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  • 澳大利亚和新西兰:介绍王国(1天)

      Chapter Challenges
    ::章次 挑战

    1. Summarize how colonialism has affected the development and socioeconomic conditions of Australia and New Zealand.
      ::概述殖民主义如何影响澳大利亚和新西兰的发展和社会经济条件。
    2. Understand how isolation has allowed for the high level of biodiversity.
      ::了解与世隔绝是如何使生物多样性高度多样化得以实现的。
    3. Outline how colonialism impacted the Maori and the Aboriginal populations.
      ::概述殖民主义如何影响毛利人和土著居民。

    Student Learning Objectives
    ::学生学习目标

    TEKS Regional Unit 11 Oceania: Chapter 11.1 Australia and New Zealand; Introducing the Realm
    ::TEKS 11区域股:大洋洲:第11.1章澳大利亚和新西兰;介绍王国

    WG.2A Describe the human and physical characteristics of the same regions at different periods of time to evaluate relationships between past events and current conditions.
    ::WG.2A 描述不同时期同一区域的人的和自然的特征,以评估过去事件与当前状况之间的关系。

    WG.4C Explain the influence of climate on the distribution of biomes in different regions.
    ::WG.4C 解释气候对不同区域生物群落分布的影响。

    WG.6A Locate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.
    ::WG.6A 确定并描述影响定居点规模和分布的人文和物理特征。

    WG.6B Explain the processes that have caused changes in settlement patterns, including urbanization, transportation, access to and availability of resources, and economic activities.
    ::WG.6B 解释导致住区模式变化的进程,包括城市化、运输、获得和获得资源以及经济活动。

    WG.7B Explain how political, economic, social, and environmental push and pull factors and physical geography affect the routes and flows of human migration.
    ::WG.7B 解释政治、经济、社会和环境推动因素和拉动因素以及地理地理状况如何影响人类移徙的路线和流动。

    WG.7D Examine the benefits and challenges of globalization, including connectivity, standard of living, pandemics, and loss of local culture.
    ::7D工作组审查全球化的好处和挑战,包括连通性、生活水平、流行病和当地文化的丧失。

    WG.8A Compare ways that humans depend on, adapt to, and modify the physical environment, including the influences of culture and technology.
    ::WG.8A 比较人类依赖、适应和改变自然环境的方式,包括文化和技术的影响。

    WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
    ::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。

    WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
    ::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。

    Australia and New Zealand: Introducing the Realm
    ::澳大利亚和新西兰:介绍王国

    Isolation Geography
    ::孤立地理

    lesson content

    Wallace’s and Weber’s Lines were developed independently to account for the differences in biodiversity between the Austral realm and the Asian realm. 
    ::华莱士和韦伯的分界线是独立开发的,以说明澳洲和亚洲地区在生物多样性方面的差异。

    The historic isolation of New Zealand and Australia from the rest of the world has caused animals and organisms that are not found anywhere else to develop in these two countries. The unique biodiversity includes marsupials, such as kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, and bandicoots. It is believed that these creatures developed separately after the continents broke away from each other more than 200 million years ago.
    ::历史上新西兰和澳大利亚与世界其他地方的隔绝造成了在这两个国家没有在别处发现的动物和生物体的发展。 独特的生物多样性包括马苏比亚,如袋鼠、瓦拉比斯、考拉斯和土豆。 人们相信,这些生物是在两亿多年前大陆相互分裂之后分别形成的。

    Many plant species are also unique to this realm. The biodiversity found here is separate from that of Asia. This has been explained by various bio-geographers by drawing imaginary lines just north of Australia to indicate the line of division between the Asian realm and the Austral realm.   Wallace’s Line and Weber’s Line are two such examples. Both examples attempt to establish the correct line of demarcation for the differences in species development between the two sides.
    ::许多植物物种也是这个领域的独有物种。 这里发现的生物多样性与亚洲的生物多样性是分开的。 各种生物地理学家通过在澳大利亚北部绘制想象线来解释这一点,以表明亚洲和澳洲之间的分界线。 华莱士的线和韦伯的线就是两个这样的例子。 这两个例子都试图为两岸物种发展的差异确定正确的分界线。

    During the ice ages, sea level was lower, and the many islands of Southeast Asia were connected by land to the mainland. Papua New Guinea was connected to Australia. Wallace and Weber believed that no land bridge connected the Asian side with the Austral side for animals to cross over. This separation caused the organisms to the south to develop independently of those in the north. For example, marsupials are not found on the Asian side of these lines but are found on the Australian side.
    ::在冰河时期,海平面较低,许多东南亚岛屿通过陆地与大陆相连。巴布亚新几内亚与澳大利亚有联系。华莱士和韦伯认为,亚洲一侧与澳洲一侧没有陆地桥梁可供动物穿越。这种分离导致南部生物体与北部生物体分开发展。例如,这些线的亚洲一侧没有发现海豹,但澳大利亚一侧却发现了海豹。

    Colonialism
    ::殖民主义 殖民主义

    New Zealand and Australia were both inhabited before the era of European colonialism. Aboriginal people are said to have migrated to Australia across Southeast Asia from the mainland of Asia more than 40,000 years ago. They made Australia their home and adapted to the physical geography of the continent. For tens of thousands of years before the Europeans arrived, the Aboriginals carved out an existence in Australia and developed their cultural ways. The arrival of the Europeans had caused a serious demise in the Aboriginal population. Aborigines were completely decimated in Tasmania. Only about 450,000 Aboriginals remain in Australia today.
    ::在欧洲殖民主义时代之前,新西兰和澳大利亚都有人居住,据说,40,000多年前,土著人从亚洲大陆跨东南亚迁移到澳大利亚,他们将澳大利亚作为他们的家园,适应大陆的自然地理环境。在到达欧洲之前的数万年里,土著人在澳大利亚形成了一种存在,并发展了自己的文化方式。欧洲人的到来造成了土著居民的严重死亡。在塔斯马尼亚,土著人被彻底消灭。今天,只有大约45万土著人留在澳大利亚。

    New Zealand was inhabited by the Polynesian group called the Maori, who established themselves on the islands in the 10th century. For hundreds of years, they established their culture and traditions in the region before the Europeans arrived. The Aborigines in Australia and the Maori in New Zealand were both confronted with the European invaders.
    ::新西兰居住着被称为毛利人的波利尼西亚人群体,他们在10世纪在群岛上定居,几百年来,在欧洲人抵达之前,他们就在欧洲建立了文化和传统,澳大利亚的土著人和新西兰的毛利人都与欧洲入侵者对峙。

    From their standpoint, there was much to lose by the arrival of the Europeans. Lands were lost, new diseases killed many, and control of their methods of livelihood were taken over by Europeans. The Maori initiated a number of wars against British colonizers, but in the end the greater military power gained the advantage. At the present time, the Maori are approximately 14 percent of the population of New Zealand.
    ::毛利人对英国殖民者发动了一系列战争,但最终获得更大的军事优势。 目前,毛利人约占新西兰人口的14%。

    The sighting of Australia by the Dutch dates to 1606. Portuguese explorers may have discovered Australia earlier, but there are no written records. In the early 1700s, the northern and western coastlines of Australia were known as “New Holland.” There were no established colonies. James Cook, a naval officer working for the British navy, commanded the ship  Endeavor  and mapped Australia’s eastern coast in 1770. He made port at Botany Bay, just south of the current city of Sydney   and claimed the region for Britain. He named the land New South Wales. The charting of the coast resulted in continued attention being paid to the region.
    ::在荷兰到1606年的日期前,葡萄牙探险家可能早些时发现澳大利亚,但没有书面记录。 在1700年代初期,澳大利亚北部和西部海岸线被称为“新荷兰 ” 。 没有固定的殖民地。 英国海军的海军军官詹姆斯·库克(James Cook)在1770年指挥了Endeavor号船,绘制了澳大利亚东海岸地图。他在现今悉尼市以南的博塔尼湾建立了港口,并将该地区称为英国。他命名为新南威尔士州。 海岸的海图绘制导致该地区继续受到关注。

    Meanwhile, England had a severe problem with overcrowding of its prisons. This problem was made worse by the loss of Britain’s American colonies. Upon Cook’s return to England, interest was generated in the concept of relieving prison overcrowding by sending prisoners to Australia. In 1787, eleven ships with 750 convicts sailed from Great Britain to Botany Bay.
    ::与此同时,英格兰的监狱过度拥挤问题十分严重。 英国失去美国殖民地使这一问题更加严重。 库克回到英国后,通过将囚犯送入澳大利亚来缓解监狱过度拥挤的概念引起了人们的兴趣。 1787年,有750名罪犯的11艘船只从英国驶往植物湾。

    Penal colonies were established in Australia. By the end of the 17th century, the entire Australian continent was under the British Crown. At the same time that the movement of prisoners from England to Australia was getting smaller, the next wave of immigration was being fueled by the discovery of gold in the 1850s. The practice of transferring prisoners to Australia ended in 1868.
    ::澳大利亚建立了刑事殖民地,到17世纪末,整个澳大利亚大陆都处于英国王室的统治之下,与此同时,从英格兰到澳大利亚的囚犯流动越来越小,1850年代发现的黄金助长了下一轮移民潮,1868年结束了将囚犯转移到澳大利亚的做法。

    In 1901, the various territories and states of Australia came together under one federation called the Commonwealth of Australia. A new federal capital city of Canberra was proposed. By 1927, Canberra was ready for government activity. This commonwealth government still allowed for individual state differences. The British monarch is considered the head of state, though it is mainly a ceremonial position. There have been movements within Australia in recent years to separate from the British Crown, but they have not been approved. Australia has a democratically elected government.
    ::1901年,澳大利亚各个领土和州在一个称为澳大利亚联邦的联邦下走到一起,提出了一个新的联邦首都堪培拉。1927年,堪培拉准备参加政府活动。这个联邦制政府仍然允许个别国家的差异。英国君主被视为国家元首,尽管这主要是一个礼仪性职位。近年来澳大利亚内部出现了脱离英国王室的运动,但未获批准。澳大利亚有一个民主选举产生的政府。

    lesson content

    Two of Canberra's best-known landmarks, Parliament House and Old Parliament House. 
    ::堪培拉最著名的两个里程碑,即议会大厦和旧议会大厦。

    British naval officer James Cook mapped the coastline of New Zealand in 1769. As the colonial era emerged, Great Britain took possession of New Zealand and included it with its colony of New South Wales. In the 1840s, New Zealand became a separate crown colony. The colony developed a local parliament and a representative government. By 1893, New Zealand made headlines as the first country in the world granting all women the right to vote. As a part of the British Empire, the country was made a commonwealth nation in 1947 and has been functioning independently ever since.
    ::1769年,英国海军军官詹姆斯·库克绘制了新西兰的海岸线图。随着殖民时代的兴起,英国占领了新西兰,并将新西兰与新南威尔士殖民地合并为殖民地。1840年代,新西兰成为单独的殖民地;殖民地发展了地方议会和代议制政府。到1893年,新西兰成为世界上第一个给予所有妇女投票权的国家,成为头条新闻。作为大英帝国的一部分,该国于1947年成为一个联邦制国家,并自此独立运作。

      Key Takeaways
    ::密钥外出

    • Australia is an island continent that was home to aboriginal people who have lived there for tens of thousands of years.
      ::澳大利亚是一个岛屿大陆,土著人民在那里居住了数万年。
    • The British colonized Australia by first creating prison colonies for convicts from Great Britain.
      ::英国殖民澳大利亚,首先为来自英国的罪犯建立了监狱。
    • New Zealand has two main islands and is home to the Maori, who were originally from Polynesia.
      ::新西兰有两个主要岛屿,是原属波利尼西亚的毛利人的家园。
    • The British colonized New Zealand and often were in conflict with the Maori.
      ::英国殖民统治新西兰,常常与毛利人发生冲突。
    • Australia is relatively flat with low elevation highlands and an extensive dry interior, while New Zealand has high mountains and receives adequate rainfall.
      ::澳大利亚相对平坦,高地低,内陆干燥,新西兰高山,降雨量充足。
    • The Austral realm was isolated by physical geography. Weber’s Line and the Wallace Line were both attempts to distinguish the location of the separation between biological environments.
      ::澳洲被物理地理隔离。 Weber的线和Wallace的线都是试图区分生物环境分离的地点。

    Vocabulary Terms
    ::词汇术语术语

       Chapter 11.1 Australia and New Zealand: Introducing the Realm
    ::第11.1章 澳大利亚和新西兰:介绍王国

    Aborigine
    ::土著人

    an original inhabitant of Australia. 
    ::澳大利亚的原始居民。

    Great Barrier Reef
    ::大堡礁

    a 1,250-mile chain of coral reefs off the coast of Australia. 
    ::澳大利亚沿海1 250英里的珊瑚礁链。

    Great Dividing Range
    ::伟大的分裂地区

    a range of low mountains in Australia 
    ::澳大利亚一系列低山山脉

    James Cook
    ::詹姆斯·库克

    a British explorer who claimed land in Australia 
    ::一名英国探险家,在澳大利亚拥有土地

    marsupial
    ::中间体

    an animal with an abdominal pouch to carry its young 
    ::一只带腹腔袋的动物 带着幼年的婴儿

    Outback  
    ::离后

    The arid, sparsely populated interior region of Australia
    ::澳大利亚干旱、人口稀少的内陆地区

    Penal Colony
    ::刑事殖民地

    a settlement that serves as a prison
    ::a 用作监狱的定居点

    Treaty of Waitangi
    ::《威坦哲条约》

    a treaty between the British and the Maori signed in 1840
    ::1840年英国与毛利人签署的一项条约

    Biodiversity
    ::生物多样性生物多样性生物多样性

    Characterized by a variety of plants and animals
    ::以各种动植物为特征

    Atoll
    ::环环

    Islands created from coral
    ::珊瑚所创造的岛屿

    Volcano
    ::火山

    A mountain on the Earth’s surface that periodically erupts sending rock, ash, and lava onto the surface environment of the Earth
    ::地球表面的一座山峰定期喷发,向地球表面环境输送岩石、火山灰和熔岩

    Applying Knowledge
    ::应用知识

    Discussion and Study Questions
    ::讨论和研究问题

    1. For what purpose was Australia first colonized? What European country colonized Australia and New Zealand?
      ::澳大利亚首先成为殖民地的目的何在?哪个欧洲国家是澳大利亚和新西兰的殖民地?
    2. How did the colonial activity impact the indigenous people?
      ::殖民活动如何影响土著人民?
    3. How is the Austral realm isolated from the rest of the world?
      ::澳洲国如何与世界隔绝?
    4. Who are the main indigenous people of New Zealand and from where did they originally come?
      ::新西兰的主要土著人民是谁,他们最初来自何方?
    5. Explain how the colonial development of Australia was similar to the colonial development of the United States.
      ::解释澳大利亚的殖民发展如何与美国的殖民发展相似。

    Real-World Geography Exercise
    ::现实世界地理演习

    1. Using , complete the following activities:
      1. Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
        ::在下面的子弹名单上 找到每个地方
      2. Find the nearest city with an international airport in proximity to each location on the bulleted list below.
        ::找到最近的城市,在下面子弹清单上每个地点附近有一个国际机场。
      3. Calculate the distance and travel time by plane to each city from the in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota
        ::计算从明尼苏达明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗市飞往每个城市的飞机距离和旅行时间

      ::使用,完成以下活动: 定位以下子弹子弹清单中的每个地点; 找到最近的城市, 附近有一个国际机场, 靠近下面子弹清单中的每个地点。 计算从明尼苏达明明尼阿波利斯- 圣保罗市飞往每个城市的飞机距离和飞行时间。
    2. Using , determine the latitude and longitude for each location on the bulleted list below.
      ::使用,确定以下子弹列表中每个位置的纬度和经度。
    3. Be prepared to share and discuss your answers.
      ::准备分享和讨论你的答案
    • Arafura Sea
      ::阿拉富拉海
    • Cape York
      ::约克角
    • Coral Sea
      ::珊瑚海
    • Great Australian Bight
      ::大澳大利亚湾
    • Great Barrier Reef
      ::大堡礁
    • Gulf of Carpentaria
      ::甲草胺湾
    • New South Wales
      ::新南威尔士州
    • Sydney
      ::悉悉尼
    • Tasman Sea
      ::塔斯曼海
    • Tasmania
      ::塔斯马尼亚州

    Videos for Geography Enrichment
    ::地理丰富视频

    Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
    ::地理研究有用网站

    is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge.  Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
    ::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。

    provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
    ::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。

    is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
    ::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。

    is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
    ::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。

    is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
    ::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。

      is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth. 
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。

    is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
    ::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。

    is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
    ::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。

      is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
    ::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。

      is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.  
    ::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。

    is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
    ::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。

    is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states. 
    ::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。

    is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
    ::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。

     is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more. 
    ::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。

    is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。

    is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
    ::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。

    is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
    ::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。

    is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
    ::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。