11.2 澳大利亚(3天)
Section outline
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Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Summarize the colonial exploitation and development of Australia.
::概述澳大利亚的殖民剥削和发展。 -
Understand the basic characteristics of Australia’s physical geography.
::了解澳大利亚地理地理的基本特点。 -
Outline how the core-periphery spatial relationship applies to Australia.
::概述核心-周边空间关系如何适用于澳大利亚。 -
Describe the country’s general cultural attributes.
::描述国家的一般文化特性。 -
Summarize the methods used for the country to gain national wealth.
::概述国家获取国民财富的方法。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional Unit 11 Oceania: Chapter 11.2 Australia
::TERS 11区域股:大洋洲:第11.2章WG.1A Analyze the effects of physical and human geographic patterns and processes on the past and describe their impact on the present, including significant physical features and environmental conditions that influenced migration patterns and shaped the distribution of culture groups today.
::WG.1A 分析物理和人类地理模式和过程对过去的影响,并描述其对目前的影响,包括影响移徙模式并影响当今文化群体分布的重要物理特征和环境条件。WG.2A Describe the human and physical characteristics of the same regions at different periods of time to evaluate relationships between past events and current conditions.
::WG.2A 描述不同时期同一区域的人的和自然的特征,以评估过去事件与当前状况之间的关系。WG.3A Explain weather conditions and climate in relation to annual changes in Earth-Sun relationships.
::WG.3A 结合地球-太阳关系的年度变化解释天气条件和气候。WG.3B Describe the physical processes that affect the environments of regions, including weather, tectonic forces.
::WG.3B 描述影响区域环境的物理过程,包括天气、构造力。WG.4A Explain how elevation, latitude, wind systems, ocean currents, position on a continent, and mountain barriers influence temperature, precipitation, and distribution of climate regions.
::WG.4A 解释高海拔、纬度、风力系统、洋流、大陆位置、山地屏障如何影响气候区域的温度、降水量和分布。WG.4B Describe different landforms and the physical processes that cause their development.
::WG.4B 描述不同的土地形态和导致其发展的物理过程。WG.4C Explain the influence of climate on the distribution of biomes in different regions.
::WG.4C 解释气候对不同区域生物群落分布的影响。WG.5A Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.
::WG.5A 分析一个地方的特性如何与其政治、经济、社会和文化因素相关。WG.6A Locate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.
::WG.6A 确定并描述影响定居点规模和分布的人文和物理特征。WG.6B Explain the processes that have caused changes in settlement patterns, including urbanization, transportation, access to and availability of resources, and economic activities.
::WG.6B 解释导致住区模式变化的进程,包括城市化、运输、获得和获得资源以及经济活动。WG.8A Compare ways that humans depend on, adapt to, and modify the physical environment, including the influences of culture and technology.
::WG.8A 比较人类依赖、适应和改变自然环境的方式,包括文化和技术的影响。WG.8B Describe the interaction between humans and the physical environment and analyze the consequences of extreme weather and other natural disasters such as El Nino, floods. tsunamis, and volcanoes.
::WG.8B 描述人类与自然环境之间的相互作用,分析极端天气和厄尔尼诺、洪水、海啸和火山等其他自然灾害的后果。WG.8C Evaluate the economic and political relationships between settlements and the environments, including sustainable development and renewable/non-renewable resources.
::WG.8C 评价住区与环境之间的经济和政治关系,包括可持续发展和可再生/不可再生资源。WG.9A Identify physical and/or human factors such as climate, vegetation, language, trade networks, political units, river systems, and religion that constitute a region.
::WG.9A 查明构成区域的自然和/或人类因素,如气候、植被、语言、贸易网络、政治单位、河流系统和宗教。WG.10C Compare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as subsistence agriculture versus commercial agriculture or cottage industries versus commercial industries.
::WG.10C 比较人们通过生产商品和服务满足其基本需要的方式,如自给农业,而不是商业农业或家庭手工业,而不是商业工业。WG.10D Compare global trade patterns over time and examine the implications of globalization, including outsourcing and free trade zones.
::WG.10D 比较一段时间的全球贸易格局,审查全球化的影响,包括外包和自由贸易区。WG.11B Identify factors affecting the location of different types of economic activities, including subsistence and commercial agriculture manufacturing, and service industries.
::WG.11B 查明影响不同类型经济活动地点的因素,包括维持生计和商业农业制造业以及服务业。WG.11C Assess how changes in climate, resources, and infrastructure (technology, transportation, and communication) affect the location and patterns of economic activities.
::WG.11C 评估气候、资源和基础设施(技术、运输和通信)的变化如何影响经济活动的地点和模式。WG.18A Analyze cultural changes in specific regions caused by migration, war, trade, innovations, and diffusion.
::WG.18A 分析移徙、战争、贸易、创新和传播在特定区域造成的文化变化。WG.18C Identify examples of cultures that maintain traditional ways, including traditional economies.
::WG.18C 查明保持传统方式的文化实例,包括传统经济。WG.18D Evaluate the spread of cultural traits to find examples of cultural convergence and divergence such as the spread of democratic ideas, US-based fast-food franchises, the English langue, technology, or global sports.
::WG.18D 评价文化特征的传播情况,以寻找文化趋同和差异的例子,例如民主思想的传播、以美国为基地的快餐专营、英语朗格、技术或全球体育。WG.21A Analyze and evaluate the validity and utility of multiple sources of geographic information such as primary and secondary sources, aerial photographs, and maps.
::WG.21A 分析和评价多种地理资料来源,例如主要和次要资料来源、航空照片和地图的有效性和效用。WG.21C Create and interpret different types of maps to answer geographic questions, infer relationships, and analyze change.
::WG.21C 创建和解释不同类型的地图,以回答地理问题、推断关系和分析变化。WG.22A Design and draw appropriate graphics such as maps, diagrams tables, and graphs to communicate geographic features, distributions, and relationships.
::WG.22A 设计和绘制适当的图形,如地图、图表表和图表,以交流地理特征、分布和关系。WG.22B Generate summaries, generalizations, and thesis statements supported by evidence.
::WG.22B 编写摘要、概述和有证据佐证的论文陈述。WG.22E Create original work using proper citations and understanding and avoiding plagiarism.
::WG.22E 利用适当的引证和理解并避免损害,创建原创工作。Australia
::澳大利亚 澳大利亚Map of Australia
::澳大利亚地图Physical Geography
::物理地理There is an international attraction to the island continent of Australia, and the attraction has grown in intensity in the past few decades. Tourism is now the number one economic activity in Australia. Just slightly smaller in physical area than the continental United States, Australia is a large country with many resources but few people relative to its size. The Tropic of Capricorn runs right through the middle of this country.
::澳大利亚的岛屿大陆具有国际吸引力,在过去几十年中,这种吸引力日益强烈。 旅游业现在是澳大利亚最重要的经济活动。 与美国大陆相比,澳大利亚的自然面积略小一些。 澳大利亚是一个大国,拥有许多资源,但与其面积相比,人口很少。 摩托热带正穿过澳大利亚中部。Australia hosts many unique species of plants and animals, including marsupials, snakes, and insects. With the advent of European colonialism, new species were introduced to the country, which caused the extinction of some of the native species but also gave Australia a wide diversity of organisms.
::随着欧洲殖民主义的到来,澳大利亚引进了新的物种,这导致了一些本地物种的灭绝,但也给澳大利亚带来了多种多样的生物。Australia is a relatively low-lying island with low relief. It is the flattest of all the continents. The various highland ranges are pronounced, but are not high in elevation. The Great Dividing Range is a mountain chain extending from Melbourne in the south to Cape York in the north. This low-lying range of highlands averages about 4,000 feet and reaches an elevation of just over 7,000 feet at its highest peaks in the south. The largest river in Australia is the Darling-Murray River system that starts in the highland of the Great Dividing Range and flows inward through New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and South Australia.
::澳大利亚是一个相对低洼的岛屿,低洼,低洼。它是所有大陆的顶峰。各种高原分布地十分明显,但高海拔不高。大分散地是从南部的墨尔本到北部的约克角的山脉链。这一低洼高地平均约4 000英尺,在南部最高山峰处达到略高于7 000英尺的高度。澳大利亚最大的河流是从大分散地高原开始的达令-穆雷河系统,通过新南威尔士、昆士兰、维多利亚和南澳大利亚流入。The Great Dividing Range. The view from the peak of Mount Feathertop, facing north-east, showing the Fainters and other mountains.
::大分流山脉。从峰顶的Feathertop山的景象, 面向东北, 展示了Fainters山和其他山峰。The confluence of the Darling and Murray Rivers at Wentworth, New South Wales.
::新南威尔士州温特沃斯的Darling河和Murray河汇合
The great interior of the country is home to the massive outback. Extending west from the Great Dividing Range, the outback encompasses most of the interior. This region receives less rainfall than along the coast and its terrain consists of deserts and semi-arid plateaus with rough grasses and scrublands. The outback is sparsely populated, but it is home to a number of aboriginal groups.
::国内大面积的内地是大规模外逃的家园,从大分散地带向西延伸,外逃覆盖了大部分内地,降雨量低于沿海地区,地形包括沙漠和半干旱高原,有粗草和干草地,外逃人口稀少,但有一些土著群体居住。Many of the school-age children in the outback have traditionally received their school lessons through television or radio broadcasts because of their isolation. Mining and some agricultural activities can be found in the outback. Alice Springs is located in the center of the continent and has been given the designation of the middle of nowhere, or the center of everything.
::许多离乡背井的学龄儿童由于与世隔绝而传统上通过电视或电台广播接受学校教育。 采矿和一些农业活动可以在离乡背井的地方找到。 爱丽丝·斯普林斯位于大陆中心,被命名为无处或万物的中心。One of the larger settlements on the road that crosses Australia from north to south is Alice Springs.
::在横跨澳大利亚的公路上,从北向南的较大的定居点之一是Alice Springs。
The deserts of Australia’s interior make up a large portion of the continent. Western Australia has three large deserts: the Gibson Desert, Great Victoria Desert, and Great Sandy Desert. The Simpson Desert is located in the border region between the Northern Territory, Queensland, and South Australia. These deserts are not all sand. Coarse grasses and various species of Spinifex, a short plant that grows in sandy soil, also grow in the deserts.
::澳大利亚内地的沙漠占了该大陆的一大部分。 西澳大利亚州有三大大沙漠:吉布森沙漠、大维多利亚沙漠和大桑迪沙漠。 辛普森沙漠位于北区、昆士兰和南澳大利亚的边境地区。 这些沙漠并非全部是沙。 粗草和各种斯皮菲克斯(Spinifex,一种生长在沙质土壤中的短种植物)也在沙漠中生长。Dunes in the Simpson Desert near Andado, Northern Territory, Australia.
::澳大利亚北区安达多附近的辛普森沙漠的邓姆斯
The Great Artesian Basin on the western edge of the Great Dividing Range receives very little rainfall. It would be classified as a desert but for its underground water resources, which support extensive farming operations. Large livestock businesses exist in Australia’s interior with massive herds of cattle and sheep. The grassy plateaus and scrublands provide grazing for domesticated livestock and even wild camels.
::大分裂区西部边缘的大阿特萨盆地降雨量很少,被划为沙漠,但地下水资源除外,而地下水资源支持广泛的农业活动。 澳大利亚内陆地区有大型畜牧企业,有大量牛羊。 草原和洗涤地为家畜甚至野骆驼提供放牧。The Great Barrier Reef, the largest barrier reef in the world, extends for 1,600 miles off the northeastern coast of Australia. It is home to a host of sea creatures and fish that draw millions of tourists each year. The reef attracts scuba divers and water enthusiasts from around the world. The reef is a main tourist attraction and brings income to the Australian economy. The Great Barrier Reef has been designated as a United Nations World Heritage Site. Brisbane is located on the Gold Coast, which gets its name from the beautiful sandy beaches. The beaches attract an important tourism market for the country.
::大堡礁是世界上最大的堡礁,在距离澳大利亚东北海岸1 600英里处延伸1 600英里,每年吸引数百万游客的海洋生物和鱼群,珊瑚礁吸引世界各地潜水员和水爱好者,珊瑚礁是主要的旅游景点,为澳大利亚经济带来收入,大堡礁被指定为联合国的世界遗产。大堡礁位于金海岸,其名称取自美丽的沙滩。海滩吸引了该国重要的旅游市场。A couple of large physical features of interest and significance to Australia are the two largest monoliths in the world. In Western Australia, more than 500 miles to the northeast of Perth, is Mount Augustus National Park, which features the rock known as Mount Augustus. It is considered to be the largest single rock in the world. Mount Augustus rises 2,352 feet above the desert landscape. The single structure is about five miles long.
::澳大利亚关心和重视的两大物理特征是世界最大的两块巨石。 在西澳大利亚州,距珀斯东北500多英里,奥古斯都国家公园是奥古斯都国家公园,该公园是称为奥古斯都山的岩石,被认为是世界上最大的一块岩石。奥古斯都山在沙漠地貌之上上升了2 352英尺。单一结构大约5英里长。Mount Augustus is located in the Mount Augustus National Park in Western Australia.
::Augustus山位于澳大利亚西部Augustus山国家公园。
Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock, is located about 200 miles southwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory and is a well-known tourist attraction. Uluru rises 1,142 feet above the outback and is about 2.2 miles long. Both rocks hold significant cultural value to the aboriginal populations in Australia. They both have ancient petroglyphs, and both are considered sacred sites. Uluru has been more popularized through tourism promotions.
::Uluru,又称Ayers Rock,位于北区Alice Springs西南约200英里处,是著名的旅游景点,乌卢在后方1,142英尺高,长约2.2英里,对澳大利亚土著人口具有重要的文化价值,两者都具有古老的花纹,都被视为圣地,乌卢通过旅游宣传更加普及。Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock, is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia.
::Uluru,又称Ayers Rock,是澳大利亚中部北部地区南部的一个大型沙石岩层。Climate Regions
::气候区域Central and Western Australia are sparsely populated. Large areas of the Northern Territory and the desert regions are uninhabited. Approximately 40 percent of Australia’s interior is desert, where Type B climates dominate. The large land mass can heat up during the summer months, triggering high temperatures. Low humidity allows heat to escape into the atmosphere after the sun goes down, so there is a wide temperature variation between day and night.
::澳大利亚中部和西部地区人口稀少。 北部地区和沙漠地区的大片地区无人居住。 澳大利亚约40%的内地是沙漠,B型气候占主导地位。 大面积的陆地在夏季可以发热,引发高温。 低湿度允许太阳下山后热能逃入大气,因此白天和夜间的温度变化很大。Along the northern coastal region there are more tropical type A climates. Closer to the equator and with the sea to moderate temperatures, the northern areas around Darwin and Cape York have little temperature variation. Temperatures in Darwin average about 90 °F in the summer and 86 °F in the winter. Spring monsoons bring additional rainfall from February to March.
::沿北海岸区域,热带A型气候较多,靠近赤道,海洋温度适中,达尔文和约克角周围的北部地区的温度变化不大,达尔文的气温夏季平均为90°F,冬季为86°F,2月至3月,春季季风带来更多的降雨量。A wet season storm at night in Darwin, Australia.
::澳洲达尔文的湿季暴风雨
Tasmania, Victoria, and the core region of the southeast have a more moderate and temperate type C climate. The main cities, such as Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide, are within this area. It is not surprising that there is a direct correlation between Type C climates and the major population areas. The Tropic of Capricorn cuts across the continent, indicating that the cities are not that far south of the tropics. Average winter temperatures in June and July do not usually fall below 50 °F and average summer temperatures in January and February remain around 70 °F. Since the seasons are reversed from that of the Northern Hemisphere, many Australians go to the beach for Christmas.
::塔斯马尼亚州、维多利亚州和东南部核心地区气候较为温和和温和,主要城市,如悉尼、墨尔本和阿德莱德等,都属于这一地区,C型气候与主要人口地区有直接关联,不足为奇。C型气候与主要人口地区有直接关联。摩尔克热带横跨整个大陆,表明这些城市距离热带以南不远。6月和7月的平均冬季气温通常不低于50°F,1月和2月的平均夏季气温仍保持在70°F左右。由于北半球的季节出现逆转,许多澳大利亚人前往海滩过圣诞节。Sydney Harbour seen from Sydney Harbour Bridge, Australia
::从澳大利亚悉尼港桥看到悉尼港湾Population, Urbanization, and the Core-Periphery Spatial Relationship
::人口、城市化和核心 -- -- 核心 -- -- 空间关系Australia is divided politically into six states and two territories. They are the Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory, Western Australia, Tasmania, South Australia, Queensland, and New South Wales. Australian protectorates are composed of a number of small islands around Australia. Australian core areas are conducive to large human populations. To locate the core population areas in Australia, simply find the moderate Type C climates. Australia has two core regions. There is a small core region in the west, anchored by the city of Perth. Most of Australia’s people live in the large core region in the east along the coast. This region extends from Brisbane to Adelaide and holds most of the country’s population.
::澳大利亚在政治上分为六个州和两个领土:北区、澳大利亚首都直辖区、西澳大利亚州、塔斯马尼亚州、南澳大利亚州、昆士兰州和新南威尔士州。澳大利亚的保护国由澳大利亚周围的一些小岛组成。澳大利亚的核心地区有利于大量人口。为了定位澳大利亚的核心人口地区,只要找到温和的C型气候即可。澳大利亚有两个核心地区。西区有一个小的核心地区,由珀斯市作为基地。澳大利亚大部分人口居住在东岸的大核心地区。这个地区从布里斯班延伸到阿德莱德,占了澳大利亚大多数人口。Australian States and Territories
::澳大利亚各州和领土
States and territories of Australia Flag State/territory name Abbreviation Type Capital
(or largest settlement)Population 
New South Wales NSW State Sydney 7,704,300 
Queensland Qld State Brisbane 4,827,000 
South Australia SA State Adelaide 1,706,500 
Tasmania Tas State Hobart 518,500 
Victoria Vic State Melbourne 6,039,100 
Western Australia WA State Perth 2,613,700 
Australian Capital Territory ACT Territory Canberra 397,397 Jervis Bay Territory JBT Territory (Jervis Bay Village) 391 
Northern Territory NT Territory Darwin 244,000 Ashmore and Cartier Islands External (Offshore) 0 Australian Antarctic Territory AAT External Davis Station 1,000 
Christmas Island External Flying Fish Cove 2,072 
Cocos (Keeling) Islands External West Island/Pulu Panjang 596 Coral Sea Islands External (Willis Island) 4 Heard Island and McDonald Islands HIMI External (Atlas Cove) 0 
Norfolk Island External Kingston 2,302
The total population of Australia in 2017 was approximately 23 million. There are more people living in Mexico City than in all of Australia. More than 90 percent of this population has European heritage, and most of this percentage is from the British Isles. English is the dominant language. Christianity is the dominant religion. The makeup of the people is a product of European colonialism and immigration.
::2017年澳大利亚总人口约为2 300万,生活在墨西哥城的人口比澳大利亚全国多。90%以上的人口拥有欧洲遗产,其中大部分来自不列颠群岛。英语是主要语言。基督教是主要宗教。人们的构成是欧洲殖民主义和移民的产物。Age Structure of Australia: 0-14 years: 17.8% (male 2,122,139/female 2,012,670); 15-24 years: 12.79 percent (male 1,524,368/female 1,446,663); 25-54 years: 41.45 percent (male 4,903,130/female 4,725,976); 55-64 years: 11.83 percent (male 1,363,331/female 1,384,036); 65 years and over: 16.14 percent (male 1,736,951/female 2,013,149)
::澳大利亚年龄结构:0-14岁:17.8%(男性2,122,139/女性2,012,670);15-24岁:12.79%(男性1,524,368/女性1,446,663);25-54岁:41.45%(男性4,903,130/女性4,725,976);55-64岁:11.83%(男性1,363,331/女性1,384,036);65岁及以上:16.14%(1,736,951/女性2,013,149)
Only about two percent of the current population consists of Aboriginal people, the original people of Australia. Australia’s population has seen periodic growth spurts as waves of immigrants responded to national policies encouraging immigration. This was especially true after World War II. About 24 percent of the current population was born outside of Australia; most come from the United Kingdom, and another large percentage comes from New Zealand. Asian countries have also contributed to the Australian population, with measurable numbers of immigrants from China, Vietnam, and the Philippines. And lastly, people from Italy and India also make up a notable proportion of Australia’s immigrant population.
::目前人口中只有大约2%的人口由土著人组成,即澳大利亚的原始人口。 澳大利亚的人口定期增长,因为移民潮对鼓励移民的国家政策做出了反应。 二战之后尤其如此。 大约24%的当前人口出生在澳大利亚之外;大部分来自英国,另一大部分来自新西兰。 亚洲国家也为澳大利亚人口做出了贡献,中国、越南和菲律宾移民的数量可以衡量。 最后,来自意大利和印度的人口也占澳大利亚移民人口的显著比例。Australia’s population is not spread evenly across the landscape, since a large portion of the country is desert. The population is concentrated mostly in the urban areas. About 90 percent of the population live in cities, which are mostly in coastal areas. The largest city, Sydney, is often referred to as the New York of Australia. Sydney is positioned at the heart of the main core area, the state of New South Wales. To the south of Sydney is the Australian Capital Territory, home to the capital city of Canberra. Other major Australian cities include Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide, and Brisbane. Hobart is the largest city on the island of Tasmania and Darwin is the largest city in the Northern Territory.
::澳大利亚的人口分布不均匀,因为澳大利亚大部分是沙漠,人口主要集中在城市地区,大约90%的人口居住在城市,主要是沿海地区。最大的城市悉尼经常被称为澳大利亚纽约。悉尼位于主要核心地区,即新南威尔士州的中心。悉尼南部是澳大利亚首都堪培拉的首都首都堪培拉的首都。澳大利亚其他主要城市包括墨尔本、珀斯、阿德莱德和布里斯班。霍巴特是塔斯马尼亚和达尔文岛最大的城市,达尔文是北部地区最大的城市。The Top 10 Most Populated Cities in Australia
::澳大利亚十大人口最多的城市Rank Cities State/Territory June 2017 Census
::2017年6月 2017年6月人口普查Population
::人口人口 人口Percentage of
national population (June 2017)1 Sydney New South Wales 5,131,326 20.86% 2 Melbourne Victoria 4,850,740 19.72% 3 Brisbane Queensland 2,408,223 9.79% 4 Perth Western Australia 2,043,138 8.31% 5 Adelaide South Australia 1,333,927 5.42% 6 Gold Coast/Tweed Heads Queensland/New South Wales 693,321 2.70% 7 Newcastle/Maitland New South Wales 491,183 1.96% 8 Canberra/Queanbeyan Australian Capital Territory/New South Wales 447,457 1.82% 9 Sunshine Coast Queensland 375,399 1.32% 10 Wollongong New South Wales 299,203 1.22%
All of the large cities of Australia—except the planned capital city of Canberra—are located on the coast. This pattern of urban distribution was a product of European colonial development. Most of Australia’s population lives in the two economic core regions, so Australia exhibits a distinct core-periphery spatial pattern. The core areas hold the power, wealth, and influence while the periphery region supplies all the food, raw materials, and goods needed in the core. Australia has never had a majority rural population since its Aboriginal times. There has been little rural-to-urban shift in Australia’s population.
::澳大利亚所有大城市 — — 除了计划中的首都堪培拉 — — 都位于沿海地区,这种城市分布模式是欧洲殖民发展的结果。 澳大利亚大部分人口生活在两个经济核心地区,因此澳大利亚呈现出独特的核心空间模式。 核心地区拥有权力、财富和影响,而外围地区则供应所有所需的食物、原材料和货物。 澳大利亚从原住民时代起就从未拥有过大多数农村人口。 澳大利亚人口几乎没有从农村向城市的转变。English is the first language of the vast majority of the population. Recently, enacted policies and changing attitudes toward multiculturalism have spurred growth in the number of immigrants and their descendants who speak two languages fluently—English and the language of their birthplace or national heritage. Indigenous languages have not fared so well. As many as 300 indigenous languages were spoken by Aborigines before the Europeans arrived, and just a few hundred years later, that number now stands at about 70. Most aboriginal languages are in danger of dying out.
::英国是绝大多数人口的第一语言。 最近,颁布的政策和对多元文化态度的改变刺激了讲两种流利语言——英语及其出生地或民族遗产语言——的移民及其后代人数的增长,土著语言的情况并非如此,在欧洲人到达欧洲之前和仅仅几百年后的今天,土著人讲的土著语言多达300种,现在约有70种土著语言濒临灭绝的危险。Languages of Australia Main languages Australian English Indigenous languages Australian Aboriginal languages, Tasmanian languages, Torres Strait Island languages Main immigrant languages Mandarin (2.5%), Arabic (1.4%), Cantonese (1.2%), Vietnamese (1.2%), Italian (1.2%) Culture and Immigration
::文化和移民Until 1973, Australia had a collection of laws and policies known as the White Australia policy, which served to limit the immigration of nonwhite persons to Australia. While the White Australia policies limited immigration from some areas, other policies sought to expand immigration from the United Kingdom. Subsidies were offered to British citizens to relocate to Australia. Between 1830 and 1940, more than one million British citizens took advantage of the offer.
::1973年以前,澳大利亚有一系列法律和政策,称为白澳大利亚政策,旨在限制非白人移民到澳大利亚,虽然白澳大利亚政策限制某些地区的移民,但其他政策旨在扩大从联合王国的移民,向英国公民提供补贴,以便搬迁到澳大利亚,1830年至1940年期间,100多万英国公民利用了这项提议。Recent census data indicate that 22.6 percent of the population identifies itself as Roman Catholic, and over 29 percent identify with other Christian faiths. Islam comprises 2.6 percent of the Australian population, followed by Buddhists at 2.4 percent and Hindus at 1.9%. Over 30 percent of Australians do not identify with any religion. Regular church attendance is claimed by at about 7.5 percent of the population. Despite modern Australia having been settled by the British, Australian law decrees that Australia will have no national religion and guarantees freedom of religion.
::最近人口普查数据显示,22.6%的人口自称罗马天主教,超过29%的人口认同其他基督教信仰。 伊斯兰教占澳大利亚人口的2.6%,其次是佛教徒,占2.4%,印度教徒,占1.9%。 超过30%的澳大利亚人并不认同任何宗教。 约7.5%的人口声称定期参加教会活动。 尽管现代澳大利亚已经由英国人解决,但澳大利亚法律规定澳大利亚没有民族宗教,保障宗教自由。Sports are an important part of Australian culture, perhaps owing to a climate that allows for year-round outdoor activity. About one-fourth of the population is involved in some kind of organized sports team. Soccer is popular, rugby, and cricket are the most popular sports. The most popular spectator sport in Australia is Australian Rules Football, also known as Aussie Rules Football, or simply “footy.” This uniquely Australian game has codified rules that date back to 1858 and is a variant of football and rugby.
::体育是澳大利亚文化的一个重要部分,或许是因为气候允许全年户外活动。 大约四分之一的人口参加了某种有组织的体育队。 足球是流行的运动,橄榄球和板球是最受欢迎的运动。 澳大利亚最受欢迎的观众体育是澳大利亚足球规则,又称澳洲橄榄球规则,或者“足球 ” , 或者简单就是“足球 ” 。 这一独特的澳大利亚游戏编纂了早在1858年的规则,并且是足球和橄榄球的变体。A North East Australian Football League (NEAFL) match on July 4, 2015, at TIO Stadium in Darwin, Northern Territory.
::2015年7月4日在北区达尔文TIO体育场举行东北澳大利亚足球联盟(NEAFL)比赛。
Other forms of entertainment include television, film, and live performances of many kinds. Although Australia has a number of its own television stations, there are concerns that popular culture is beginning to be dominated by American influences. Australia’s large cities have extensive programs in the arts. Sydney is becoming a center for world-class performances in dance, opera, music, and theater.
::其他形式的娱乐形式包括电视、电影和各种现场表演。 尽管澳大利亚拥有许多自己的电视台,但人们担心大众文化正开始受美国的影响。 澳大利亚的大城市拥有大量的艺术节目。 悉尼正在成为舞蹈、歌剧、音乐和戏剧世界级表演的中心。Education is well-funded and internationally respected. School attendance is compulsory between the ages of 6 and 15, and the adult literacy rate has held steady at about 99 percent. Most students attend publicly funded schools, which are secular. Private schools, which charge tuition fees, do exist and are typically run by religious organizations, predominantly the Catholic Church.
::6至15岁是义务教育,成人识字率稳定在99%左右,大多数学生在公立非宗教学校就读,私立学校收取学费,确实存在,而且通常由宗教组织(主要是天主教会)管理。Economic Geography
::经济地理地理Most of Australia—especially the wide expanse of the arid interior known as the outback—has immense open spaces, agricultural potential or excellent resource extraction possibilities. The extensive grasslands support tens of millions of domesticated animals—mainly cattle and sheep—which accounts for up to one-fifth of the world’s wool production. Large agricultural businesses include thousands of acres under one operation.
::澳大利亚大部分地区,特别是被称为 " 后方 " 的大片干旱内陆地区,有着巨大的开放空间、农业潜力或极好的资源开采可能性。 广大的草地支撑着数千万只养殖的动物 — — 主要是牛和羊 — — 占世界羊毛产量的五分之一。 大型农业企业包括一个业务下的数千英亩土地。The western sector of the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales is an excellent region for commercial grain operations. The coastal region in Queensland, since it is warmer and receives more rainfall, is good for sugarcane and similar crops. Sheep and cattle ranches are common in central Queensland and Western Australia. Various regions of southern Australia are excellent for grape and fruit production. Australian wine production has risen to compete with the US and European markets. Only the dry central desert regions in the center of the continent are not favorable for agriculture.
::新南威尔士大分散牧场的西部地区是商业谷物经营的极好地区,昆士兰沿海地区由于较暖,降雨量较多,对甘蔗和类似作物有利,昆士兰中部和西澳大利亚的牧羊和牧牛牧场很常见,澳大利亚南部各地区的葡萄和水果生产都很出色,澳大利亚葡萄生产与美国和欧洲市场竞争已兴起,只有该大陆中部的干燥中部沙漠地区才不利于农业。In the early portion of the 20th century, Australia gained enormous wealth by exporting food products to the rest of the world. This is still true, but the profit margin on food goods is no longer what it used to be. The country has had to look elsewhere to gain wealth.
::20世纪初,澳大利亚通过向世界其他地区出口粮食产品获得了巨大的财富。 情况依然如此,但食品的利润率已不再像过去那样。 澳大利亚不得不向别处寻求获取财富。Australia has excellent food production capabilities. It also has an excellent mineral resource base. Different types of minerals can be found in different regions throughout Australia. Western Australia has iron ore mines. The eastern region of Queensland and New South Wales has abundant coal reserves. Minerals such as zinc, copper, gold, silver, tungsten, and nickel can be found in various parts of the country, including Tasmania. Oil and gas fields can be found in the northwestern coastal waters and in the Tasman Sea east of Melbourne. The country is self-sufficient in natural gas but does have to import some petroleum products.
::澳大利亚拥有极佳的粮食生产能力,也拥有极佳的矿产资源基础,不同种类的矿物分布于澳大利亚各地,西澳大利亚有铁矿石矿,昆士兰和新南威尔士东部有丰富的煤矿,锌、铜、金、银、钨和镍等矿物分布在全国各地,包括塔斯马尼亚,石油和天然气田分布在西北沿海水域和墨尔本以东的塔斯曼海,该国天然气自给自足,但确实进口了一些石油产品。
Australia does not export many manufactured goods. Its main exports are food and raw materials. Though Australia is a former British colony, Great Britain is not considered Australia’s largest trading partner. Australia is closer geographically to the Asian economic community than to the European Union. Japan has become Australia’s biggest trading partner. When Australia is viewed in the news, in television programs, and in Hollywood movies, it is portrayed as a country with a similar standard of living to the United States or Europe.
::澳大利亚并不出口许多制成品,其主要出口品是食品和原材料。 尽管澳大利亚是前英国殖民地,但英国并不被视为澳大利亚最大的贸易伙伴。 澳大利亚在地理上比欧盟更接近亚洲经济共同体。 日本已成为澳大利亚最大的贸易伙伴。 当澳大利亚在新闻、电视节目和好莱坞电影中被看成是一个与美国或欧洲生活水平类似的国家时。How do Australians have such a high standard of living if they don’t manufacture anything for export? To evaluate this, think about the size of the population of Australia and consider the distribution of wealth. They export an immense amount of raw materials and have a relatively small population to share the wealth.
::如果澳大利亚人不生产出口用的东西,那么他们怎么会有如此高的生活水平? 评估这一点,想想澳大利亚人口的规模和财富的分配情况。 他们出口大量原材料,拥有较少的人口来分享财富。As of the year 2002, tourism has become Australia’s number one means of economic income. From the Great Barrier Reef and the Gold Coast to the vast expanse of the outback, Australia has been marketing itself as an attractive place to visit with great success. Tourism from Japan provides a large percentage of tourist activity. Australia has moved through the initial stages of the index of economic development to become a society that is about 90 percent urban with small families and high incomes.
::截至2002年,旅游业已成为澳大利亚经济收入的首当其冲。 从大堡礁和金色海岸到广阔的外环地带,澳大利亚一直将自己推销成一个吸引人的成功旅游之地。 日本的旅游业提供了很大比例的旅游活动。 澳大利亚已经进入经济发展指数的初始阶段,成为一个拥有小家庭和高收入的大约90%的城市社会。Mining and Aboriginal Lands
::采矿和土著土地Territorial control of Australian lands has become a major issue in recent years. Large portions of Western Australia and the outback have traditionally been Aboriginal lands. European colonialism on the Australian continent displaced many of the native people. Large sections of land once used by the Aborigines were taken over by the government or by private interests. Large agricultural operations and mining operations have used the lands without adequate compensation to the Aboriginal people who once controlled them. Court rulings aimed at reparation for native people have had mixed results.
::澳大利亚土地的领土控制近年来已成为一个重大问题,西澳大利亚州和海外地区的大片土地传统上都是土著土地,澳大利亚大陆的欧洲殖民主义使许多土著人流离失所,原住民曾经使用过的大片土地被政府或私人利益集团接管,大型农业经营和采矿经营在使用这些土地时没有给予曾经控制这些土地的土著人民足够的补偿,法院旨在赔偿土著人民的裁决结果好坏参半。There are as many as 400 different groups of Aborigines currently in Australia that make up a total population of about 450,000. This is a small percentage of Australia’s population but involves a large part of the physical area of the country. Their land claims include all of the Northern Territory, a large portion of Western Australia, and parts of South Australia and Queensland. This is in addition to claims located within many urban areas, such as the largest city, Sydney.
::澳大利亚目前有多达400个不同的土著群体,占总人口约45万,占澳大利亚人口的一小部分,但占澳大利亚自然面积的很大部分,他们的土地要求包括所有北方领土、大部分西澳大利亚州以及南澳大利亚州和昆士兰州的部分地区,此外还包括许多城市地区,如最大的城市悉尼。Mining operations on Aboriginal lands have become highly regulated. Concerns have arisen that Australia’s extractive industries will diminish, causing a decline in the economy. The concern for the Aboriginal population has increased in the past few decades and the government has made attempts to mediate their political and economic issues as well as strengthen programs that address their social welfare.
::土著土地上的采矿作业已经受到高度监管。 人们担心澳大利亚的采掘业会减少,导致经济下滑。 在过去几十年里,对土著人口的关注已经增加,政府也试图调解他们的政治和经济问题,并加强解决其社会福利的方案。Australia’s Future
::澳大利亚的未来The economic future of Australia is complex. Though tourism has become a viable means of providing income, Australia must import manufactured products that it does not produce locally, including electronic goods, computers, and automobiles. Import dependence has increased its trade deficit. Trade agreements and protectionism have become a part of the economic puzzle of how to sustain a competitive standard of living.
::澳大利亚的经济前途是复杂的。 尽管旅游业已成为提供收入的可行手段,但澳大利亚必须进口它在当地不生产的制成品,包括电子产品、计算机和汽车。 进口依赖性增加了其贸易赤字。 贸易协定和保护主义已成为如何维持有竞争力的生活水平的经济难题的一部分。Australia is located next to the Asian realm. Its economy, culture, and future are becoming more Asian. Immigration has been an issue in that the government has always restricted immigration to ensure a European majority. Millions of Asian people would like to migrate to Australia to seek greater opportunities and advantages, but they are legally restricted. It is becoming more difficult for Australians to hold to their European connections with a growing Asian presence.
::澳大利亚位于亚洲周边。 其经济、文化和未来正在变得越来越亚洲化。 移民问题一直是一个问题,因为政府一直限制移民以确保欧洲的多数。 数百万亚洲人想移民澳大利亚寻求更多的机会和优势,但在法律上却受到限制。 澳大利亚人越来越难以保持与不断增加的亚洲存在的欧洲联系。Key Takeaways
::密钥外出-
Australia is an island continent that was home to aboriginal people before the British colonized it by first creating prison colonies for convicts from Great Britain.
::澳大利亚是一个岛屿大陆,在英国殖民之前,它曾是土著人的家园,它首先为来自英国的罪犯建立了监狱。 -
Australia is a relatively flat continent with low elevation highlands, including the Great Dividing Range along its eastern coast. The interior outback lacks precipitation and has numerous deserts.
::澳大利亚是一个相对平坦的大陆,高海拔高地低,包括东海岸的大分散山脉,内陆偏僻地区缺乏降水,有许多沙漠。 -
Two main core areas exist where Type C climates prevail and where most of the population lives: a large core area on the southeastern coast and a small core area around Perth on the western coast. The sparsely populated outback makes up the vast periphery, which has large amounts of mineral and agricultural resources.
::在C型气候盛行和大多数人口居住的两个主要核心地区是:东南海岸的一个大核心地区和西海岸珀斯周围的一个小核心地区,人口稀少的外围地区是拥有大量矿产和农业资源的广大外围地区。 -
Aboriginal people were in Australia for 40,000 years. The British colonial activity didn’t heat up until the late 1700s. Today, most of the 22 million people are from the British Isles and Europe. Only about four hundred 50,000 Aborigines remain.
::原住民在澳大利亚居住了40,000年。 英国殖民活动直到1,700年代末才开始热。 今天,2,200万人口中的多数来自不列颠岛和欧洲。 只有大约450,000名原住民留下。 -
Australia has few manufacturing enterprises for export profits. Tourism has become the number one method of gaining wealth, with the export of raw materials the second-largest method.
::澳大利亚出口利润制造企业很少,旅游业已成为获得财富的首要方法,原材料出口是第二大方法。
Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 11.2 Australia
::第11.2章 澳大利亚Aboriginal people
::土著人 土著人an original inhabitant of Australia
::澳大利亚的原始居民Cultural convergence
::文化融合The theory that two cultures will be more and more like each other as their interactions increase. Basically, the more that cultures interact, the more that their values, ideologies, behavior, arts, and customs will start to reflect each other.
::认为两种文化随着互动的增加会越来越相似的理论。 基本上,文化互动越多,其价值观、意识形态、行为、艺术和习俗就会越开始相互反映。Cultural divergence
::文化差异Is the tendency for cultures to become dissimilar over time
::文化随着时间推移而变异的趋势indigenous
::土著 土著 土著 土著 土著 土著 土著Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native
::自然起源或发生于某一特定地点;原生Oceania
::大洋洲A geographic region which includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres, Oceania covers an area of more than 3 million square miles and has a population of 40 million
::大洋洲是一个包括澳大拉西亚、美拉尼西亚、密克罗尼西亚和波利尼西亚的地理区域。Colonial exploitation
::殖民开采 殖民开采The national economic policy of conquering a country to exploit its population as labor and its natural resources as raw material
::征服一个国家,将人口作为劳动力加以剥削,将自然资源作为原材料加以利用的国家国民经济政策Core-periphery spatial relationship
::核心-周边空间关系Shows spatially how economic political, and cultural authority is dispersed in core or dominant regions and the surrounding peripheral and semi-peripheral regions
::从空间上显示经济政治和文化权威如何分散在核心或主要区域以及周边周边和半周边区域。Cultural attributes
::文化属性Characteristics that define a culture
::界定文化的特征Scrublands
::灌木地A plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and geophytes. Scrubland may occur naturally or may be the result of human activity.
::以灌木为主的植被为特征的植物群落,通常还包括草、草药和地球植物,灌木地可能自然发生,也可能是人类活动的结果。Great Barrier Reef
::大堡礁The world’s largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands and stretching for over 1,400 miles. It is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia.
::世界上最大的珊瑚礁系统由2,900多个珊瑚礁和900个岛屿组成,延伸超过1,400英里。 它位于澳大利亚昆士兰海岸外的珊瑚海。The Great Artesian Basin
::大阿耳特斯盆地One of the largest underground fresh-water reservoirs in the world. It underlies 22% of Australia, occupying an area of over 1.7 million square kilometers beneath the arid and semi-arid parts of Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, and the Northern Territory.
::澳大利亚是世界最大的地下淡水水库之一,占澳大利亚22%的土地,占地面积超过170万平方公里,位于昆士兰、新南威尔士、南澳大利亚和北部地区的干旱和半干旱地区之下。Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Interactive Notebook Activities
::互动笔记活动-
Summarize
the colonial exploitation and development of Australia.
::概述澳大利亚的殖民剥削和发展。 -
Describe
the basic characteristics of Australia’s physical geography.
::描述澳大利亚地理地理的基本特点。 -
Outline
how the core-periphery spatial relationship applies to Australia.
::概述核心-周边空间关系如何适用于澳大利亚。 -
Describe
the country’s general cultural attributes.
::描述国家的一般文化特性。 -
Summarize
the methods used for the country to gain national wealth.
::概述国家获取国民财富的方法。
Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
Name the European country that colonized Australia. What was the original reason for colonizing Australia?
::给殖民澳大利亚的欧洲国家起个名字。 澳大利亚殖民的最初原因是什么? -
What are Australia’s main political divisions? What is the vast interior called?
::澳大利亚的主要政治分歧是什么?广袤的内地叫什么? -
What are some of Australia’s main physical features? How are they developed for tourism?
::澳大利亚的一些主要物理特征是什么?这些特征如何发展为旅游业? -
What are the main climate types in Australia? How does climate relate to the population?
::澳大利亚的主要气候类型是什么?气候与人口的关系如何? -
What type of government does Australia have? What is its capital city? Who is the head of state?
::澳大利亚有什么样的政府?澳大利亚的首都是哪里?谁是国家元首? -
Outline the core-periphery relationship in Australia. What distinguishes the core areas?
::概述澳大利亚的核心-周边关系。 什么区分核心领域? -
How does Australia compare with the Asian economic tigers? How do they support each other?
::澳大利亚如何与亚洲经济老虎相比?它们如何相互支持? -
How does Australia maintain a high standard of living when it exports a few manufactured products?
::澳大利亚出口少数制成品时,如何维持较高的生活水平? -
What are Australia’s main exports? Who is their main trading partner?
::澳大利亚的主要出口品是什么?谁是其主要贸易伙伴? -
What stage is the country in with regard to the index of economic development?
::国家在经济发展指数方面处于什么阶段?
Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习Using , locate each of the places on the list below. Next, choose one of these areas and create a SWAY or a PowerPoint presentation. Find important facts, maps, images and videos to use in your presentation. Be prepared to share your project.
::使用以下列表中的每个位置,并查找位置。 下一步, 选择其中的一个区域, 创建一个 SWAY 或 PowerPoint 演示文稿。 查找重要的事实、 地图、 图像和视频, 用于您的演示文稿中 。 准备分享您的项目 。-
Adelaide
::阿德莱德 -
Arafura Sea
::阿拉富拉海 -
Australian Capital Territory
::澳大利亚首都直辖区 -
Brisbane
::布里斯班 -
Canberra
::堪培拉 -
Cape York
::约克角 -
Coral Sea
::珊瑚海 -
Darling-Murray River
::亲爱的莫拉里河 -
Darwin
::达尔文 -
Gibson Desert
::Gibson 沙漠( Gibson 沙漠) -
Gold Coast
::黄金海岸 -
Great Artesian Basin
::大阿耳特斯河流域 -
Great Australian Bight
::大澳大利亚湾 -
Great Barrier Reef
::大堡礁 -
Great Dividing Range
::伟大的分裂地区 -
Great Sandy Desert
::大桑迪沙漠 -
Great Victoria Desert
::大维多利亚沙漠 -
Gulf of Carpentaria
::甲草胺湾 -
Hobart
::霍巴特 -
Melbourne
::墨墨尔本 -
New South Wales
::新南威尔士州 -
Northern Territory
::北部地区 -
Outback
::离后 -
Perth
::珀尔 -
Queensland
::昆士兰州 -
Sydney
::悉悉尼 -
Simpson Desert
::辛普逊沙漠 -
South Australia
::南澳大利亚州 -
Tasman Sea
::塔斯曼海 -
Tasmania
::塔斯马尼亚州 -
Timor Sea
::帝汶海 -
Victoria
::维多利亚州 -
Western Australia
::西澳大利亚州
Current Events
::当前事件Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。 -
Summarize the colonial exploitation and development of Australia.
