
::与越南主要城市相联系的全球经济的迅速崛起提供了就业机会和机会,这些就业机会和机会是不断增长的人口所追求的。 城市街道上充满了摩托车和自行车交通。 汽车越来越繁忙。 胡志明市是出口纺织业和其他寻求廉价劳动力基础的行业的主要目的地。 手机和互联网服务将一个曾经与世界其他地区隔绝的国家连接起来。Laos
::老挝
Map of Laos
::老挝地图
The geography of Laos centers on the Mekong River basin and rugged mountain terrain. Laos is landlocked. Vietnam shields Laos from the South China Sea to the east and Cambodia to the south. It does not have a port city to the outside world. The mountains reach up to 9,242 feet. The Type A climate provides a rainy season and a dry season. The rains usually fall between May and November, followed by a dry season for the remainder of the year. The Mekong River flows through the land and provides fresh water, irrigation, and transportation. The country’s capital and largest city, Vientiane, is located on the Mekong River. Laos is about the same size in area as the US state of Utah.
::老挝的地理位置是湄公河流域和崎岖的山地。老挝是内陆国。越南将老挝从南中国海到东边,柬埔寨到南边。越南没有从南中国海到东边的港口城市。山区达到9,242英尺。山区达到9,242英尺。A型气候提供雨季和旱季。降雨通常在5月至11月之间,随后是今年剩余时间的旱季。湄公河在陆地流动,提供淡水、灌溉和运输。老挝首都和最大的城市万象位于湄公河上。老挝的面积与美国犹他州大致相同。The Lao Kingdom coalesced in the 1500s and was eventually absorbed by the Kingdom of Siam, which thrived during the 18th and 19th centuries. France came in during the colonial era and created a French Indochina. Laos received independence from France in 1949. Laos is a rural country with about 80 percent of the population working in agriculture.
::老挝王国于1500年代联合起来,最终被西亚姆王国吸收,西亚姆王国在18世纪和19世纪蓬勃发展,法国在殖民时代加入并创建了法国印度支那,老挝于1949年从法国获得独立,老挝是一个农村地区,约有80%的人口务农。Globalization has not yet been established in this country and infrastructure is less developed. Electricity is not available on a consistent basis and transportation systems are basic. There are not any railroads and there are few paved roads. Clean water for human consumption is not always available. The economy is based on agriculture, with some outside investments in mining and natural resources.
::我国尚未建立全球化,基础设施欠发达,电力无法持续供电,运输系统是基本基础设施,没有铁路,铺路很少,人类消费的清洁水并不总是可用,经济以农业为基础,对采矿和自然资源进行一些外部投资。Two-thirds of the people in Laos are Buddhists. Animist traditions and spirit worship have the next highest percentage of followers. Muslims and Christians make up a small percentage of the population. Lao make up the largest ethnic group and 70 percent of the population. Other ethnicities include the Hmong and mountain tribal groups, which can be found in various remote regions of the country.
::老挝三分之二的人口是佛教徒,反动主义传统和精神崇拜在信徒中的比例居第二位,穆斯林和基督教徒占总人口的一小部分,老挝是最大的族裔群体,占总人口的70%,其他民族包括苗族和山区部落,这些部落分布在全国各地的偏远地区。The remoteness and rural heritage of the many tribal people have started to attract tourism. Tourism has increased in recent years, partially due to the Chinese government allowing its citizens to travel outside their borders from China into Laos. Laos has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the historic town of Luang Prabang, and the southern site of Wat Phou (Vat Phu), which is an ancient Hindu temple complex.
::许多部落人民的偏远和农村遗产开始吸引旅游业,近年来旅游业有所增长,部分原因是中国政府允许其公民从中国出入境老挝。 老挝有两个教科文组织世界遗产遗址:古老的Luang Prabang镇和古老的印度教寺庙建筑群Wat Phou(Vat Phu)南部遗址。Vat Phou is a ruined Khmer Hindu temple complex in southern Laos. It is located at the base of mount Phu kao, some 3.7 miles from the Mekong in Champasak Province.
::Vat Phou是老挝南部一座被毁的高棉印度教寺庙,位于Phu kao山底,离Campasak省的湄公河约3.7英里。
Laos is a poor country. It has fewer employment opportunities for its citizens than other developing countries have. The one-party Communist political system of the Cold War has been decentralizing control and working to encourage entrepreneurial activities. Foreign investments are increasing in the areas of mining, hydroelectric production, and major construction projects.
::老挝是一个贫穷国家,其公民的就业机会比其他发展中国家少。 冷战的一党共产主义政治制度一直在分散控制和鼓励创业活动。 采矿、水电生产和大型建筑项目领域的外国投资正在增加。The World Bank and other agencies have supported efforts to improve infrastructure and provide opportunities for the people of Laos. China has been partnering with the Laotian government to help build rail transport in the country. These efforts have assisted in reducing poverty and increasing the economic and physical health of the country.
::世界银行和其他机构支持改善老挝基础设施和为老挝人民提供机会的努力,中国与老挝政府合作,帮助建设该国的铁路运输,这些努力有助于减少贫穷,增进国家的经济和身体健康。Cambodia
::柬埔寨 柬埔寨 柬埔寨
Map of Cambodia
::柬埔寨地图图A Notorious History
::恶名历史Cambodia is about the same size in area as the US state of Missouri. The population in 2017 was estimated at more than 16.2 million. The Khmers created the Angkor Empire, which reached its peak between the 10th and 13th centuries. Preceding the colonial period, the Angkor Empire entered into a long era of decline.
::柬埔寨的面积与美国密苏里州的面积大致相同。 2017年的人口估计超过1,620万。 高棉人创建了吴哥帝国,在10世纪到13世纪之间达到了高峰。 在殖民时期之前,吴哥帝国进入了长期衰落的时代。France took control of the region in the latter part of the 17th century. Japan took control of the region before World War II and then relinquished it when they surrendered to end World War II. France regained control of Cambodia after the Japanese army was defeated. Cambodia finally received independence from France in 1953.
::法国在17世纪后半叶控制了该地区,日本在二战前控制了该地区,然后在投降以结束二战时放弃了该地区。 在日本军队被击败后,法国重新控制了柬埔寨。 柬埔寨终于在1953年从法国获得独立。To understand Cambodia, one has to understand its recent history. This country has undergone some of the most extreme social transitions in modern times. The Khmer Rouge, under the leadership of Pol Pot, turned society upside down, giving the country a legacy that it will carry forward as integration continues into the world community.
::要理解柬埔寨,就必须了解柬埔寨的近代历史。 柬埔寨经历了当代一些最极端的社会转型。 在波尔波特的领导下,红色高棉把社会颠倒了,给柬埔寨留下了一个遗产,随着融入国际社会的继续,它将继承这一遗产。Between 1969 and 1973, while the United States was fighting the Vietnam War, US forces bombed and briefly invaded Cambodia in an effort to disrupt the North Vietnamese military operations and oppose the Khmer Rouge. Millions of Cambodians were made refugees by the war, and many ended up in Phnom Penh. The number of casualties from the US bombing missions in Cambodia is unknown.
::1969-1973年间,当美国在越南战争中作战时,美军轰炸并短暂入侵柬埔寨,企图破坏北越军事行动,反对红色高棉。 数百万柬埔寨人因为战争而沦为难民,许多人最终逃到了金边。 美国在柬埔寨的轰炸行动造成的伤亡人数尚不得而知。The US war in Vietnam had spilled over into Laos and Cambodia and advanced the opportunities for the Khmer Rouge regime to gain power. Pol Pot’s Communist forces of the Khmer Rouge finally captured Cambodia’s capital of Phnom Penh in 1975. The Khmer Rouge evacuated all cities and towns and forced the people to move to the rural areas.
::美国在越南的战争已经蔓延到老挝和柬埔寨,并增加了红色高棉政权获得权力的机会。 1975年,波尔波特的红色高棉共产主义势力终于占领了柬埔寨首都金边。 红色高棉疏散了所有城镇,迫使人民迁移到农村地区。The country’s name was changed to Democratic Kampuchea. China’s Great Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward disaster were influential for Pol Pot’s radical experiment. Since Vietnam was supported by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the Khmer Rouge looked to China for arms and support.
::中国改名为民主柬埔寨。 中国的大文化革命和大跃进灾难对波尔波特的激进实验具有影响力。 由于越南得到了苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟(USSR)的支持,红色高棉希望中国提供武器和支持。Pol Pot was creating an agricultural model for a new country based on 11th-century ideals. People in urban areas were forcibly marched off into the countryside for labor in agriculture. Anyone who resisted or even hinted at rebellion was killed. All traces of Westernized ideas, technology, medical practice, religion, or books were destroyed. Thousands of people were systematically killed in an attempt to bring into being a rural agrarian utopian society.
::Pol Pot正在根据11世纪的理想为一个新国家创造一个农业模式。 城市地区的人被强行赶到农村从事农业劳动。 任何反抗甚至暗示叛乱的人都被杀害。 西方思想、技术、医疗实践、宗教或书籍的所有痕迹都被摧毁。 成千上万的人被蓄意杀害,试图成为农村的乌托邦社会。The thousands who were systematically eliminated gave rise to the term Killing Fields, meaning fields where massive groups of people were forced to dig their own graves and then were killed. The mass killings were reminiscent of those carried out by Hitler, Stalin, and Mao. Pol Pot’s regime also targeted ethnic minority groups. Muslims and Chinese suffered serious purges. Professional, educated people, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers, were also targeted for execution.
::被系统地消灭的数千人产生了“杀戮田”一词,即大规模民众被迫挖掘自己的坟墓然后被杀害的田地。 大规模屠杀让人想起希特勒、斯大林和毛泽东的所作所为。 波尔波特政权也针对少数民族群体。 穆斯林和中国人遭受了严重的清洗。 专业人士、受过教育的人,如医生、律师和教师,也成为被处决的目标。According to some reports, the very act of wearing eyeglasses was a death sentence as it was a symbol of intellectualism. In a country of eight million in 1970, more than two million people were executed or died as a result of Pol Pot’s policies. The total number will never be known. Hundreds of thousands became refugees in neighboring countries.
::根据一些报道,戴眼镜的行为本身就是一种死刑,因为它是知识主义的象征。 1970年,在一个800万的国家里,有200多万人因波尔波特的政策而被处决或死亡。 总数永远无法知晓。 数十万人成为邻国的难民。Skulls of the victims from the killing fields of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia from the 1970s.
::1970年代在柬埔寨的Pol Pot和红色高棉杀人场的受害者惨遭杀害。
By 1978, the Khmer Rouge was isolated in the countryside. Vietnamese forces controlled the urban areas. A decade of civil war and unrest followed. Paris peace talks, cease-fires, United Nations–sponsored elections and coalition governments have since helped provide political stability. Pol Pot died under unclear circumstances in 1998 while being held under house arrest. As of 1999, the Khmer Rouge elements that were still in existence had surrendered or were arrested. Many of the Khmer Rouge leaders were charged with crimes against humanity by the United Nations–sponsored tribunals.
::1978年,红色高棉在农村被孤立,越南军队控制了城市地区。 十年的内战和动乱接踵而至。 巴黎和谈、停火、联合国赞助的选举和联合政府自此帮助提供了政治稳定。 Pol Pot在1998年被软禁时死于不明情况。 截至1999年,仍然存在的红色高棉分子已经投降或被捕。 许多红色高棉领导人被联合国赞助的法庭指控犯有危害人类罪。Modern Cambodia
::现代柬埔寨Cambodia is working to become a democratic and open country with established trade relationships with global markets. The people have struggled to create a stable society that can rebound from their legacy of turmoil and conflict. The country’s population is relatively young. The rural areas and the generations who remain there continue to lack the basic amenities of modern society. Education, electricity, and modern infrastructure are lacking. More than half the population works in agriculture. Since less than 25 percent of the population lives in cities, Cambodia is likely to experience a high rural-to-urban shift in its future.
::柬埔寨正在努力成为一个民主和开放的国家,与全球市场建立了贸易关系。人民努力创造一个稳定的社会,能够摆脱动荡和冲突的影响。柬埔寨人口相对年轻。农村地区和仍然留在那里的几代人仍然缺乏现代社会的基本生活设施。教育、电力和现代基础设施不足。一半以上的人口从事农业劳动。由于不到25%的人口生活在城市,柬埔寨未来可能会经历从农村向城市的高度转变。Age Structure of Cambodia: 0-14 years: 31.01 percent (male 2,537,753/female 2,487,633); 15-24 years: 18.36 percent (male 1,471,965/female 1,503,977); 25-54 years: 40.68 percent (male 3,229,901/female 3,361,475); 55-64 years: 5.69 percent (male 374,663/female 547,971); 65 years and over: 4.25 percent (male 258,584/female 430,564)
::柬埔寨年龄结构:0-14岁:31.01%(男性2 537 753人,女性2 487 633人);15-24岁:18.36%(男性1 471 965人,女性1 503 977人);25-54岁:40.68%(男性3 229 901人,女性3 361 475人);55-64岁:5.69%(男性374 663人,女性547 971人);65岁及以上:4.25%(男性258 584人,女性430 564人)
People are returning to religious practices that were banned during the Pol Pot era. Buddhism is the dominant religion of about 95 percent of the population. Small percentages of the population also practice Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, or tribal beliefs. There are at least 20 distinct hill tribes that hold to their own traditions and cultural ways. The country has historically been self-sufficient with food, but the rapid population growth, political instability, and lack of infrastructure are challenging the future of the country.
::佛教是95%人口的主要宗教,一小部分人口还信奉基督教、印度教、伊斯兰教或部落信仰,至少有20个不同的山地部落坚持自己的传统和文化方式,国家历来以粮食为生,但人口迅速增长、政治不稳定和基础设施的缺乏正对该国的未来构成挑战。Agriculture has been the main economic activity, though textiles (clothing manufacturing) have increased in recent years because of the low cost of labor combined with an abundant workforce. The international business sector has sought to exploit this opportunity, but multinational corporations are hesitant to invest in a country that suffers from political instability or a high level of corruption within the public and private sector.
::农业一直是主要经济活动,尽管纺织品(服装制造业)近年来由于劳动力成本低廉加上劳动力过剩而有所增长。 国际商业部门试图利用这一机会,但跨国公司不愿在一个政治不稳定或公共部门和私营部门腐败严重的国家投资。Angkor Wat is said to be the largest religious structure in the world.
::据说吴哥瓦是世界上最大的宗教结构。
Cambodia has been attempting to build a sustainable economy. The textile industry is the number one source of national wealth. Sweatshops and low-tech manufacturing have begun to take root in the expanding capital city of Phnom Penh. Tourism is another sector that has experienced rapid growth. Though nonexistent in earlier decades, tourism is becoming more popular. Cambodian tourism provides travelers with an experience that is more pristine and less commercialized. Tourism has been rated as the second-largest sector of the economy.
::柬埔寨一直在努力建设可持续的经济,纺织业是国家财富的第一大来源,纺织店和低技术制造业已开始在不断扩大的首都金边生根,旅游业是另一个快速增长的部门,虽然在几十年前没有旅游业,但旅游业越来越受欢迎,柬埔寨旅游业为旅行者提供了更纯净和商业化程度较低的经验,旅游业被评为第二大经济部门。One of the main sites that attract many visitors is the extraordinary ancient site of Angkor Wat (Angkor means “city” and Wat “temple”). This site is one of the best-preserved showcases of Khmer architecture from its early empire years. Angkor Wat is being developed as a major tourist attraction. The 12th-century complex was first a Hindu site dedicated to Vishnu, and then it was converted to a Buddhist site.
::吸引许多访客的主要地点之一是吴哥瓦特(Angkor)这一非凡的古老遗址(Angkor 意思是“城市”和Wat “temple ” ) 。 这个遗址是最早帝国时代以来最受保护的高棉建筑的展示品之一。 安哥尔瓦特正在发展成为主要的旅游景点。 12世纪的建筑群最初是一座印度教遗址,专门为维什努服务,后来又被改建为佛教遗址。Angkor Wat has become an international tourist destination. It is one of the largest temple complexes in existence in the world and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city of Angkor has been estimated to have been the largest city in the world at its peak. As many as 1,000 other temples and ancient structures have been recovered in the same area in recent years.
::吴哥港已成为国际旅游目的地,是世界上最大的寺庙综合体之一,也是教科文组织的世界遗产所在地,据估算,吴哥市是世界上最大的高峰城市,近年来在同一地区还恢复了多达1 000座其他寺庙和古老建筑。Cambodia has pressing environmental problems. The United Nations has designated the country as the nation with the third-highest number of land mines on Earth. Since 1970, more than 60,000 people have been killed, and many more injured or maimed because of unexploded land mines in rural areas.
::柬埔寨面临紧迫的环境问题,联合国已指定该国为世界上地雷数量居全球第三位的国家,自1970年以来,有60 000多人被炸死,还有更多的人因农村地区未爆炸的地雷而受伤或致残。The growing population, attempting to recover from decades of devastation, has cut down the rainforest at one of the highest rates in the world. In 1970, rainforests covered about 70 percent of the country. Today there is only about three percent of the rainforest left. A rise in the need for resources, along with illegal timber activities, has devastated the forests, resulting in a high level of soil erosion and loss of habitat for indigenous species. The loss of natural resources is likely to hinder the country’s economic growth.
::不断增长的人口试图从数十年的破坏中恢复过来,从而以世界最高的速度削减了雨林。 1970年,雨林覆盖了大约70%的国土。 如今,只有大约3%的雨林只剩下了。 资源需求增加,加上非法木材活动,破坏了森林,导致土壤严重侵蚀和土著物种丧失栖息地。 自然资源损失有可能阻碍国家的经济增长。Thailand
::泰国 泰国 泰国 泰国
Map of Thailand
::泰国地图
Thailand is larger than Laos and Cambodia combined but smaller than Burma. The physical regions that make up Thailand include the mountainous north, where peaks reach up to 8,415 feet; the large southeastern plateau bordering the Mekong River; and the mainly flat valley that dominates the center of the country. The southern part of the country includes the narrow isthmus that broadens out to create the Malay Peninsula.
::泰国比老挝和柬埔寨加起来大,但比缅甸小。 构成泰国的自然区域包括北部山区,山峰高达8 415英尺;与湄公河相邻的大东南部高原;以及占该国中部的主要是平坦的山谷。 该国的南部包括狭窄的地峡,它扩大以建立马来半岛。The tropical Type A climate has dry and rainy seasons similar to Cambodia. The weather pattern in the main part of Thailand, north of the Malay Peninsula, has three seasons. The main rainy season lasts between June and October, when the southwest monsoon arrives with heavy rain clouds from over the Indian Ocean.
::热带A型气候的旱季和雨季与柬埔寨相似,泰国主要地区、马来半岛以北的气候模式有三个季节,主要雨季在6月至10月之间,当时西南季风到来时印度洋上空有大雨云。After the rainy season, the land cools off and starts to receive the northeast monsoon, which is a cool dry wind that blows from November to February. Considered the dry season, its characteristics are lower humidity and cooler temperatures.
::雨季过后,土地冷却,开始接收东北季风,即11月至2月吹来的寒冷干风。 考虑到旱季,其特征是湿度较低,温度更低。From March to May, the temperatures rise and the land heats up. Then the cycle starts over again with the introduction of the rainy season. The weather pattern in the southern part of Thailand in the Malay Peninsula receives more rain throughout the year, with two rainy seasons that peak from April through May and then again from October through December.
::从3月到5月,气温上升,土地热量上升,然后随着雨季的到来,周期又重新开始。 泰国南部马来半岛的天气模式全年降雨量增加,4月至5月有两个雨季,4月至5月达到高峰,10月至12月再次达到高峰。Thailand was formerly known as the Kingdom of Siam. In 1932, a constitutional monarchy was established after a revolution. The name was officially changed to Thailand in 1939. The ruling monarch remains head of state but a prime minister is head of the government. Siam was never colonized by either the Europeans or the Japanese. The leaders of Siam played France and Britain against each other and remained independent of colonial domination.
::泰国以前称为暹罗王国,1932年革命后建立了君主立宪制,1939年正式改名为泰国。执政的君主仍然是国家元首,但总理是政府首脑。暹罗从未被欧洲人或日本人殖民统治过。 暹罗的领导人在法国和英国之间扮演了对立的角色,并且仍然独立于殖民统治之外。During World War II, the Japanese did extend influence in the region. Thailand briefly engaged the Japanese military in World War II but worked out an armistice that used the Japanese military to regain territories lost to Britain or France. At the same time, Thailand was working to support Allied efforts in the region.
::在二战期间,日本人确实扩大了对该地区的影响力。 泰国在二战期间短暂地与日本军队接触,但制定了停战计划,利用日本军队收复英国或法国失去的领土。 与此同时,泰国正在努力支持盟军在该地区的努力。About three-fourths of the population is ethnically Thai. There is a noticeable Chinese population and a small percentage of people who are ethnically Malay. There are various minority groups and hill tribes. The country’s official language is Thai. Buddhism is adhered to by about 95 percent of the population. The ruling monarch is considered the defender of the Buddhist faith. Southern Buddhism is fervently practiced here. Thailand does not use the Western Gregorian calendar.
::大约四分之三的人口属于泰族,中国人口明显,马来人占少数,少数民族群体和山地部落各有不同,官方语言为泰语,佛教占总人口的95%左右。执政的君主被认为是佛教的捍卫者。南方佛教在这里非常活跃。泰国不使用西格雷戈里亚历法。Thailand uses an official calendar based on an Eastern translation of the Buddhist era, which essentially adds 543 years to the Gregorian calendar. For example, when it was 2010 C.E. in the West, it was 2553 in Thailand.
::泰国使用基于佛教时代东方译文的官方日历,这基本上为格雷戈里亚历程增加了543年。 例如,在2010年西方C.E.时,泰国是2553年。There have been clashes between Thailand’s small Muslim minority groups in the south, which have been increasing since 9/11. Islamic influences have been increasing near the border with Malaysia, which is about 60 percent Muslim. The Buddhist government of Thailand has sought to keep extremist groups like Al-Qaeda from operating within its borders. A series of Muslim-inspired bombings in recent years have increased social tensions and brought more attention to the religious division in the south.
::泰国南部的穆斯林少数民族小群体之间发生了冲突,自911事件以来,这种冲突一直在增加。 伊斯兰势力在与马来西亚接壤的边境附近不断加剧,而马来西亚的边境约占穆斯林的60%。 泰国佛教政府试图阻止基地组织等极端主义团体在其边境内活动。 近年来一系列穆斯林煽动的爆炸加剧了社会紧张,并使人们更加关注南部的宗教分裂。Modern city of Bangkok with high-rise office buildings and business district.
::现代曼谷市有高楼办公楼和商业区。
Thailand has an excellent record of economic growth and has been one of Southeast Asia’s best performers in the past couple of decades. Thailand is developing its infrastructure and has established measures to attract foreign investments and support free-enterprise economic activities. The recent slowdown in the global economy and internal political problems have caused a sharp downturn in Thailand’s economic growth. Nevertheless, Thailand remains a strong economic force and one of the best economies in the region. The positive indicators include a strong focus on infrastructure, industrial exports, and tourism.
::泰国的经济增长记录极好,也是过去几十年来东南亚表现最好的国家之一。 泰国正在发展基础设施,并制定了吸引外国投资和支持自由企业经济活动的措施。 最近全球经济放缓和国内政治问题导致泰国经济增长急剧下滑。 尽管如此,泰国仍然是该地区强大的经济力量和最佳经济体之一。 积极的指标包括大力关注基础设施、工业出口和旅游业。Urbanization rates are increasing; at least one-third of the population lives in cities. Family size has fallen to lower than two children per family, while education rates have increased. The country has also tapped into its natural resources for export profits as the world’s third-largest exporter of tin and the second-largest exporter of tungsten. Light manufacturing has taken off and become a major component of the economy, accounting for about 45 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). The country is a major manufacturer of textiles, footwear, jewelry, auto parts, and electrical components. Thailand has been the major exporter of rice in the world and has a strong agricultural base.
::城市化率正在上升,至少三分之一的人口生活在城市中,家庭规模已经下降到每个家庭两个孩子以下,而教育程度则有所上升。泰国还作为世界第三大锡出口国和第二大钨出口国利用其自然资源赚取出口利润。 轻制造业已经起飞并成为经济的一个主要组成部分,约占国内生产总值(GDP)的45%。 泰国是纺织品、鞋类、珠宝、汽车零部件和电气部件的主要制造商。 泰国是世界大米的主要出口国,拥有强大的农业基础。Thailand is a newly industrialized country and is working on building national wealth: a balance of agriculture, extractive activities, manufacturing, and postindustrial activities (tourism). Thailand is considered the third-largest manufacturer of motor vehicles in Asia, after Japan and Korea. Vehicle producers from the United States and Asia are manufacturing large numbers of cars and trucks in Thailand.
::泰国是一个新兴工业化国家,正在努力建设国家财富:农业、采掘活动、制造业和工业后活动(旅游业)的平衡。 泰国被认为是亚洲第三大汽车制造商,仅次于日本和韩国。 美国和亚洲的汽车生产商正在泰国制造大量的汽车和卡车。Toyota dominates the market in both truck and auto production. Truck production is increased by Mitsubishi, Nissan, Chevrolet, Ford, and Mazda. Honda, from Japan, and the Tata Motor Corporation, from India, are expanding their operations in Thailand. Thailand is in a good position to advance its economy and shift the whole country into the next stage of development to become a major participant in the global economic marketplace.
::丰田在卡车和汽车生产两方面都占据了市场主导地位,卡车生产增加的是三菱、日山、切夫罗莱特、福特和马兹达。 来自日本的本田和来自印度的塔塔汽车公司正在扩大在泰国的业务。 泰国处于有利地位,可以推动其经济发展,使整个国家进入下一个发展阶段,成为全球经济市场的主要参与者。The tourism industry has grown immensely in Thailand over the past few decades. Green and lush tropical mountain landscapes, the exquisite architecture of ancient Buddhist temples, and beautiful golden beaches along warm tropical coastlines make for an excellent tourism market. Some of the best world-class tropical beach resorts are located along the sandy and sunny shores of Thailand. The country is open to outsiders and has welcomed tourism as part of its economic equation. The relatively stable country provides a safe and exciting tourism agenda that has a global clientele.
::泰国的旅游业在过去几十年中取得了巨大增长。 绿色的和鲜红的热带山地景观、古佛教寺庙的精美建筑以及温暖的热带海岸线上的美丽的金色海滩为极好的旅游市场创造了条件。 一些世界级的最佳热带海滩度假胜地位于泰国沙滩和阳光明媚的海岸沿线。 泰国向外来人开放,欢迎旅游业,将其作为经济平衡的一部分。 相对稳定的泰国提供了安全和令人振奋的旅游议程,拥有全球客户。The country of Thailand has the potential to recover from the global economic downturn and once again claim its role as an economic tiger of Southeast Asia. If political stability serves to enhance economic investments, the country will continue to experience economic growth. The low population growth is a model for other countries in the region. Thailand provides a good example of the theory that as a country urbanizes and industrializes, family size will usually go down.
::泰国有可能从全球经济下滑中恢复过来,并再次宣称自己是东南亚的经济老虎。 如果政治稳定有助于增加经济投资,泰国将继续经历经济增长。 低人口增长率是该地区其他国家的一个榜样。 泰国提供了一个很好的理论范例,即作为一个城市化和工业化的国家,家庭规模通常会下降。Thailand is also moving forward in the index of economic development. It is in stage 3, where there is a strong rural-to-urban shift in the population. The capital city of Bangkok has stage 4 development patterns and is an economic core area for the country and the region. As large as New York City, Bangkok has developed into the political, cultural, and economic center of Southeast Asia. Often referred to as the “Venice of the East” because of its city canals, Bangkok has become a global city with a population of more than eight million people.
::泰国也在经济发展指数方面向前推进,目前处于第3阶段,农村人口向城市的转变十分强劲,首都曼谷有第4阶段发展模式,是该国和本区域的经济核心地区。像纽约市一样大,曼谷已发展成为东南亚的政治、文化和经济中心。 曼谷因其城市运河而经常被称为“东方之景 ” , 已经成为一个全球城市,人口超过800万。Myanmar (Burma)
::缅甸(布尔马)
Map of Myanmar (Burma)
::缅甸地图(布尔马)
The Union of Myanmar (Union of Burma) is the official name for Burma. Since 1989, the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state. The US government and many other governments have not recognized or accepted the name change. Some groups within Burma do not accept the name because the translation of Myanmar is also the name of an ethnic minority in Burma. The use of the name Burma or Myanmar is split around the world and within the country.
::缅甸联邦(缅甸联盟)是缅甸的正式名称。 自1989年以来,缅甸军事当局一直将缅甸国名作为缅甸的传统名称。 美国政府和许多其他政府都没有承认或接受改名。 缅甸国内的一些团体不接受改名,因为缅甸的翻译也是缅甸少数民族的名字。 缅甸或缅甸的名称在世界各地和国内被分割。Myanmar is the largest country on the Southeast Asian mainland in terms of physical area. It is about the same size in area as the US state of Texas and had a population in 2017 of more than 55 million. The country has a central mass with a southern protrusion that borders Thailand toward the Malay Peninsula. The northern border area between India and China has high mountains that are part of the Himalayas, with towering peaks extending to 19,295 feet. The Irrawaddy River cuts through the center of the country from north to south, creating a delta in the largest city, Rangoon. Most of the country’s population lives along this river valley.
::缅甸是东南亚大陆面积最大的国家,面积与美国得克萨斯州大致相同,2017年人口超过5 500万。缅甸有中部,南端有南端,与泰国接壤,靠近马来半岛。印度和中国之间的北部边境地区有高山,是喜马拉雅山的一部分,高山高达19 295英尺。伊洛瓦底河从北向南穿过该国中部,在最大的城市仰光建造了三角洲。印度和中国的大部分人口生活在这条河谷沿线。There are differences in the physical landscape between the north and south. The northernmost area is mountainous with evergreen forests. Cool temperatures are found in the north and warmer annual temperatures are found in the south. To the west of the Irrawaddy River and north of Mandalay the land cover is mainly deciduous forests. The eastern region from Mandalay to the Laos border is scrub forests and grasslands. This area is considered the dry zone, with an annual rainfall of about 40 inches.
::北部和南部的自然景观存在差异,最北端是森林绿化的山区,北部气温低,南部气温暖和,伊洛瓦底河以西和曼德勒以北,土地覆盖主要是衰退的森林,从曼德勒到老挝边境的东部地区是森林和草原,该地区被认为是干旱地区,每年降雨量约为40英寸。The more tropical south and coastal areas can receive higher levels of precipitation. The area around the core city of Mandalay was a major focus of agricultural development before British colonialism. Dryland crops were most common. During the colonial era, the British looked to the rich farmlands of the southern Irrawaddy delta and emphasized Rangoon as the center of their exploitations. Wetland rice is a major crop of the southern Irrawaddy basin. The southwest and the southern protrusion are mainly tropical evergreen forests. There has been oil exploration along the coastal regions of the Bay of Bengal and along the Andaman Sea.
::在英国殖民主义之前,曼德勒核心城市周围地区是农业发展的一个主要重点;旱地作物最为常见;在殖民时代,英国人把伊洛瓦底三角洲南部富饶的农田作为开发的中心,强调仰光是其开发的中心;湿地大米是伊洛瓦底盆地南部的主要作物;西南和南端主要为热带常青林;孟加拉湾沿岸地区和安达曼海沿岸地区进行了石油勘探。The country was colonized by the British and was once a part of Great Britain’s empire in South Asia as a province of India. Burma was one of the most prosperous colonies of Britain until World War II, when the Japanese invaded and war devastated the region. Democratic rule existed from 1948 until 1962, when an authoritarian military dictatorship took over the country. A revolutionary council ruled the country between 1962 and 1974. This government nationalized most of the businesses, factories, and media outlets. The overall operating principle of the council was a concept called the Burmese Way of Socialism. This concept was based on central planning and Communist principles mixed with Buddhist beliefs.
::缅甸曾被英国殖民,曾是英国在南亚帝国中作为印度省的一部分。 缅甸是英国最繁荣的殖民地之一,直到二战日本入侵和战争摧毁该地区。 民主统治从1948年一直存在到1962年独裁军事独裁统治国家。 1962年至1974年,一个革命委员会统治了这个国家。 这个政府将大多数企业、工厂和媒体机构国有化。 委员会的总体运作原则是一个称为缅甸社会主义之路的概念。 这一概念基于中央规划和共产主义原则,与佛教信仰混为一谈。Between 1974 and 1988, the sole political party of the country was the Burma Socialist Program Party, which was controlled by the same military general and his comrades who had been in control for decades. During this time, the rest of the world was advancing in technology and economic development and moving forward with advancements in health care and education. Burma remained an impoverished and isolated nation. A number of countries, including the United States, have trade restrictions with Burma. For decades, the authoritarian regime in Burma has been accused of serious human rights violations, which have largely been ignored by the outside world.
::1974年至1988年期间,缅甸唯一的政党是缅甸社会主义方案党,该党由同一位将军及其数十年来一直控制的同志控制,在此期间,世界其他地区在技术和经济发展方面不断进步,并在保健和教育进步方面取得进展,缅甸仍然是一个贫穷和孤立的国家,包括美国在内的一些国家与缅甸实行贸易限制,缅甸独裁政权数十年来一直被指控严重侵犯人权,而外部世界对此基本上置若罔闻。Protests against the military rule have always existed in Burma but have been suppressed by the armed forces and the authoritarian government. In 1962, the government cracked down on demonstrations at Rangoon University, resulting in 15 students being killed and many others in need of medical attention. The military government has taken serious action against any anti-government protest activities.
::反对军事统治的抗议活动在缅甸一直存在,但遭到武装部队和专制政府的镇压。 1962年,政府镇压了仰光大学的示威活动,导致15名学生被杀,还有许多人需要医疗照顾。 军政府对任何反政府抗议活动采取了严厉行动。By 1988, the people of Burma were taking to the streets with widespread demonstrations and protests against the government over claims of oppression, mismanagement, and lack of democratic reforms. A total crackdown on the people was implemented, with thousands of protesters killed. A new council led by a military general created the State Law and Order Restoration Council a year later. Martial law was imposed and even harsher policies were imposed on anyone opposing the government. This is when the name of Myanmar was first used for the country.
::1988年,缅甸人民走上街头,广泛举行示威和抗议,抗议政府声称受到压迫、管理不善和缺乏民主改革。 全面镇压人民,数千名抗议者被杀害。 一年后,由一位军事将军领导的新议会成立了国家法律和秩序恢复委员会。 对反对政府的人实施军事法,甚至更严厉的政策。 此时缅甸的名字首次被该国使用。The name change and the military rule have not been universally accepted. The United States still refers to the capital city as Rangoon, not as Yangon. In 2006, military rulers moved the capital north to the city of Naypyidaw. The purpose of the move was to establish a forward capital and shift development and political energy more toward the center of the country, rather than along the coast.
::更名和军事统治尚未被普遍接受。 美国仍然将首都称为仰光,而不是仰光。 2006年,军事统治者将首都北迁至内比都市。 此举的目的是建立前方资本,将发展和政治能源更多地转向国家中心,而不是沿海。World nations are divided on the issues of how to deal with the changes and the military regime in Burma. The governments of some countries believe more sanctions should be implemented to force the leadership into compliance. Other countries believe sanctions are not effective against the government; that is, sanctions harm the people and do not affect the military leadership. Countries on this side of the equation believe that open trade is the best policy.
::世界各国在如何处理缅甸的变革和军政权问题上意见不一,一些国家的政府认为应该实施更多的制裁来迫使领导人遵守。 其他国家认为制裁对政府无效,即制裁伤害人民,不影响军事领导人。 等式的这一边的国家认为开放贸易是最佳政策。The banner refers to a national movement to promote nonviolence.
::这幅横幅指的是全国促进非暴力运动。
Anti-government protests erupted in 2007 when the military-ruled government allowed prices on fuel and energy to double and triple in price. Protesters were quickly and violently dealt with and many were arrested and jailed. Later that year, thousands of Buddhist monks led a peaceful protest to gain the government’s attention to make democratic changes. The demonstration ended in a renewed government crackdown.
::2007年,反政府抗议爆发。 2007年,军事统治政府允许燃料和能源价格翻倍三倍。 抗议者受到迅速暴力的处理,许多人被逮捕和监禁。 当年晚些时候,数千名佛教僧侣领导一场和平抗议活动,吸引政府关注民主变革。 示威以政府再次镇压告终。Another voice in the anti-government demonstrations has been that of opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, a United Nation's worker in the early 1960s and a Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1991. Her opposition to the military rule has led to imprisonment and house arrest for decades. She has been a symbol of the opposition and hope for democratic reforms. In 2010, Aung San Suu Kyi was at long last released from house arrest and allowed more freedom of movement under government restrictions.
::反政府示威中的另一个声音是反对派领袖昂山素季(昂山素季,1960年代初任联合国工作人员,1991年获诺贝尔和平奖)。 她反对军事统治,导致她被监禁和软禁达数十年之久。 她是反对派的象征和民主改革的希望。 2010年,昂山素季终于被软禁释放,并允许在政府限制下有更多的行动自由。Burma has been placed in the same category as North Korea and Somalia in terms of authoritarian rule, lack of human rights, and stagnant economy. Economic conditions are poor. The military rulers have gained control of the main income-generating enterprises in the country, including the lucrative drug trade from the opium growing region of the northern Golden Triangle, where Burma borders Laos and Thailand. All factors seem to indicate an increase in opium production in recent years.
::在专制统治、缺乏人权和经济停滞方面,缅甸与北朝鲜和索马里同属一类,经济状况很差,军事统治者控制了该国主要的创收企业,包括来自缅甸与老挝和泰国接壤的北金三角鸦片种植区的有利可图的毒品贸易。Precious gemstones such as rubies, sapphires, and jade are abundant in Burma. Rubies bring the highest incomes. Burma produces about 90 percent of the world’s supply. The Valley of Rubies in the north is noted for quality gem production of both rubies and sapphires. Most of the gems are sold to buyers in Thailand. All the profits go to Burma’s military rulers in the government. Since there is a high level of corruption within the government and business, the income from the gems produces limited economic development for the main population and discourages foreign investment in the country.
::红宝石、蓝宝石和玉宝石等珍贵宝石在缅甸十分丰富。 红宝石带来最高收入。 缅甸生产了全世界90%的供给。 北部的红宝石谷以红宝石和蓝宝石的优质生产为标志。 大部分宝石出售给泰国的买主。 所有利润都归缅甸政府的军事统治者所有。 由于政府和企业内部腐败程度很高,这些宝石的收入给主要人口带来了有限的经济发展,并抑制了国外在该国的投资。Burma has become one of the poorest countries in Southeast Asia. China has emerged as the main trading partner with Burma and has been propping up the dictatorial military regime. China supplies the regime with arms, constructs many of the infrastructure projects, and supplies natural gas to the country.
::缅甸已成为东南亚最贫穷国家之一。 中国已成为缅甸的主要贸易伙伴,并一直在支持独裁军事政权。 中国向缅甸提供武器,建造许多基础设施项目,向缅甸供应天然气。Burma is ethnically diverse. Though it is difficult to verify, the government of Burma recognizes one 135 distinct ethnic groups within its borders. It is estimated that there are over 100 different ethnolinguistic groups in Burma. About 90 percent of the population is Buddhist. This high level of diversity can allow for strong centrifugal forces that are not generally conducive to unity and nationalism. The heavy emphasis on the national military is one of the only centripetal forces within the population, even though the military leadership is also looked at with distain by those desiring more openness and democratic conditions.
::尽管很难核实,但缅甸政府承认其境内有135个不同的种族群体,据估计缅甸有100多个不同的民族语言群体,大约90%的人口是佛教徒。 这种高度的多样性可以允许强大的离心力量,而这种力量一般不利于团结和民族主义。 对国家军队的高度重视是人口中唯一的三百分种力量之一,尽管对军事领导层的审视也是对那些渴望更加开放和民主条件的人的不满。Key Takeaways
::密钥外出France and Britain colonized the mainland region of Southeast Asia. Burma was a British colony and the rest was under French colonial rule. The Japanese took control of the region briefly before World War II ended in 1945. Siam was the only area not colonized. Siam became the country of Thailand.
::法国和英国殖民了东南亚大陆地区,缅甸是英国殖民地,其余则在法国殖民统治之下,日本在1945年第二次世界大战结束之前短暂控制了这一地区,暹罗是唯一没有殖民的地区,暹罗成为泰国。Vietnam was divided by a Communist north and a capitalist south during the Cold War. Vietnam is emerging from decades of isolation to provide the global economy with a large low-cost labor pool that has been attracting foreign investments by multinational corporations.
::越南在冷战期间被北方共产主义和南方资本主义分裂。 越南正在摆脱几十年的孤立状态,为全球经济提供庞大的低成本劳动力储备,吸引跨国公司的外国投资。The rural and landlocked nation of Laos has strong Buddhist traditions and an agrarian society.
::老挝农村和内陆的老挝民族有着悠久的佛教传统和农业社会。Cambodia was impacted by the Vietnam War and then by the devastation of Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge radical experiment in agrarian socialism, which killed as many as 2.5 million people. Recovery has been slow, but the textile industry and tourism have contributed to economic growth.
::柬埔寨受到越南战争的影响,随后又受到波尔波特的红色高棉激进农业社会主义实验的破坏,该实验导致250万人丧生。 复苏缓慢,但纺织业和旅游业为经济增长做出了贡献。The Buddhist country of Thailand has been experiencing major economic development in recent decades and has established itself as a major economic power in the region. The modern capital city of Bangkok is a major center of manufacturing and cultural activities.
::泰国佛教国近几十年来经历了重大经济发展,并已成为本区域的主要经济大国,现代首都曼谷是制造业和文化活动的主要中心。The people of Burma (Myanmar) continue to suffer under an authoritarian regime that offers few civil rights or democratic processes to its people. Poor, isolated, and militarily controlled, Burma has been at the center of many human rights violations in recent decades with little response from the international community.
::缅甸人民(缅甸)在专制政权下继续受苦受难,独裁政权给缅甸人民提供了很少的民权或民主进程。 贫困、孤立和军事控制的国家缅甸近几十年来一直是许多侵犯人权行为的中心,国际社会对此反应甚微。Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 10.7 Mainland Countries: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar
::第10.7章 大陆国家:越南、老挝、柬埔寨、泰国和缅甸Angkor Wat
::吴哥瓦A temple built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu
::在高棉帝国建造的一座寺庙,献给印度神维什努ASEAN
::东盟 东盟An alliance that promotes economic growth and peace in Southeast Asia: Association of South East Asian Nations
::促进东南亚经济增长与和平的联盟:东南亚国家联盟communism
::共产主义A system in which the government holds nearly all political power and the means of production
::一种政府拥有几乎所有政治权力和生产手段的制度Domino Theory
::多米诺理论The political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control
::政治理论认为,如果一个国家受共产主义控制,那么邻国也将受共产主义控制Indochina Peninsula
::印度支那半岛In Southeast Asia, it includes Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos
::在东南亚,它包括越南、柬埔寨和老挝。Irrawaddy River
::伊洛瓦底河A river in central Myanmar formed by the confluence of the Mali and Nmai Rivers; rice is grown here
::缅甸中部的一条河流由马里河和恩迈河汇合而成;这里种植大米Khmer Rouge
::红色高棉Formed in 1968, it was the name given to the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea in Cambodia
::1968年成立,是柬埔寨柬埔寨共产党追随者的名字。Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
What are the main physical features and qualities of the mainland region of Southeast Asia?
::东南亚大陆区域的主要物理特征和素质是什么? -
What are the two main core areas of Vietnam? Which river is associated with each city?
::越南的两大核心地区是什么? -
What prompted the United States to enter into the conflict in Vietnam? Did Vietnam attack the United States?
::是什么促使美国卷入越南的冲突?越南袭击了美国吗? -
What river flows through parts of Laos? What is the main economic activity in Laos?
::老挝部分地区流经哪些河流?老挝的主要经济活动是什么?老挝的主要经济活动是什么? -
What geographic aspect isolates the country of Laos and restricts its globalization efforts?
::哪个地理方面孤立老挝国家并限制其全球化努力? -
Who was Pol Pot? What type of society did he attempt to create? What were some of his methods?
::波尔布特是谁?他试图创造什么样的社会?他有什么方法? -
What were the Killing Fields? What people were targeted to be eliminated? Why were these people killed?
::杀戮场是什么?哪些人成为被消灭的目标?为什么这些人被杀? -
What attracts tourism to Cambodia, Laos, or Thailand? Why aren’t more tourists going to Burma?
::是什么吸引了柬埔寨、老挝或泰国的旅游? 为什么没有更多的游客去缅甸? -
What is the main religion in Southeast Asia? Who is considered the defender of this faith?
::东南亚的主要宗教是什么?谁被认为是这一信仰的捍卫者? -
Who is Aung San Suu Kyi? How is she a reflection of conditions in her country?
::谁是昂山素季?她如何反映她的国家的状况?
Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习-
Using
, complete the following activities:
-
Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
::在下面的子弹名单上 找到每个地方 -
Find the nearest city with an international airport in proximity to each location on the bulleted list below.
::找到最近的城市,在下面子弹清单上每个地点附近有一个国际机场。 -
Calculate the distance and travel time by plane to each city from the
in Boston, Massachusetts.
::计算从马萨诸塞州波士顿 飞往每个城市的 飞机距离和旅行时间
::使用, 完成以下活动: 定位以下圆点列表中的每个地点; 找到最近的城市, 在下面圆点列表中的每个地点附近有一个国际机场。 计算从马萨诸塞州波士顿飞往每个城市的飞机距离和飞行时间。 -
Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
-
Using
, determine the latitude and longitude for each location on the bulleted list below.
::使用,确定以下子弹列表中每个位置的纬度和经度。 -
Be prepared to share and discuss your answers.
::准备分享和讨论你的答案
-
Andaman Sea
::安达曼海 -
Malay Peninsula
::马来半岛 -
Mandalay
::曼德勒 -
Naypyidaw
::纳比都
Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。 -
Summarize the main economic activities of each country.
