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  • 哲学与奇迹

    Philosophy and Wonder
    ::哲学与奇迹

    Aristotle thought that Philosophy begins in wonder. Wonder is something children do quite well. It comes natural to them. Unfortunately as a lot of us grow older we stop wondering and stop questioning and stop attempting to look at things in new ways or non-traditional ways. We are rewarded for our acceptance and conformity to what is accepted by most people, for our adoption of whatever is popular. Some of us stop wondering altogether.
    ::亚里士多德认为哲学起源于奇异。 奇迹是孩子们做的很好的事情。 这对他们来说是自然的。 不幸的是,随着我们许多人老了,我们不再好奇,不再质疑,不再试图以新的方式或非传统的方式看待事物。我们因接受和遵守大多数人接受的东西而得到奖励,也因为我们采纳了流行的东西。我们中有些人不再完全好奇。

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    EPISD Informed Problem Solving Goal
    ::EPPSD 解决知情问题的知情目标

      Consider two “Stories”
    ::考虑两个“储存”

    One night a young mother brought her son (age 7) to class at the college where I was teaching an evening class. Her babysitter was not able to be with her son that night. Well I entered the room and he was sitting in a desk next to his mom and was looking in a book and later was coloring in coloring books. At the time I was about the same age as his mom. We sat around in a rectangular arrangement in the room so that everyone could see everyone’s face. I sat at a student desk in the midst of all the others. We started in on the topic for that evening class. After about 20 minutes, the little fellow said:” Hey, when is the teacher going to get here?” to his mom. She explained that the teacher was there and that the teacher was I. He was a bit surprised because I wasn’t at the front of the room and using the blackboard. He settled back in and the class went on to its conclusion. After class his mom and I were talking about something pertaining to the course. We were standing outside in the evening air and her son was standing beside his mom with his head down and after looking at the dirt around the hedges that were around the sides of the building he started to kick at the dirt lightly with the tip of one of his shoes. I noticed he was doing this while I was speaking to his mom. I asked her how her son was doing in school and she told me he was doing fine and that he was an average student. I stopped speaking to her and inquired of the young boy: “What are you doing there?” “Nothing.” He replied. Most likely he thought that he was doing something wrong. “No, you were doing something.” I said. “What was it?” “Nothing “came his response again. “ I saw you kicking in the dirt. Weren’t you kicking the dirt?” I asked. “Yes” he admitted. “Well, why were you doing that?” I asked further. “No reason” he answered. “You must have had some reason.” I responded. “No!” was his next response to me. “What were you thinking while you were kicking in the dirt?” I pressed on with my questions. “Nothing.” He answered. “You must have been thinking something. We all think something all the time.” I answered and then I got what I was hoping for. “I was just wondering about the dirt.” He said. “Wondering what?” I asked. “Well, where did it come from?” he responded. “You mean the dirt?” I asked. “Yeah” he said. “Well it has always been here as part of the earth.” I answered. Then he said. “No, I mean where did it come from before it was part of the earth?” I was surprised by his question. “You mean where it was before it was here?” He answered with, “How would you even know where here was if there were no earth, if there was nothing at all?”
    ::有一天晚上,一个年轻的母亲把她的儿子(7岁)带到了大学的教室里,我在那里教了一个晚上的课。 她的保姆不能和儿子在一起? 我走进房间,他坐在他妈妈旁边的桌子里,在看一本书,后来又在涂色的书。 当我和他妈妈同在同一个年纪的时候,我们坐在房间里的一个长方形的安排中,让每个人都能看到每个人的脸。我坐在别人中间的一个学生桌旁,我在那里教一个晚上的课?我们开始在那个晚上的课上讨论这个话题。20分钟之后,她的小朋友说 : “ 嘿,老师什么时候到这里去?” 她解释说,“老师在那里,老师是我,后来又在写着彩色的书。”他有点惊讶,“我当时在房前,我必须回到教室里去。你后来又说,你又说了一些与课程有关的事情。我们当时在外面做一些事情,她儿子正在做一些事情,他现在正在做一些事情。“我告诉他。”他觉得“我一直在做这个表情。”他“我开始做这个表的表情。 ”他。“我,他开始做一个。“我开始做这个表的表。”他。“我一直在做。”他。“我开始。“我开始做一个。”他。“我,他。“我开始做一个表。”“我,他。”“我开始做一个表。“我做了一个表。”“我做了一个表。”“我做了一个表。“他。”“我做了一个表。” “他。“我。“他。“我。“我。“我。”“我。“我。“我。“我做了一个表。” “我做了一个表,他。” “我做了一个表。” “我做了一个表。” “我做了一个表。“我做了一个表。”“我做了一个。“我做了一个表。” “我做了一个。“我做了一个。“我做了一个。”“我做了一个表。。”“我做了一个表。”“我做了一个表。”“我做了一个。。”“他。。”“我做了一个表。“我做了一个表。“我做了一个表。。”“我做了一个。。”“我做了一个表。“我做了一个表。。”“他

    Now I turned to his mother who thought that her son was only an average and well behaved little man and said to her, “Did you know that your son is wondering about the sort of questions that got Einstein thinking about matters that led him to the theory of relativity. Your son is thinking about matters or relativity versus absolute space and time and location!”
    ::现在,我转向他的母亲,她认为她的儿子只是一个普通的、行为良好的小男人,并且对她说,“你知道你的儿子在想是什么问题让爱因斯坦思考导致他产生相对论的问题吗?你的儿子是在想事情或相对论,而不是绝对的空间、时间和地点!”

    Well, nearly all of us when we are very young have questions about some of the most basic things that as we grow older we stop questioning and accept more and more what others tell us in many ways we must accept to be accepted ourselves. But it happens that some of us reach a point where we realize that:
    ::那么,几乎我们所有人,当我们非常年轻的时候,都对一些最基本的事情有疑问,随着我们年老,我们停止质问,接受越来越多的其他人以许多方式告诉我们的,我们必须接受接受自己。 但碰巧,我们中有些人到了我们意识到:

    NOT EVERYTHING WE BELIEVE IS TRUE
    ::我们所相信的不是一切都是真的

    Philosophy begins in a sense of wonder. It begins when we wonder about what otherwise is taken for granted or assumed to be true. In this course I shall demonstrate how Philosophy arises in the West when a number of Greeks begin to wonder about the nature of the universe and about the nature of reality and the gods. Wonder is a marvelous thing that we should cherish and hold on to as long as we can. It is one of the hallmarks of youth. Small children are filled with wonder. Jesus , the Christ, and Confucius have spoken highly of the minds of children. Christ has said” Blessed are the children for they shall inherit the kingdom of heaven” and “To enter the kingdom of heaven, you should have the mind of a child.” What is it about the mind of a child that merits such high value? Is it the curiosity , inquiry , and open-mindedness?
    ::哲学起源于一种奇观,开始于我们对于什么是理所当然的或假定是真实的感到疑惑的时候。在这个道理中,我将证明当一些希腊人开始对宇宙的性质、现实的性质以及众神感到疑惑的时候,哲学怎么会在西方出现。奇观是我们应当珍惜和坚持的一件奇事,它是青年的标志之一。幼小的孩子充满了奇念。耶穌、基督和孔普修斯曾高谈儿童的思想。基督曾说 , “ 孩子们将继承天堂的国度,他们有福了” , “进入天堂的国度,你应该有孩子的心。 ”什么是儿童有如此崇高价值的心呢?这是好奇心、好奇心和开放心吗?

        Now, here is the second story. This one is for you to wonder at.
    ::现在,这是第二个故事。这个故事是值得你好奇的。

    At night when there are no clouds you can look up through the evening sky at what is it most would say they see? Nearly everyone would say that they see stars and the moon, if it is visible from their position at the time. Now, when asked what those stars are, most people know that they are suns as well and that they are giving off light as our own does. Many people would be able to answer that the suns are emitting light as they turn hydrogen into helium in a process that emits enormous amount of energy, a good part in the form of photons of light. And when asked what name do most people give to what they are looking out into at might? Many, most, maybe even all, would say “space.” Maybe “outer space” But space nonetheless.
    ::当夜空没有云的时候,你可以透过夜空向上看它们最能看见的是什么?几乎每个人都会说它们看见星星和月亮,如果从它们当时的位置看得见的话。现在,当被问到这些星星是什么的时候,大多数人知道它们也是太阳,它们照耀着我们自己的光芒。许多人可以回答说太阳正在释放光芒,因为太阳在释放大量能量的进程中将氢化成氦,这是光照的很好的一部分。当被问到大多数人给它们看的能量取什么名字的时候,许多人,也许多数人,甚至所有人都会说“空间 ” 。 也许“ 空间 ” , 但空间还是会说“ 空间 ” 。

    This is the story that many of us have come to believe. We look out into space and see many suns. We know however that those little specks of twinkling light are very, very far away. In fact, we are taught that they are so far away that the distance cannot be measured as we normally do for the numbers would be so large. To make it easier the distances that the stars and galaxies are from earth are measured in light-years . A light–year is the distance light travels in one year. Light moves at over 186,000 miles per second-some velocity. So, the light we see that we associate with a star at night has been traveling for some time to get to your eyeball. One star is 70 million light years away. A galaxy may be 350 million light years away. Another star might be 125 million light years away and another 23 million and another 450,000 light years from earth. Another galaxy may be 5 billion light years away. Now since it takes quite a while for the light to reach earth by the time it does arrive at your eyeball the source of the light might not even exist anymore. A star may have gone into a nova or supernova , burnt out, or been merged into a black hole. A galaxy may have merged with another in a cosmic collision.
    ::我们很多人都相信这个故事。 我们从太空看,看到许多太阳。 但我们知道,那些闪闪光的小斑点非常非常非常,非常遥远。 事实上,我们被告知,它们距离太远,无法像我们通常那样测量数字的距离如此之大。 为了让恒星和星系与地球的距离在光年中测量得越远越好。光年是一年中的距离光程。光年每秒速度每秒18.6万英里。因此,我们看到我们与恒星在夜晚的光亮已经漂移了一段时间,以接近你的眼球。一颗恒星离地球有7000万光年之遥。一个星系可能离地球有3.5亿光年之远。另一个恒星可能离地球有1.25亿光年,另一个星系可能离地球有2300万光年和45万光年。另一个星系可能离地球有50亿光年之远。现在,光光到达地球时需要相当长一段时间才能到达地球,光源就不再存在了。一个恒星体可能已经变成一个星系的星系,或者一个星系的星系可能已经变成另一个星系。

    Now it may come as a shock to some of you to realize that when you look out into the evening sky and into what you are thinking of as space that what you are looking at it actually a composite of different periods of time . You are looking at a collection of pasts. What you are looking at, the exact configuration or arrangement of those points of light, well that configuration of the stars (some are galaxies): Does not exist  as it appears to your eye, Never has existed as an actual arrangement in space as it appears to your eye, and Never will exist as some of those stars have gone into nova or black holes and no longer exist even when you are seeing the light from them in the present.
    ::现在,你们中有些人可能会惊讶地意识到,当你们向夜空看去时,以及在你们想象的空间中,你所看到的实际上是一个不同时期的组合。你们正在看的是一系列过去。你们所看到的是这些光点的精确配置或安排,以及恒星的配置(有些是星系):在你们眼中不存在的,从未像你们眼中看到的那样,在太空中实际存在过一种安排,也永远不会存在,因为有些恒星进入了新星或黑洞,而现在即使看到它们发出的光,也不复存在了。

    The relative locations of the stars and galaxies you are viewing are not real and never have been. You are looking at where things were different times ago. What you are experiencing as “seeing” is the intersection of light rays from different times in the past. The experience for those of us on earth is totally unique to us. 
    ::你所看到的恒星和星系的相对位置并不真实,也从未发生过。你看到的是过去不同的时代。你所经历的“观光”是过去不同时代的光线交汇点。我们地球上的人的经历是独一无二的。

    THINGS ARE NOT ALWAYS AS THEY APPEAR
    ::事物不总是 因为他们看到

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     I want you to think about that idea. Consider how many things you may believe that may not be true. Think about how many things you believe may have other ways to be examined, viewed, or explained  other than in the manner you have come to accept as the only way or the one true way or as the truth.
    ::我想你们想一想这个想法。想想你们可能相信多少事情,这也许不是真的。想想你们认为有多少事情可以被检查、观察或解释,除非你们接受为唯一或唯一真实的方法或真理的方式。

    We are going to look at the Greeks because they believed for a long time in stories that they took to be true and upon which they based their lives. About the time of Socrates many Greeks were coming to disbelieve in those stories and when they no longer believed they were at a loss as to how they were to live their lives, in particular what were they to use as the basis for a G ood life: a moral life.
    ::我们将会看到希腊人,因为他们长期相信他们认为真实的故事和他们赖以生存的故事。 大约在苏格拉底时代,许多希腊人开始不信这些故事,他们不再相信自己在如何过上好日子,特别是他们用什么作为过好生活的基础:道德生活。

    Socrates wondered and questioned. We shall wonder and question. Now many times I shall make efforts for you to look at things you take for granted as being true. I want you to open up your minds to the possibility that things may not be as you think they are.
    ::苏格拉底思索格拉底和质问。我们将探究和质问。现在,我曾多次为你们奋斗,以便你们把你们所认为的视为真实的东西视为真实的东西。我要你们敞开心扉,看一看事情可能不像你们所想的那样真实。

     A D ean at my college saw me one afternoon and asked me to come to his office. I had been teaching there for only two years and didn’t know what to make of it. I thought I might have done something wrong. I met him in his office and he told me he just wanted to see how I was doing. I was very young and full of enthusiasm and told him about all the exercises and projects I was doing with my classes and showed him my outlines. He was interested but he wanted me to relax. He told me I should try to keep in mind that if by the time the course in Philosophy was over I would have accomplished a great deal if some of the students, just some of the students would leave the course thinking that the universe was not just the way they thought all things were on the first day of the course. This has become one of my goals: that some of you who read this text will come to consider that all things may not be as you think they are now.
    ::我的大学的一位院长看到我一个下午,让我去他的办公室。我在那里教了两年,却不知道该如何做。我想我可能做错了什么。我在他的办公室见过他,他告诉我,他只是想看看我在做什么。我非常年轻,充满热情,并告诉他我在班级上做的所有练习和项目,并给他看我的轮廓。他有兴趣,但他想让我放松一下。他告诉我,如果哲学课程结束,我应该尽量记住,如果有些学生,只是有些学生离开课程,就会完成很多事情。他们认为宇宙不仅仅是他们认为在课程第一天所有事情的方式。这已经成为我的目标之一:读过这一文本的一些人会想到,所有事情可能都不像你现在认为的那样。

    Socrates and Plato learned and taught that the senses are not to be trusted. Trust more in reason. Here is why;
    ::苏格拉底人和柏拉图人学会并教导人们不要相信这些感官。 相信更多的理性。 这就是原因;

    • The senses can deceive you.
      ::感官会欺骗你
    • You should know better.
      ::你应该更清楚
      • The sun looks to me to be
        ::在我看来太阳是太阳
      • Not so far away,
        ::离得不远
      • Not so big and
        ::没那么大,那么大
      • Not so hot either.
        ::也没那么热
      • And I swear that the sun looks like it moves.
        ::我发誓,太阳看起来好像在动

      ::太阳看起来不远,也不那么大,也不那么热。我发誓,太阳看起来好像在移动。
    • These ideas are the result of what my senses tell me.
      ::这些想法是我感官告诉我的。
    • I see these things every day with my own eyes. Nothing could be plainer.
      ::我每天都亲眼目睹这些事情,没有什么比这更清楚的了。
    • Are these ideas true?
      ::这些想法是真的吗?

    In the next section we shall examine why people believe and why they would believe in things that are not true.
    ::在下一节中,我们将探讨人们为什么相信,为什么他们会相信不真实的事情。

    • Philosophy attempts to arrive at a basis for belief resting on reason.
      ::哲学试图为基于理性的信仰打下基础。
    • Philosophy attempts to examine what is believed to be true and the very idea of truth itself.
      ::哲学试图研究据信真实的事物和真理本身。

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    EPISD Critical Thinking Goal
    ::EPISD 关键思维目标

    Philosophy Application
    ::哲学应用

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    Do no research before you answer these questions.  Do your best based upon prior knowledge.
    ::在你回答这些问题之前,不要做任何研究。你应当依据先入为主的知识,尽你最大的努力。

    1. List the five or so of your most important questions or problems you think about.
      ::列出五个左右 你最重要的问题 或你考虑的问题。
    2. If you had virtually unlimited financial resources at your disposal what would you begin doing with your life?
      ::如果你有几乎无限的财政资源 可供你支配, 你会做什么 开始你的人生?
    3. Why did you take this philosophy course?
      ::你为什么要学这个哲学课?
    4. What do you expect to put into this course?
      ::你希望在这个课程中投入什么?
    5. What is Philosophy?
      ::什么是哲学?
    6. How do you use the term "philosophy"?
      ::"哲学"这个词怎么用?
    7. How do others use the term "philosophy"? Give examples.
      ::其他人如何使用“哲学”一词?
    8. What good is philosophy?
      ::哲学有什么好处?
    9. What importance might philosophy have in your future?
      ::哲学对你的将来有什么意义?

    Vocabulary
    ::词汇表

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    EPISD Effective Bilingual Education Goal
    ::EPISD 有效双语教育目标